• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.923-931
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• 2014

Let x be an element of a group G and be an automorphism of G. Then for a positive integer n, the autocommutator $[x,_n{\alpha}]$ is defined inductively by $[x,{\alpha}]=x^{-1}x^{\alpha}=x^{-1}{\alpha}(x)$ and $[x,_{n+1}{\alpha}]=[[x,_n{\alpha}],{\alpha}]$. We call the group G to be n-auto-Engel if $[x,_n{\alpha}]=[{\alpha},_nx]=1$ for all $x{\in}G$ and every ${\alpha}{\in}Aut(G)$, where $[{\alpha},x]=[x,{\alpha}]^{-1}$. Also, for any integer $n{\neq}0$, 1, a group G is called an n-auto-Bell group when $[x^n,{\alpha}]=[x,{\alpha}^n]$ for every $x{\in}G$ and each ${\alpha}{\in}Aut(G)$. In this paper, we investigate the properties of such groups and show that if G is an n-auto-Bell group, then the factor group $G/L_3(G)$ has finite exponent dividing 2n(n-1), where $L_3(G)$ is the third term of the upper autocentral series of G. Also, we give some examples and results about n-auto-Bell abelian groups.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.11-19
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• 2017

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of Tabata exercise and Kettle bell exercise on vital capacity, skeletal muscle mass, and endurance in women. Methods : Twenty subjects participated in this study. They were divided into two group: a Tabata exercise group (n=10) and a kettle bell exercise group (n=10). Both groups performed their assigned exercise 3 times a weeks for 6 weeks. Result : There were statistically significant differences in FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC, PEF, and VC (p<.05) between the Tabata exercise group and the kettle bell exercise group. There were also statistically significant differences in skeletal muscle mass and endurance function (p<.05) between the two groups. The Tabata exercise group demonstrated greater improvements in fitness parameters compared to those demonstrated by the kettle bell exercise group. Conclusion : The Tabata exercise group was more effective at increasing vital capacity, skeletal muscle mass, and endurance compared to the kettle bell exercise group.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.125-132
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• 2013

Objectives The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of acupuncture treatment with those of collaborative treatment regarding acute Bell's palsy. Methods Twenty-six patients who received outpatient treatment between March 2012 and February 2013 were divided into 2 groups. The East-West treatment group (EW group, n=12) received prednisolone and then acupuncture afterwards. The Eastern treatment group (E group, n=14) received just acupuncture. Acupuncture was administered 3 to 4 times a week, and both groups were educated to practice facial muscle exercises at home. Evaluations were made before treatment, after 1 week, 2 weeks, and 3 weeks using the House-Brackmann facial nerve grading system. Results Compared to before treatment, the House-Brackmann grades of both EW and E groups after 1, 2 and 3 weeks of treatment significantly decreased (p<0.05). Regarding group comparison, the House-Brackmann grade of the EW group was significantly lower than the E group at 1 week (p=0.043), but there was no significant difference at 2 and 3 weeks. Regarding improvement of House-Brackmann grades, there was no significant difference between the two groups at 1, 2 and 3 weeks (p>0.05). Conclusions Compared to just acupuncture treatment, collaborative treatment with prednisolone significantly improved the House-Brackmann grade after 1 week, but there was no difference as time passed. Because early intervention determines the prognosis of Bell's palsy, collaborative treatment at the early stage will be clinically helpful to patients.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.194-200
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• 2017

Purpose: This study examined the effect of Kettle bell swing exercise on the body composition and lower limb muscular activity. Methods: As subjects, 26 normal adults in their twenties were divided randomly into the experiment group (n=13), in which Kettle bell exercise was applied, and the control group (n=13), in which bar exercise was applied. Both groups participated in the interventions for eight weeks with three sessions per week. Each group was assessed before training and four and eight weeks into the training to determine the effects of training intervention within and between the groups. The body composition was measured with a body composition analyzer. The changes in muscle activity were measured with a surface electromyography. An independent t-test was conducted to test the significance between the groups according to the measurement points and Repeated measured ANOVA was performed to compare the groups according to the periods with the statistical significance level set to ${\alpha}=0.05$. Results: No significant changes to the main effects of time and the interactions of time according to the measurement points were observed in the Kettle bell and control groups in the body composition (p>0.05). The muscular activity of both muscles were significantly different between the Kettle bell and control groups according to the measurement points with the exception of the right lateral gastrocnemius muscle (p<0.05). Conclusion: These findings suggest that Kettle bell swing exercise can have positive effects on the development of lower limb muscles.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.471-478
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• 2016

