• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.31 no.11
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• pp.901-910
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• 2022

The aim of this study was to investigate the amount (i.e., retention volume) and chemical composition of Natural volatile organic compounds (NVOCs) across different sites in a temperate forest. The three forest sites that were considered include riparian zones (site 1), streams (site 2), and densely-canopied areas (site 3). From May to October 2021, a mini pump was used to measure the collected NVOCs. These measurements were conducted once a month, from 10:30 am to 11:30 am; these times encompass peak visitation times. In the tree layers of the site 1 and 2, Quercus acuta was dominant, whereas Camellia japonica dominated their subtree layers. On the other hand, the tree layer of site 3 was dominated by Castanopsis sieboldii, whereas Camellia japonica dominated its subtree layer. The retention volume and chemical composition of NVOCs was as follows: benzaldehyde (107.528ppm), α-pinene (37.868ppm), linalool (16.258ppm), eucalyptol (14.818ppm), and sabinene hydrate (14.679ppm). In particular, the retention volume of benzaldehyde decreased as temperature increased. In contrast, the retention volume of α-pinene increased as the temperature increased. The differences in forest topography across the studies sites were in the following order: riparian area> forest area> stream area.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.617-628
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• 2001

Cotton and silk fabrics dyed with brazilein(Caesalpinia Sappan), berberine (Phellodendron Amurense), and shikonin(Lithospermum Erythrorhizon) were stored in the air, in the water, and under the ground for about one year. The change of the color, the flexibility, and the breaking strength were measured at the intervals of few weeks. The results are as follows; 1. The color of the fabrics changed most extensively in the fabrics that were under the ground, then in the order of the ones that were in the water, and in the air. The color of the fabrics changed to the achromatic color over the time. 2. The flexibility change among the dyes was similar. All the fabrics became stiff under the ground and in the water over the storage time. 3. In general, cotton and silk fabrics dyed with berberine showed better strength retention than the fabrics dyed with other substances. 4. The strength retention of cotton fabrics was high in the order of the fabrics which were in the air, in the water, and under the ground. Only minuscule change occurred in the strength of the cotton fabrics. The strength of the fabrics that were in the water and under the ground decreased remarkably after 30 weeks and 20 weeks respectively. 5. The strength retention of silk fabrics was high in the order of the fabrics which were in the air, under the ground, and in the water. In the air, the strength on silk fabrics decreased rapidly after 30 weeks. In the water, the strength of silk fabrics decreased more rapidly than that of the cotton fabrics. Under the ground, the strength retention of silk was higher than that of cotton.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Earth Science Education
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.66-73
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• 2011

This study aims to compare and analyze the types of teaching-learning activities, themes and percentage of STS contents in the area of "The Earth and the Universe" in elementary science subject following the 7th Curriculum and 2007 Revised Curriculum, identifying how STS education has changed and their features. First, the number of pages where STS appears in the 2007 revised science textbook has increased over 10% compared to the that of the 7th curriculum. In particular, the number of pages in the 5th and 6th graders increased substantially to 15% and 34%, respectively. Second, as a result of analysis on components of STS, 'applications of science', 'local and community relevance', 'social problem and issues', 'evaluation concerned fir getting and using information' were obtained in the order named for the 7th curriculum; while 'applications of science', 'local and community relevance', 'career awareness' and 'social problem and issues' were obtained in the order named for 2007 revised curriculum. Third, with regard to the analysis on theme areas, the 7th curriculum was found to cover the theme on use of natural resources most frequently, followed by environmental problem, while 2007 revised curriculum to cover environmental problem and effects of technical development most frequently, followed by space development and use of natural resources. Fourth, in the area of STS teaching activities, 'investigation activity' showed highest percentage in 7th curriculum, followed by 'analysis of data', and 'research design', while 'analysis of data' showed highest frequency of appearance, followed by "investigation activity' and 'actual activities' and 'research design' in the order named in 2007 revised curriculum, showing that the area of 'analysis of data' and 'actual activities' increased substantially compared to the 7th curriculum.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.229-246
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• 2002

This study is a contribution to the geographical understanding of Daejeon Area, playing the role of principal center of Choongchong Province. This area has been urbanized associated with Daejeon Basin, an important natural unit in the middle part of South Korea. In order to understand Daejeon Area in geographer's view, it is necessary to elucidate geomorphological environment of Daejeon Basin and urban expansion pattern associating with it. Our research is converged into dual objectives: one, description and interpretation of basin's landforms; other, urban expansion relating with geomorphological condition. Daejeon's urban expansion has progressed from the border zone of Daejeon Basin toward into the basin, and then vice versa. Relating to rivers valleys in the basin, the urbanization in the basin has been extended from the river valleys of lower order toward those of higher order. Understanding of the geomorphological mosaique of Daejeon basin is an important base for that of urban mosaique of Daejeon City.

