• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.561-570
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• 2014

Nuclear Power Plant Instrumentation and Control System(NPP I&C) which is used to operate safely is changing from analog technology to digital technology. Ever since NPP Centrifuge of Iran Bushehr was shut down by Stuxnet attack in 2010, the possibility of cyber attacks against the NPP has been increasing. However, the domestic and international regulatory guidelines that was published to strengthen the cyber security of the NPP I&C describes security requirements and method s to establish policies and procedures. These guidelines are not appropriate for the development of real applicable cyber security technology. Therefore, specialized cyber security technologies for the NPP I&C need to be developed to enhance the security of nuclear power plants. This paper proposes a cyber security technology development system which is exclusively for the development of nuclear technology. Furthermore, this method has been applied to the ESF-CCS developed by The KINCS R&D project.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.471-478
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• 2013

Industrial control system was designed mainly in the form of analog in early days. However, necessity of digital system engineering is increasing recently because systems become complicated. Consequently, stability of digital systems is improved so most industrial control systems are designed with digital. Because Using digital design of Industrial control system is expanded, various threatening possibilities such as penetration or destruction of systems are increasing enormously. Domestic and overseas researchers accordingly make a multilateral effort into risk analysis and preparing countermeasures. In this paper, this report chooses common security requirement in industrial control system and nuclear control system through relevant guidelines analysis. In addition, this report suggests the development plan of nuclear cyber security system which will be an essential ingredient of planning approvals.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.637-652
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• 2013

Instrumentation and control systems in nuclear power plants have been digitalized for the purpose of maintenance and precise operation. This digitalization, however, brings out issues related to cyber security. In the most recent past, international standard organizations, regulatory institutes, and research institutes have performed a number of studies addressing these systems cyber security.. In order to provide information helpful to the system designers in their application of cyber security for the systems, this paper presents methods and considerations to define attack vectors in a target system, to review and select the requirements in the Regulatory Guide 5.71, and to integrate the results to identify applicable technical security control requirements. In this study, attack vectors are analyzed through the vulnerability analyses and penetration tests with a simplified safety system, and the elements of critical digital assets acting as attack vectors are identified. Among the security control requirements listed in Appendices B and C to Regulatory Guide 5.71, those that should be implemented into the systems are selected and classified in groups of technical security control requirements using the results of the attack vector analysis. For the attack vector elements of critical digital assets, all the technical security control requirements are evaluated to determine whether they are applicable and effective, and considerations in this evaluation are also discussed. The technical security control requirements in three important categories of access control, monitoring and logging, and encryption are derived and grouped according to the elements of attack vectors as results for the sample safety system.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.1077-1088
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• 2019

As the cyber threats of nuclear power plants become more necessary to systematically prepare against the cyber attack, the international community and the domestic government are urged to apply proper security controls for Critical Digital Assets (CDA) through cyber security regulatory guidelines. In this study, we suggests the application of security controls to develop the regulatory requirements of the graded approach through the analysis of domestic and foreign cyber security regulation guidelines and best practices for digital assets directly related to nuclear accidents. In order to apply the regulatory requirements based on the consequence(impact of infringement) of the regulated facility, which is a basic consideration of the graded approach, we will classify two methods and describe details of each method. By reanalyzing existing security controls, it is introduced that the method of demanding digital assets directly related to accident to enhance security controls required for existing CDA or develop additional security controls and requiring minimum security controls for CDA that are not directly related to accident.

• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.725-730
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• 2017

The use of general IT resources in the Instrumentation and Control system(I&C) for the safety of Nuclear Power Plants(NPPs) is increasing. As a result, potential security vulnerabilities of existing IT resources may cause cyber attack to NPPs, which may cause serious consequences not only to shutdown of NPPs but also to national disasters. In order to respond to this, domestic nuclear regulatory agencies are developing guidelines for regulating nuclear cyber security regulations and expanding the range of regulatory targets. However, it is necessary to take measures to cope with not only general security problems of NPPs but also attacks specific to NPPs. In this paper, we select 42 items related to the vulnerability inspection in the contents defined in R.G.5.71 and classify it into 5 types. If the vulnerability inspection tool is developed based on the proposed analysis, it will be possible to improve the inspection efficiency of the cyber security vulnerability of the NPPs.

