• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.150-157
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• 2007

Hamcho(Salicorinia herbacea, glasswort), a halophyte, is an annual succulent shrub that grows on coastal wetlands and has been regarded as a functional food for good health. Natural dried red and green Hamcho were extracted with 25% ethanol and water at 70$^{\circ}C$. The antioxidant activities of these four extracts were examined by six different assays, including the measurement of total phenolics, radical scavenging effects on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH), nitric oxide(NO) and nitrite(NO$_2$) scavenging effects, reducing power, and the inhibitory effect on tyrosinase activity. The total phenolic contents of the four extracts were high at 237 ${\sim}$ 255 mg of gallic acid equivalents per 1 g of dried sample tested. The green Hamcho extracts contained more phenolic compounds than the red Hamcho extracts. When they were compared to tocopherols, the antioxidant activities of the green and red Hamcho powders were significantly higher at the same concentration levels(5 mg and 3 mg, respectively) in a POV test. The inhibition effects of the four extracts at a level of 75 ${\mu}l$ were higher than 98% in the POV test. The red Hamcho 25% ethanol extract showed a high significant effect on DPPH radical scavenging(SC$_{50}$, 90.1 ${\mu}l$). The green Hamcho 25% ethanol extract, however, showed a high significant effect on NO radical scavenging(SC$_{50}$, 6.1 ${\mu}l$). The NO$_2$ radical scavenging effect was assayed at pH 1.2, 4.2 and 6.0, and all the Hamcho extracts scavenged the NO$_2$ radical much more effectively at pH 1.2. The NO$_2$ scavenging effect of the red Hamcho 25% ethanol extract(64%) was as high as that of 5 mM vitamin C at pH 1.2(p<0.05). In the reducing power test, the red Hamcho 25% ethanol extract revealed the highest ferric ion reducing activity among the Hamcho extracts, and its activity was as high as that of 0.33 mg/ml of vitamin C. The four Hamcho extracts showed high tyrosinase inhibition effects of more than 80%, and their activities were higher than 50${\mu}$g of kojic acid. The green and red Hamcho 25% ethanol extracts totally inhibited tyrosinase activity(100%). Therefore, the results suggest that red Hamcho extracts may serve as useful natural antioxidants along with green Hamcho extracts.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.41-52
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• 2015

항염 및 항산화 활성이 우수한 배암차즈기(SPR) 잎을 활용하여 배암차즈기 차(SPRT)를 제조하였다. SPR의 총 폴리페놀 및 총 플라보노이드 함량은 각각 $71.8{\pm}4.74GAE\;mg/g$ 및 $38.7{\pm}2.95QUE\;mg/g$으로 측정되었다. DPPH에 따른 수소공여능은 $16.9{\mu}g/mL$의 $RC_{50}$을 나타내었으며, 이때, 양성대조구인 ascorbic acid는 $6.1{\mu}g/mL$의 $RC_{50}$을 나타내었다. 배암차즈기는 세포 독성을 나타내지 않는 법 위에서 물 추출물의 $IC_{50}$은 $100{\mu}g/mL$ 이상이었으며, $25{\sim}100{\mu}g/mL$의 범위에서 NO 생성이 LPS 처리구에 비해 약 30% 정도 저해되었다. SPRT는 중잎과 대잎을 사용하여 자체수분을 활용하여 단시간 덖음하여 총 120분 가향한 차가 가장 좋은 평가를 받았다. 향은 맛과 전반적인 기호도에 양의관계로 영향을 주었다. SPRT는 덖음 및 가향 작업에 따른 열처리에도 항산화 수치가 통계적으로 유의적인 차이가 없어 항산화능이 유지되었다. 티백량은 1.0 g이 적당한 것으로 평가되었다. 따라서 본 실험의 결과를 바탕으로 배암차즈기가 항산화 등 기능성을 강조한 음료 또는 식품 소재로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.113-120
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• 2006

