• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.23-32
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• 2008

Anatomical and physical characteristics of seven cultivars of chestnut wood (Castanea crenata Sieb. et Zucc.), Tanzawa, Ibuki, Mansung, Arima, Ginyose, Tsukuba, and Riheiguri, were investigated to obtain some valuable information for their possibilities to be used for high quality furnitures and woodcrafts. Solitary pore and figured-porous or ring-porous wood types were observed in wide growth rings, and ring-porous in narrow growth rings. Procumbent type was prevalent in ray cells although upright and square types were scarcely existed. Uniseriate, biseriate, and multiseriate rays were observed in tangential section. Uniseriate ray was abundant near the pith, and biseriate and multiseriate rays were frequently existed near the bark. The occurrence rate of biseriate and multiseriate rays was significantly high in Tanzawa, Ibuki, Mansung and Tsukuba, but was somewhat low in Arima, Ginyose and Riheiguri. The inner region showed larger vessel diameter, more vessel number, fewer ray number and higher ray height than the outer region. Growth-ring width in inner region was larger than that in outer region. Growth-rings in inner region of Mansung and Arima were wide while that of Ibuki was narrow. Outer region in all cultivars showed higher latewood percentage than inner region. Especially, Mansung and Tsukuba showed significantly high latewood percentage in their outer region. Green moisture content and density of heartwood were higher than those of sapwood. Tsukuba and Riheiguri had higher green moisture content, and Ibuki and Riheiguri had higher green density than the other chestnut cultivars.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.333-342
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• 2020

Despite poorly documented species delimitation and unresolved taxonomic nomenclature, four species of Symplocos (S. coreana, S purnifolia, S sawafutagi, and S. tanakana) have been described in Korea. In this study, we carried a comparative wood anatomy analysis of all four species of Korean Symplocos to understand the wood anatomical variations among them. The results of this study indicated that Korean Symplocos are comparatively indistinguishable in terms of their qualitative wood features, except for exclusively uniseriate rays present in S. purnifolia instead of uniseriate to multiseriate in other three species. Nevertheless, differences are noticed in quantitative wood variables such as the vessel density, vessel size, and ray density. The vessel density of S. purnifolia is more than twice as high as those of S. sawafutagi and S. tanakana. In contrast, the vessel circumference and diameter on both plants of S. sawafutagi and S. tanakana is nearly twice as large as those of S. purnifolia. Symplocos coreana has characteristic intermediacy between these two groups in terms of vessel features and is closer to S. purnifolia in terms of its ray density level. A cluster analysis based on a paired group (unweighted pair-group method with the arithmetic mean, UPGMA) algorithm using the Euclidean similarity index clearly differentiates S. purnifolia from the remaining species, representing the first branch of the phenogram.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2020.08a
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• pp.36-36
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• 2020

Symplocos Jacq. including about 350 species is the sole isolated genus of the family Symplocaceae. Despite poorly documented species delimitation and unresolved taxonomic nomenclature four species of Symplocos (S. coreana, S purnifolia, S sawafutagi, and S. tanakana) have been described in Korea. In this study, we carried the comparative wood anatomy of all the four species of Korean Symplocos to understand the wood anatomical variations within these four species. The result of this study indicated that Korean Symplocos are comparatively indistinguishable in terms of their qualitative wood features except for exclusively uniseriate rays present in S. purnifolia instead of uni- to- multiseriate in other three species. However, discrepancies are observed in quantitative wood variables such as vessel density, vessel size, and ray density. The vessel density of S. purnifolia (highest among the four species) is more than two times higher than the S. sawafutagi (lowest among the four species) and S. tanakana. On the other hand, vessel size is likewise reverse to the vessel number relationships i. e. vessel circumference and diameter in both planes of S. sawafutagi and S. tanakana is almost twice a larger than S. purnifolia. Interestingly, S. coreana remains in between of these two groups in terms of vessel features and closer to S. purnifolia in terms of ray density. The cluster analysis based on the paired group (UPGMA) algorithm using the Euclidean similarity index clearly differentiates S. purnifolia from the rest of the taxa representing the first isolated clade of the tree.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.9-20
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• 1988

Lespedeza species have been widely used not only as plant resources for bark, leaves and honey, but also as erosion control materials. This study was carried out to investigate the structural and wood tiber characteristics in order to obtain basic information for the utilization of the wood. The wood structure was investigated for 10 selected species and the wood fiber, for the 5 selected species among Lespedeza species distributed all over the country. The following results were obtained. In the cross section, campylotropis showed ray diffuse porous wood, L. bicolor, L. cyrtobotrya, L. thunbergii var. intermedia, diffuse porous wood, and L. tomentella, L. angustifolioides. L. maritima, L. robusta, L. patentibicolor, ring porous wood. The maximum diameter of a single vessel ranged 66-123 ${\mu}$ in all species. Campylotropis showed the most number of vessels, L. angustifolioides, the least. The number of ray per mm ranged 7-22, Campylotropis showed the most number of rays, L. angustifolioides, the least. In the radial section the average length of vessel ranged 121-250 ${\mu}$ in all species. L. thunbergii var. intermedia showed the longest vessel, L. tomentella, the shortest. In tangential section the average width of the uniseriate ray ranged 9.2-14.7${\mu}$, that of the multiseriate ray, 19.2-42.1 ${\mu}$. The average height of the uniseriate ray ranged 143.0-1162.0 ${\mu}$. The width of fiber ranged 10.12-13.61 ${\mu}$, L. maximowiezii showed the narrowest tiber, L. thunbergii var. intermedia. the widest, the thickness of fiber wall ranged 2.93-3.71 ${\mu}$ in the five species. L. maximowiezii showed the most thin fiber wall, L. thunbergii var. intermedia, the thickest, L. cyrtobotrya showed the difference in the size of fiber between the shade and the sunny sites but L. maximowiezii showed no difference. There was significant difference in fiber length, fiber width and wall thickness between L. eyrtobotrya and L. maximowiezii.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.98-103
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• 2005