• The Journal of Natural Sciences
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.111-128
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• 2005

This study was conducted under the theory of hermitage ever built from buddhist belief. Directing to hermitages within temples of Korea Jogye Order, we focused on the layout correspondence relationship among them. and 161 hermitages were the first object of the investigation. For the accomplishment of the research purpose, the general epitome and spatial specification through various literature studies, on-the-spot survey and personal communications with a lot of priests were made. As one of the basic surveys, the foundation year were thoroughly investigated, followed by the form of building, main buddha and hermitage name. The results obtained were summarized as follows : Forty five hermitages which are equivalent to twenty eight percent of total hermitages within the parish-level temples of Korea Jogye Order, were built in shilla Dynasty and twenty hermitages that are 12.4 percent of the total were constructed in Koryo Dynasty and thirty seven percent of the total were founded during both of dynasties. This fact makes us to consider that many of hermitages in those days were constructed with the simultaneity of principal temple foundation which means hermitage had responded the spirit of the times. Every hermitage has its main Buddha and this thing happened that each hermitage enshrines its main Buddha according to the thought which was developed with the Buddhism expansion and sutra that is in accordance with their own intention. .Basically a capital temple has differed in its central sanctum in accordance with resourceful sutra, and, at the same time, twenty seven in avatamsk sectenshrine for Sakyamuni as their sanction and eight for the Merciful Goddess and 42.7 percent for Chajang's hermitages. The name of hermitage not only represents its symbol but comprises the characteristic meaning of ascetic practice. 31.7 percent of the hermitages studies was found to have the names of relating to 'ascetic practice' or 'thought' followed by the 'nature' or 'environment' to 21.7 percent.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.277-284
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• 2012

This study developed a new ceramics in which natural zeolite was mixed and calcined with industrial by-product such as converter slag, red mud, and fly ash and evaluated the feasibility of the ceramics for removal of heavy metals in acid wastewater. The removal rate of heavy metal by ceramics increased in the order of ZS (zeolite and slag) > ZR (zeolite and red mud) > ZF (zeolite and fly ash) ceramics. The alkalinity increment and coherence of ceramics were increased in the order of ZS > ZR > ZF ceramics. The mixing ratio of natural zeolite to industrial by-product for maximum removal efficiency of heavy metal was 1:1 for ZS ceramics and 1:3 for ZR and ZF ceramics. The order of removal efficiency of heavy metal was observed to be ZS > ZR > ZF ceramics under the mixing ratio of 1:1 for ZS ceramics and 1:3 for ZR and ZF ceramics. The removal efficiency of heavy metal by ZS ceramics with 1:1 mixing ratio was Al 100%, Cd 54.6%, Cr 99.9%, Cu 98.7%, Fe 99.9%, Mn 42.2%, Ni 59.9%, Pb 99.8%, Zn 87.6%, respectively. In addition, the removal capacity of heavy metal by ZS ceramics was observed to be Al 2.01 mM/g, Cd 0.27 mM/g, Cr 1.02 mM/g, Cu 0.83 mM/g, Fe 0.95 mM/g, Mn 0.41 mM/g, Ni 0.55 mM/g, Pb 0.25 mM/g, Zn 0.70 mM/g, respectively. The comparative evaluation in the light of removal capacity, alkalinity increment, and coherence of ceramics showed the ZS ceramics had higher feasibility as a media than others for removal of heavy metals in acid wastewater.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.57-66
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• 2014