• Asia-pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.285-296
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• 2018

Among many hacking attempts carried out in the past few years, the cyber-attacks that could have caused a national-level disaster were the attacks against nuclear facilities including nuclear power plants. The most typical one was the Stuxnet attack against Iranian nuclear facility and the cyber threat targeting one of the facilities operated by Korea Hydro and Nuclear Power Co., Ltd (Republic of Korea; ROK). Although the latter was just a threat, it made many Korean people anxious while the former showed that the operation of nuclear plant can be actually stopped by direct cyber-attacks. After these incidents, the possibility of cyber-attacks against industrial control systems has become a reality and the security for these systems has been tightened based on the idea that the operations by network-isolated systems are no longer safe from the cyber terrorism. The ROK government has established a realistic control systems defense concept and in the US, the relevant authorities have set up several security frameworks to prepare for the threats. This paper presented various cyber security attack cases and their scenarios against control systems, along with the analysis of countermeasures for them. Though this task, we attempt to identify the items that need to be considered when designing a domestic security framework to improve security and secure stability.

• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.267-271
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• 2014

Nuclear power plant data networks and their associated safety systems are being modernized to include many information technology (IT) networks and applications. Along with the advancement of plant data networks (PDN), instrumentation and control systems are being upgraded with modern digital, microprocessor-based systems. However, nuclear PDN is confronted significant side-effects, which PDN is exposed to prevalent cyber threats typically found in IT environments. Therefore, cyber security vulnerabilities and possibilities of cyber incidents are dramatically increased in nuclear PDN. Consequently, it should be designed fully ensuring the PDN meet all reliability, performance and security requirements in order to overcome the disadvantages raised from adaption of IT technology. In this paper, we provide technical security criteria should be used in design and evaluation of secure PDN. It is believed PDN, which is designed and operated along with these technical security critera, effectively protect against possible outside cyber threats.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2022.05a
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• pp.187-188
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• 2022

As information processing technology develops with the trend of the times, the possibility of cyber threats to nuclear facilities is increasing. In the 2000s, there was a growing perception that cyberattacks on nuclear facilities were needed, and in fact, a cybersecurity regulatory system for nuclear power plants began to be established to prepare for cyberattacks. In Korea, in order to prepare for cyber threats, in 2013 and 2014, the Act on Protection and Radiation Disaster Prevention, Enforcement Decree, and Enforcement Rules of Nuclear Facilities, etc., and notices related to the Radioactive Disaster Prevention Act were revised. In 2015, domestic nuclear operators prepared information system security regulations for each facility in accordance with the revised laws and received approval from the Nuclear Safety Commission for implementation of information system security regulations divided into seven stages. In 2019, a special inspection for step-by-step implementation was completed, and since 2019, the cybersecurity system of operators has been continuously inspected through regular inspections. In this paper, we present some measures to build improved training to suit the steadily revised inspection of the nuclear facility cybersecurity system to counter cyber threats to the ever-evolving nuclear facilities.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.484-494
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• 2017

In industrial plants such as nuclear power plants, system operations are performed by embedded controllers orchestrated by Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) software. A targeted attack (also termed a control aware attack) on the controller/SCADA software can lead a control system to operate in an unsafe mode or sometimes to complete shutdown of the plant. Such malware attacks can result in tremendous cost to the organization for recovery, cleanup, and maintenance activity. SCADA systems in operational mode generate huge log files. These files are useful in analysis of the plant behavior and diagnostics during an ongoing attack. However, they are bulky and difficult for manual inspection. Data mining techniques such as least squares approximation and computational methods can be used in the analysis of logs and to take proactive actions when required. This paper explores methodologies and algorithms so as to develop an effective monitoring scheme against control aware cyber attacks. It also explains soft computation techniques such as the computational geometric method and least squares approximation that can be effective in monitor design. This paper provides insights into diagnostic monitoring of its effectiveness by attack simulations on a four-tank model and using computation techniques to diagnose it. Cyber security of instrumentation and control systems used in nuclear power plants is of paramount importance and hence could be a possible target of such applications.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.1137-1142
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• 2017

Cyber hacking attacks and cyber terrorism are damaging to the lives of the people, and in the end, national security is threatened. Cyber-hacking attacks leaked nuclear power cooling system design drawings, cyber accidents such as hacking of Cheongwadae's homepage and hacking of KBS stations occurred. The Act on Information and Communication Infrastructure Protection, Promotion of Information and Communication Network Utilization and Information Protection, and the Personal Information Protection Act remove the responsibility for cyber attacks, but it is difficult to prevent attacks by hackers armed with new technologies. This paper studies the development of cyber security experts for cyber security. Build a Knowledge Data Base for cyber security professionals. Web hacking, System hacking, and Network hacking technologies and evaluation. Through researches on the operation and acquisition of cyber security expert certification, we hope to help nurture cyber security experts for national cyber security.