For the distribution of fresh produce, the thermoelectric cooling system combined with thermo electric materials (TEM) and phase change material (PCM) was studied. The PCM used this study was produced by in-situ polymerization technology which referred microencapsulation of hydrocarbon (n-tetradecane and n-hexadecane). In this study, quality characteristics of bell peppers in thermoelectric cooling system combined with TEM and PCM were analyzed and control was placed in an EPS (expanded polystyrene) box. As a result of quality characteristics analysis, weight of bell peppers decreased and moisture content of bell peppers was 90.96~94.43% during storage. Vitamin C content of bell pepper decreased during storage and reduction ratio of control was higher than that of BPT-5 treatment(bell pepper in thermoelectric cooling system with PCM which is kept the temperature at $5^{\circ}C$). The result of color value, on 21 day, ${\Delta}E$ value of BPT-5 treatment was 5.05 while that of control was 41.8. On 21 day, total bacteria count of BPT-5 treated bell pepper shown less than that of control. In conclusion, it suggested that the thermoelectric cooling system combined with PCM improved quality of fresh produce during transportation and storage.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.183-193
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• 2016

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to find out the effect of Postural Yinyang Correction of TMJ(Functional Cerebrospinal Therapy; FCST) on Bell's palsy. Methods : We reviewed the medical records of 41 patients who were treated for Bell's palsy at the Dept. of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Dong-Eui University from January $1^{st}$, 2016 to August $31^{st}$, 2016. The patients were divided into 2 groups: Group A(n=21), and Group B(n=20). Patients in Group A were treated by Korean Medical Treatments with FCST using ABA(Accurate Balancing Appliance), a standard intra-oral appliance. Patients in Group B were treated by Korean Medical Treatments without FCST. To estimate the efficacy in recovering palsy, we analyzed the House-Brackmann Grading Scale and Yanagihara's Unweighted Grading System. Results : In both groups, H-B grades were improved significantly during each period except the period from the first visit to one week later(P01). The improvement of H-B grade during each period in Group A is higher than Group B except the period from one week later to two weeks later, but statistically insignificant. In Group A, Y-score was significantly improved during each period except during P01. In group B, Y-score was significantly improved during each period except during P01 and the period from the first visit to two weeks later. The improvement of Y-score during each period in Group A is higher than Group B, but statistically insignificant. Conclusions : FCST using Standard Intraoral Appliance may be helpful in treating Bell's Palsy, but the further researches are needed.

• 대한예방의학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1994.02a
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• pp.549-559
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• 1994

A subgroup or workers from a secondary lead smelter was defined to include those with blood lead levels not exceeding $80{\mu}g/100\;ml$ and with no pest history of elevated blood lead. Central nervous system symptoms (tiredness, sleeplessness, irritability, headache) were reported by 55% of the group and muscle and joint pain by 39%. Zinc proteporphyrin (ZPP) levels were elevated in 71% or cases. Low hemoglobin levels (less than 14 gm/l00 ml) were round in more than a third of the workers. While BUN and creatinine were mostly in the normal range, there - nevertheless n correlation between ZPP and both BUN and creatinine. Reduced nerve-conduction velocities were present in 25% or the group; this was not significantly different from findings in Ii control group. The data indicate that n blood level of $80{\mu}g/100\;ml$ is an inappropriate biological guide in the prevention or lead disease.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.45-52
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• 2016

