Browse > Article

Anatomy of Quercus variabilis Charcoal Manufactured at Various Temperatures  

Kim, Nam-Hun (College of Forest Sciences, Kangwon National University)
Hwang, Won-Joong (College of Forest Sciences, Kangwon National University)
Kwon, Sung-Min (College of Forest Sciences, Kangwon National University)
Kwon, Goo-Joong (College of Forest Sciences, Kangwon National University)
Lee, Seong-Jae (Forest Research Institute of Kangwon Province)
Publication Information
Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology / v.34, no.4, 2006 , pp. 1-8 More about this Journal
Abstract
Anatomy of Quercus variabilis charcoal was investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Charcoal was prepared in an electric furnace under nitrogen gas atmosphere at $400^{\circ}C$, $600^{\circ}C$, $800^{\circ}C$, and $1000^{\circ}C$ for 10 min. The structure of charcoal was significantly affected by charring temperature. In cross section, charcoal prepared at $400^{\circ}C$ exhibited a smooth clean surface. As the charring temperature increased, the surface became more rough and increasingly disrupted. The cell walls appeared homogeneous and glass-like. Ray parenchyma cells showed very little separation from each other in radial section at $400^{\circ}C$. At $600^{\circ}C$ and above there is an apparent disintegration of the middle lamella, resulting in a separation of the ray cells. The $2{\sim}4{\mu}m$ wart-like protuberances were observed on the surfaces of the parenchyma cells. These structures were seen in charcoal prepared at all temperatures. Distinctive features can be seen in multiseriate rays as large crack and split. Rhomboidal crystals in crystalliferous cells had a smooth surface at $400^{\circ}C$ and $600^{\circ}C$, but the crystals had a sponge like appearance at $800^{\circ}C$ and $1000^{\circ}C$.
Keywords
charcoal; Quercus variabilis; charring temperature; crystal; structure of charcoal; scanning electron microscopy;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 5  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Blankenhorn, P. R., D. P. Barnes, D. E. Kline, and W. K. Murphey. 1978. Porosity and pore size distribution of black cherry carbonized in an inert atmosphere. Wood Science 11(1): 23-29
2 Frey-Wyssling, A. 1981. Crystallography of the two hydrates of crystalline calcium oxalate in plants. Amer. J. Bot. 68(1): 130-141   DOI   ScienceOn
3 Webb, M. A. 1999. Cell-mediated crystallization of calcuim oxalate in plants. The Plant Cell. 11: 751-761   DOI
4 권성민, 김남훈. 2006. 목재의 탄화기구 해석( I ). 목재공학 34(3): 8-14
5 Franceschi, V. R. and H. T. Horner, Jr. 1980. Calcium oxalate crystals in plants. The botanical review 46(4): 361-427   DOI
6 Kim, N. H. and R. B. Hanna. 2006. Morphological characteristics of Quercus variabilis charcoal prepared at different temperatures. Wood Sci Technol. (in press)
7 Blankenhorn, P. R., G. M. Jenkins, and D. E. Kline. 1972. Dynamic mechaical properties and microstructure of some carbonized hardwoods. Wood and Fiber 4(3): 212-224
8 Elder, T. J., W. K. Murphey, and P. R. Blankenhorn. 1979. A note on the thermally induced changes of intervessel pits in black cherry(Prunus serotina EHRH). Wood and fiber 11(3): 179-183
9 Slocum, D. H., E. A. McGinnes Jr., and F. C. Beall. 1978. Charcoal yield, shrinkage, and Density changes during carbonization of oak and hickory woods. Wood science vol. 11(1): 42-47
10 Prior, J. and P. Gasson. 1993. Anatomical changes on charring six African hardwoods. IAWA J. 14(1) 77-86   DOI
11 Prior, J. and K. L. Alvin. 1983. Structural changes on charring woods of dichrostachys and salix from southern Africa. IAWA Bulletin 4(4): 197-206   DOI
12 국립산림과학원. 2005. 임산물품질인증지침. P. 1-141
13 황병호 外 11人. 1998. 목질바이오매스 선진문화사. 70-75
14 McGinnes, E. A. Jr, S. A. Kandeel, and P. S. Szopa. 1971. Some structural changes observed in the transformation of wood into charcoal. Wood and Fiber 3(2): 77-83
15 Angeles, G. 2001. New techniques for the anatomical study of charcoalified wood. IAWA Journal 22(3): 245-254   DOI   ScienceOn
16 Nishiyama, K., T. Hata, Y. Imamura, and S. Ishihara. 1998. Analysis of chemical structure of wood charcoal by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. J Wood Sci. 44: 56-61   DOI
17 Cutter, B. E. and E. A. McGinnes Jr. 1981. A note on density change patterns in charred wood. Wood and fiber 13(1): 39-44
18 Beall, F. C, P. R. Blankenhorn, and G. R. Moore. 1974. Carbonized wood physical properties and use as an SEM preparation. Wood Science 6(3): 212-219
19 Cutter, B. E., B. G. Cumbie, and E. A. McGinnes Jr. 1980. SEM and shrinkage analyses of southern pine wood following pyrolysis. Wood Sci. Technol. 14: 115-130   DOI
20 Prior, J. and K. L. Alvin. 1986. Structural changes on charring woods of dichrostachys and salix from southern Africa: The effect of moisture content. IAWA Bulletin 7(3): 243-250   DOI