젖소 초유 whey 내에 존재하는 IGF-I을 분리하기 위하여 ultrafiltration을 사용하여 30과 1 kDa 사이의 IGF-I rich fraction을 분획하였다. 분획한 IGF-I rich fraction내에 IGF-I의 존재 여부는 SDS-PACE와 western blotting으로 확인하였고, sandwich ELISA로써 분획 내 IGF-I을 정량하였다. 그 결과 IGF-I은 단백질 mg당 10 ng으로 측정되었다. 분획한 IGF-I rich fraction을 마우스 복강 macrophge의 면역 활성에 미치는 영향 즉, IL-6, NO, $TNF-{\alpha}$, Phagocytosis, $H_{2}O_{2}$,의 분비 유도 및 생성량을 측정하였고, splenocyte의 면역 활성으로는 splenocyte의 증식 효과와 natural killer cell의 항암작용을 측정하였다. 실험 결과 IGF-I rich fraction $1{\mu}g/mL$ 투여군에서 IL-6의 생성량은 9.85 ng, NO의 생성량은 $17.1{\mu}M$, phagocytosis는 양성 대조구에 대비하여 78.3%의 탐식작용을 나타내었고 $TNF-{\alpha}$와 $H_{2}O_{2}$의 생성량은 대조구에 대비하여 각각 34.5 및 6% 더 많은 양을 생산하였다. Splenocyte 면역활성에 미치는 영향으로 T cell과 B cell 증식은 대조군에 대비하여 각각 36 및 76%로 더 높은 증식 효과를 나타내었고, NK cell의 활성은 대조군보다 55.4%의 높은 활성을 보였다.

• 생약학회지
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.251-257
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• 2016

In this study, the radical scavenging activity and protective effect of ethanol extract from leaf of Engelhardtia chrysolepis HANCE (ECE) against oxidative stress were investigated under in vitro and cellular system. ECE showed strong radical scavenging activities in 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, hydroxyl(${\cdot}OH$) and nitric oxide(NO) radical as a concentration-dependent manner. Particularly, strong scavenging activity against the ${\cdot}OH$ and NO radical were observed with the $IC_{50}$ value of $1.30{\mu}g/ml$ and $12.61{\mu}g/ml$, respectively. Furthermore, the cellular oxidative stress was induced by amyloid beta($A{\beta}_{25-35}$) in C6 glial cells. The treatment of $A{\beta}_{25-35}$ to C6 glial cells generated high levels of reactive oxygen species(ROS) and declined cell viability. However, production of ROS was decreased by the treatment of ECE. In addition, the cell viability was significantly increased at each concentration(10, 25, $50{\mu}g/ml$) as dose-dependent manner. The Alzheimer's disease-related protein expressions in $A{\beta}_{25-35}$-treated C6 glial cells were analyzed. The ECE treatment inhibited expression of amyloid precursor protein(APP), C-terminal fragment-${\beta}(CTF-{\beta})$, ${\beta}$-site APP cleaving enzyme(BACE), phosphorylated tau(p-tau) proteins in C6 glial cells induced by $A{\beta}_{25-35}$. The present study indicated that ECE has strong radical scavenging activity and neuroprotective effect through attenuating oxidative stress.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.310-318
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• 2010