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the clinical effects of Muscle Energy Technique(MET) for peripheral facial paralysis. Methods: 60 Patients were divided into two groups. Group A(n=30) received the treatment with existing Korean medicine. Group B(n=30) received the MET with existing Korean medicine. It was performed once a day, five time per a week for three weeks. we analyzed Yanagihara's score and House-Brackmann scale Results: A week after MET treatment, Yanagihara's score average of Group A is $7.17{\pm}6.34$. Yanagihara's score average of Group B is $8.84{\pm}5.22$. (p=0.72). Two weeks after MET, Yanagihara's score average of Group A is $12.39{\pm}4.94$. Yanagihara's score average of Group B is $15.12{\pm}3.20$. (p=0.04). Three weeks after MET, Yanagihara's score average of Group A is $17.11{\pm}5.31$. Yanagihara's score average of Group B is $22.78{\pm}3.67$. (p=0.01). A is $3.87{\pm}1.36$. House-Brackmann Scale average of Group B is $3.64{\pm}1.76$. (p=0.63). Two weeks after MET treatment, House-Brackmann Scale average of Group A is $3.20{\pm}0.97$. House-Brackmann Scale average of Group B is $3.02{\pm}1.03$. (p=0.05). Three weeks after MET, House-Brackmann Scale average of Group A is $2.84{\pm}1.12$. House-Brackmann Scale average of Group B is $2.23{\pm}0.78$. (p=0.04). Conclusion: MET treatment is effective for improve the symptoms of peripheral facial paralysis. Therefore, it will be used to peripheral facial paralysis.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.155-167
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• 2013

Objectives : This research was conducted to investigate the factors that affect the level of facial nerve damage. Methods : From October 2009 to September 2013, the total number of 581 patients of Bell's palsy and Ramsay-Hunt syndrome visited Facial Palsy Center in Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong for Traditional Korean and Western combined medical treatment. Of these, 453 patients of peripheral facial nerve palsy were selected for the research. After reviewing the medical records that have details of age, gender, diagnosis(Bell's palsy and Ramsay-Hunt syndrome), onset, underlying diseases(DM, HTN), and HbAlc value, the analysis on the influence factors on the level of facial nerve damage was drew out. Results : The axonal loss rate of oris branch and nasal branch were significantly higher than the axonal loss rate of frontal branch and oculi branch. In addition, the frequency of becoming a major damaged branch was also high in the oris branch nasal branch. The factors by month, weather, smoking, and alcohol did not influence EMG axonal loss rate. Male rather than female and patient with Rasmay-Hut syndrome rather than Bell's palsy had a higher axonal loss rate in all branches. Of those, front of branch of male was remarkably higher than female. Patient with DM as P/H had high axonal loss rate in all branches. Patient with HTN as P/H had high axonal loss rate in all branches except for oris branches. Patients with DM and HTN group had significantly higher value from the average of axonal loss rate than patients who are only with HTN and without DM/HTN. DM alone group had significantly higher value than patients who are without DM/HTN. However, HTN alone was not significantly high. By analysing HbAlc of the patients who were hospitalised regardless DM, axonal loss rate was high in the order of DM group, preDM group, normal group. Nevertheless, only DM group showed higher axonal rate statistically than normal group. Considering DM and HbA1c value, the patients can be divided into 4 different groups of hkDM, lkDM, hfDM and nDM. By analysing those groups, the average damaged value of the groups with diagnosis followed by treatment(lkDM, hkDM) were higher than the average rate of hfDM and statistically higher than the rate of the nDM. Conclusions : The influential factors of increasing the level of EMG damage are male(only for the frontal branch), age above sixties, HTN, DM, and HbAlc value above 6.5. Besides, the negligible factors are month, season, diagnosis, alcohol, and smoking. Further research including clinical prognosis should be conducted.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.375-388
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• 2022

Nibellen structural system is a novel resilient bracing system based on the application of Bellville disks and Nitinol rods. The cyclic behavior of Nibellen assembly was obtained, and the design equations were developed based on the available literature. Seismic performance of the system was then studied analytically. Two groups of buildings with different lateral force resisting systems were designed and studied: one group with the Nibellen system, and the other with the special concentrically braced frame system. Each building group consisted of 5-, 10-, and 15-story buildings. The Design-Base-Event (DBE) and Maximum Considered Event (MCE) were considered as the seismic hazard, and a suite of seven ground motions were scaled accordingly for response history analyses. Finally, the resiliency of the buildings was studied by obtaining the functionality curve of the buildings before and after the seismic event. The construction cost of the 5-story building with Nibellen bracing system increased but the post-earthquake cost decreased significantly. The application of Nibellen system in the 10- and 15-story buildings reduced both the construction and repair costs, considerably. Resiliency of all the buildings was improved when Nibellen system was used as the lateral force resisting system.