The objective of this study was to determine the duration of maintained calf muscle flexibility gained in young adults with calf muscle tightness, as measured by increases in ankle active and passive dorsiflexion range of motion (DFROM) after three stretching interventions. Twenty subjects (5 men and 15 women) with calf muscle tightness received the following three stretching interventions in one leg (assigned at random): static stretching (SS), eccentric training on stable surface (ETS), and eccentric training on unstable surfaces (ETU). The subjects received all three interventions to the same leg, applied in a random order. Each intervention had a break of at least 24 h in-between, in order to minimize any carryover effect. Each intervention used two types of stretching: with the calf muscle stretched and both knees straight, and with the knee slightly bent in order to maximize the activation of the soleus muscle. All three interventions were performed for 200 seconds. We measured the duration of maintained calf muscle flexibility through active and passive ankle DFROM before intervention, immediately after intervention (time 0), and then 3, 6, 9, 15, and 30 min after intervention. We found a difference in the duration of maintained calf muscle flexibility between the three interventions. In the ETS and ETU interventions, a significant improvement in calf muscle flexibility, both ankle active and passive dorsiflexion ranges of motion (ADFROM and PDFROM), was maintained for 30 min. In the SS intervention, however, ADFROM before 9 min and PDFROM before 6 min were statistically different from the baseline. Our results suggest that ETS and ETU may be more effective than SS for maintaining calf muscle flexibility in young adults.

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2002

To obtain more accurate responses of laminated composite structures, the effect of transverse shear deformation, transverse normal strain/stress and a nonlinear variation of in-plane displacements with respect to the thickness coordinate need to be considered in the analysis. The improved higher-order theory is used to determine the deflections and natural frequencies of laminated composite structures. A quasi-elastic method is used for the solution of viscoelastic analysis of the laminated composite plates and sandwiches. Solutions of simply-supported laminated composite plates and sandwiches are obtained and the results are compared with those by the 3D elasticity theory and other theories. The improved theory proposed in this paper is shown to predict the deflections and natural frequencies more accurately than all other theories.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.238-243
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• 1999

The storage stability from powdered anchovy and its preparation cooperated with three additives (water extract from green tea and boxthorn and BHT) was studied. The results are as follows: 1. When the additives were added to powdered anchovy, the storage stability was improved. The antioxidative activities of water extract from green tea and boxthorn were considerably higher than BHT. The antioxidative activities were decreased in the rank order boxthorn > green tea> BHT. 2. The more the concentration of natural additives was increased, the more the storage stability was improved. The rank order was$60^{\circ}>40^{\circ}>20^{\circ}$ Bx. 3. The A V and POV of powdered anchovy were increased in the rank order to 6 < 12 < 18 < 24 < 30 months by storage term. 4. This clearly suggested that water extract at $20^{\circ}>$ Bx level from boxthorn was possible utilization as a new natural antioxidant for storage stability of powdered anchovy.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.62-69
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• 2008

This study was conducted in order to recommend forest-based wildlife protection areas in Chung-nam Province using several basic habitat conditions. The conditions used in this study were the forest patch size with the potential to keep wildlife animals safe, the distance from water sources, and the availability of food for wildlife. The fractal dimension index was also used to find the edge line dynamics, which can influence on habitat conditions for edge species. The natural conservation management indices including a forest map (indicating the level of forest age), a slope map, and an elevation map were used to find the forest patches with enough space for wildlife to live on. Water resources and their buffer areas were considered as factors to protect the space as an ecological corridor. Deciduous trees and trees mixed with deciduous trees and conifers were chosen to provide wildlife animals their food. In total, 525 forest patches were chosen and recommended for the wildlife protection area. Five of these forest patches were recommended as wildlife protection areas managed by the provincial government. The other 520 forest patches were recommended to protect local wildlife animals and be managed by each county or city. These forest patches were located around the Geum-buk and Geum-nam mountains, and the forest patches are important resources as habitats to keep wildlife in the area. An ecological network consists of these separate forest patches with the ecological integration. A fractal dimension index was used to divide forest patches into several categories in order to find how patches are shaped. The forest patches with longer edges or more irregular shapes have a much higher possibility of being inhabited by various types of edge species. Through comparison of the wildlife protection areas recommended in this study to the current wildlife protection areas, we recognized that the current wildlife protection areas need boundary adjustments in order for wildlife animals to survive by themselves with water sources and food.