Anatomical properties of kenaf cultivated in Korea was investigated using light microscopy. Bast fiber, phloem ray and cortex parenchyma cell were observed in bast, and vessel, wood fiber and ray in core. A lot of solitary and multiple radial pores in core existed. The cell type of ray parenchyma in radial section was procumbent, upright and square cells. Uniseriate and multiseriate rays existed in tangential section. The layer of bast fiber in bast increased with increasing the growth period.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.43-49
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• 2007

Anatomical properties of Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) planted in a reclaimed-land of Korea were examined to understand the growth characteristics by an optical and scanning electron microscopy. The samples of kenaf were taken from four positions of the stem (3, 35, 70, 105 cm above from the ground) in four growth periods (July. August, September, October) from seeding planted in the middle of May. Bast fiber, phloem rays, cortex parenchyma cells and sieve tube members were observed in phloem, and vessel elements, fibers and rays in xylem. Solitary and multiple radial pores existed in xylem. The cell types of ray parenchyma in radial section were procumbent, upright, and square. The intervascular pitting showed an alternate type. Xylem proportion, the number of bast fibers and dimension of phloem rays increased with increasing growth period, and decreased with increasing stem height. The proportion of multiseriate rays was higher than that of uniseriate and biseriate rays in xylem with increasing growth period. On the other hand, The proportion of multiseriate rays was lower than that of uniseriate and biseriate rays in xylem with increasing stem height.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.57-63
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• 2007

Anatomical characteristics of black and white charcoal of Quercus variabilis and Quercus mongolica manufactured by a Korean traditional kiln were investigated by scanning electron microscopy. In both charcoal, the earlywood vessels shrank in tangential direction, whereas the other cells didn't change. However, in the case of latewood vessels, black charcoal did not show tangential direction shrinkage, but white charcoal did. The wood fiber were changed severly in shape due to the excessive shrinkage. Tyloses in early wood vessel were still shown unchanged shape in both charcoals. Cell wall of ray parenchyma was observed and their shapes were severly distorted. Voids between ray parenchyma were observed in white charcoal, which maybe due to high temperature in white charcoal. Moreover, lumen diameters in the uniseriate ray and multiseriate ray were decreased at the high charring temperature. These results showed that the low charcoal yield of the white charcoal compared to the black charcoal was caused by decrease of cell dimensions as well as loss of wood components associated with the carbonization temperature.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.1-8
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• 2006

Anatomy of Quercus variabilis charcoal was investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Charcoal was prepared in an electric furnace under nitrogen gas atmosphere at $400^{\circ}C$, $600^{\circ}C$, $800^{\circ}C$, and $1000^{\circ}C$ for 10 min. The structure of charcoal was significantly affected by charring temperature. In cross section, charcoal prepared at $400^{\circ}C$ exhibited a smooth clean surface. As the charring temperature increased, the surface became more rough and increasingly disrupted. The cell walls appeared homogeneous and glass-like. Ray parenchyma cells showed very little separation from each other in radial section at $400^{\circ}C$. At $600^{\circ}C$ and above there is an apparent disintegration of the middle lamella, resulting in a separation of the ray cells. The $2{\sim}4{\mu}m$ wart-like protuberances were observed on the surfaces of the parenchyma cells. These structures were seen in charcoal prepared at all temperatures. Distinctive features can be seen in multiseriate rays as large crack and split. Rhomboidal crystals in crystalliferous cells had a smooth surface at $400^{\circ}C$ and $600^{\circ}C$, but the crystals had a sponge like appearance at $800^{\circ}C$ and $1000^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.3-8
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• 1977

A bark comprises about 10 to 20 percents of a typical log by volume, and is generally considered as an unwanted residue rather than a potentially valuable resource. As the world has been confronted with decreasing forest resources, natural resources pressure dictate that a bark should be a raw material instead of a waste. The utilization of the largely wasted bark of genus Quercus grown in Korea can be enhanced by learning its anatomical structure and properties. In this paper, bark characteristics of Quercus grown in Korea are described. In bark anatomy, general features such as color of rhytidome, exfoliating form, color of periderm, arrangement of periderm, and thickness of the inner and outer hark. etc., arc discussed. Studies on the microscopic structure include sieve tube, companion cell, parenchyma, pholem fiber, ray, periderm(phelloderm, phelloogen, phellem), sclereid, and crystal, etc. The results may be summarized as follows: 1. In general characteristics of rhytidomes, exfoliating is not easy and sclereids are distint to the naked eye. Inner bark is thicker than that of outer bark except in case of Q. variabilis. 2. It is not clear to distinguish between phelloderm and phellogen in Quercus bark. The phellem is developed conspicuously in Q. variabilis but that of Q. accutissima is composed of thinwalled phellem and thickwalled stone cell. 3. Quercus Bark has sieve tube, companion cell, phloem fiber and sclereid. Sclereids of Quercus bark are the most distinguished characteristics comparing with pinus and populus. The volume percent of sclereids are higher than that of fiber. 4. Rays are 1~3 seriate, and multiseriate ranging with from 15 to 20. 5. Parenchyma cell contains two types, polygonal and druses crystal.