Dioscorea bulbifera is one of the traditional medicinal herb. It commonly used in the treatment of hematemesis, epistaxis, tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis, laryngitis, acute infectious disease in East Asia. In the present study, we have demonstrated the anti-inflammatory effects of Dioscorea bulbifera MeOH extract (DBME) in macrophage cell line. To investigate mechanism of the anti-inflammatory activity, we examined the effects of the lipopolysaccaride (LPS)-induced production of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$), pro-inflammatory cytokines and expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), p-inhibitory ${\kappa}B{\alpha}$ (p-$I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$), and nuclear factor-${\kappa}B$ (NF-${\kappa}B$) in a murine macrophage cell line RAW 264.7. The RAW 264.7 cells were cultured in DMEM + serum medium for 24 hrs. After serum starvation for 24 hrs, the cells were treated with DBME 0.03, 0.10, 0.30 mg/$m{\ell}$ for 1 h, followed by stimulation with LPS (1 ${\mu}g/m{\ell}$) for activation of immune response. After treatment, cell viability was measured by MTT assay, and NO production was monitored by measuring the nitrite content in culture medium. The protein band of iNOS, COX-2, p-$I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$, and NF-${\kappa}B$ was determined by immunoblot analysis and levels of cytokine were analyzed by sandwich immunoassays. There were three experimental groups: carrageenan, DBME 0.3, 1.0 g/kg. Rats were administrated either carrageenan (40% PEG) or carrageenan + DBME (0.3, 1.0 g/kg body weight) for 4 days (p.o.). To induce acute paw edema, rats were injected 1% carrageenan (100 ${\mu}{\ell}$/rat, dissolved in sterilized saline). The effect of DBME in the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema. As results, DBME has an inhibitory effect on the production of NO, PGE2, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$ and IL-6 and on the expression of iNOS, COX-2, p-$I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$ and translocation of NF-${\kappa}B$ to nuclear from cytosol. In addition, DBME effectively inhibited the increases of paw edema induced by carrageenan treatment in vivo. These results suggest that DBME can inhibit production of pro-inflammatory mediators and might be a useful source for treatment of acute inflammatory disease.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.415-421
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• 2008

Pro-inflammatory mediators, such as prostaglandin $E_2$ (PGE2), nitric oxide (NO), and cyclooxygenases-2 (COX-2), play pivotal roles in normal as well as transformed cells. Previous studies have shown that Euphorbiae humifusae Wind exhibits anti-proliferative and antioxidant activities. However, the it's anti-inflammatory properties are unclear. In this study, we examine the effects of water extract of E. humifusae (WEEH) on the expression of COX-2 and the production of $PGE_2$ in human lymphatic U937 cells. Treatment of phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) significantly induced COX-2 expression and $PGE_2$ production in U937 cells. However, pretreatment WEEH markedly inhibited the PMA-induced COX-2 expression and $PGE_2$ production in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, WEEH prevented the elevated early growth response gene-1 (Egr-1) expression and nuclear factor-kappaB ($NF{-\kappa}B\; p65$) nuclear translocation stimulated by PMA treatment. Taken together, the present data indicate that WEEH exhibits anti-inflammatory properties by suppressing the transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes through the $NF{-\kappa}B$ and Egr-1 signaling pathway.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.630-635
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Naeso-san in interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) in murine small intestine. First, we isolated ICCs from murine small intestine. After that, we cultured these cells for 1 days. The patch-clamp technique was applied on ICCs that formed network-like structures in culture (1 days). Spontaneous rhythms were routinely recorded from cultured ICCs under current-clamp conditions, and the ICCs within networks displayed more robust electrical rhythms (pacemaker potentials). To understand the relationship between Naeso-san and pacemaker activity in ICCs, we examined the effects of Naeso-san on pacemaker potentials of ICCs. In current clamp mode (I = 0), the addition of Naeso-san (10 mg/ml - 50 mg/ml) decreased the amplitude and frequency of the pacemaker potentials of ICCs in a dose dependent manner. However, these effects were blocked by intracellular $GDP{\beta}S$, a G-protein inhibitor, and glibenclamide, a specific ATP-sensitive K+ channels blocker. Pretreatment with SQ-22536, an adenylate cyclase inhibitor, did not block the Naeso-san induced effects, whereas pretreatment with ODQ, a guanylate cyclase inhibitor, or L-NAME, an inhibitor of nitric oxide (NO) synthase blocked the Naeso-san induced effects. Our findings provide insight into unraveling the modulation of Naeso-san in pacemaker potentials of ICCs and developing therapeutic agents against gastrointestinal motility disorders.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.146-156
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• 2018

Spermidine is a naturally occurring polyamine compound that has recently emerged with anti-aging properties and suppresses inflammation and oxidation. However, its mechanisms of action on anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects have not been fully elucidated. In this study, the potential of spermidine for reducing pro-inflammatory and oxidative effects in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages and zebrafish was explored. Our data indicate that spermidine significantly inhibited the production of pro-inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$), and cytokines including tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ and $interleukin-1{\beta}$ in RAW 264.7 macrophages without any significant cytotoxicity. The protective effects of spermidine accompanied by a marked suppression in their regulatory gene expression at the transcription levels. Spermidine also attenuated the nuclear translocation of $NF-{\kappa}B$ p65 subunit and reduced LPS-induced intracellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Moreover, spermidine prevented the LPS-induced NO production and ROS accumulation in zebrafish larvae and was found to be associated with a diminished recruitment of neutrophils and macrophages. Although more work is needed to fully understand the critical role of spermidine on the inhibition of inflammation-associated migration of immune cells, our findings clearly demonstrate that spermidine may be a potential therapeutic intervention for the treatment of inflammatory and oxidative disorders.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.487-494
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• 1996

기도평활근을 전장 자극하면 콜린성 수축에 이은 느리고도 지속적 인 이완성 반응이 유발된다. 지속적 인 이완성 반응은 억제성인 비아드레날린성 비콜린성 신경 섬유에 의해서 야기되는 것으로 알려져있다. 그러나 이러한 신경 말단에서 분비되는 신경 전달물질에 대해서는 아직도 실험한 동물 및 사용 조직에 따라 다르게 보고되고 있다. 본 실험은 기 니피그 기도 평 활근에서 전장 자극을 주어 이완성 반응에 관여 하는 인자 및 그 작용 기전을 알아보고자 하였다. 전장 자극으로 유발된 이완성 반응은 L-NAME에 의 해서 억제되 었으며 L-arginine에 의 해서 부분적으로 회복되 었다. 또한 L-WAME은 기초장력을 증가시켰 다. Hitroprusside는 윤상근의 기초 장력을 완전히 억제하였으며, methylene blue는 전장 자극으로 유발 된 이완성 반응을 억제함과 동시에 기초장력을 증가시켰다 Forskolin과 isoprenaline는 nitroprusside와 똑같이 기도 평활근의 기초 장력을 크게 억제하였다. TEA와 apamin은 기도 평활근 기초 장력 및 전장 자극으로 유발된 이완성 반응을 모두증가시켰다. 이상의 실험 결과로 보아 기니피그 기도 평활근 비교 감성 비콜린성 신경 섬\ulcorner 말단에서는 K' 통로와 관련하여 WO가 분비되며 이외에도 CAMP를 매개로 하는다른억제성 신경 전달물질(ex. WP,만Tl)이 분비되리라사료된다.

• Neonatal Medicine
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.109-115
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• 2010

신생아의 지속성 폐동맥 고혈압증(PPHN)은 출생 후 폐동맥의 저항이 낮아지고 전신 혈관 저항이 올라가면서 폐로 가는 혈류가 증가하고 난원공과 동맥관을 통한 폐와 전신의 평행 순환에서 연속 순환인 신생아 순환으로 바뀌게 되는 과정에 문제가 있는 것이다. 저자들은 태변흡인이 있었던 두 명의 만삭아에서 고빈도 환기 요법과 흡인성 일산화질소 가스를 이용하여 PPHN을 치료하였으나 치료에 반응하지 않고 전신 장기에 산소화가 문제가되어 정맥-정맥도관체외막형산소섭취(V-V ECMO)를 시행하였고 두 증례 모두 체외막형 산소 섭취를 이탈하여 생존할 수 있었다. 현재까지 태변 흡인 증후군에 의해 생긴 PPHN 환아들에서 ECMO를 적용하여 치료한 국내 보고가 없고, 특히 V-V ECMO 적용으로 신생아를 치료한 보고 또한 없다. 이에 저자들은 태변 흡입 증후군에 의해 생긴 PPHN 환아들에서 V-V ECMO로 생존한 2례를 경험하였기에 문헌 고찰과 함께 보고하는 바이다.