• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.93-101
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• 1997

The purpose of this study is to develop a test of earth science inquiry abilities using structured items. To develop a more valid and reliable instrument factual data was used, and most of the previous studies regarding inquiry teaching method and inquiry evaluation were consulted. The model developed in this study is composed of 5 stages; recognizing problems and generating hypotheses, designing inquiry, pursuiting inquiry, interpreting data, and drawing conclusion. Also, in this study 10 science inquiry abilities; recognizing problems, generating hypotheses, controlling variables, designing experiments, performing experiments, transforming data, inferencing, predicting, conclusing, and generalizing were clearly defined. The test developed in the study, Test of Earth Science Inquiry Abilities, includes 25 multiple-choice (five-choice) items and requires testing time of 50 minutes. The content validity of items, objectivity of scoring keys and clarity of items were checked by 7 experienced specialists in science education and earth science. The developed test were investigated and revised through three field tests. According to the results of the third field trial, test reliability (Cronbach $\alpha$) was 0.62, difficulty index was 0.54 and index of discrimination was 0.35. Also, the developed Test of Earth Science Inquiry Abilities showed a correlation coefficient of 0.53 with TIPS. Therefore, the development of Test of Earth Science Inquiry Abilities using structured items satisfied the reliability and validity requirements for general assessment instruments for students' earth science inquiry abilities.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.33 no.11
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• pp.1719-1732
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• 2009

A firm seeking to enter a foreign market must make an important strategic decision of which market entry mode to use. Because entry modes involve resource commitments, the initial choice by a firm on a particular entry mode is difficult to change without a considerable loss of time and money. Substantial prior research has been undertaken to explain why firms select a particular entry mode into global markets. However, there exists limited research on this area in the field of foreign apparel brands in Korea, although some research has analyzed influential entry mode factors when Korean textile and clothing companies went overseas. This study reviews prior research on the entry mode choice and analyzes the factors that influence the entry mode choice for 510 foreign clothing brands in Korea. Price range, clothing types, distribution strategy, and cultural distance were considered as influential determinants for different entry mode choices. Crosstabs with a chi-square test and logistic regression are used for analysis. This study shows that high-priced brands and luxury brands are associated with the export orientated entry mode in the Korean market. Brands that pursued the strategy of multiple distribution channels showed a preference for a licensing mode or direct investment over other entry modes, and brands from higher-cultural-distance countries entered the Korean clothing market by licensing mode. The findings of this study are appropriate for the strategic planning of foreign apparel intent on entering the Korean market or for Korean apparel firms planning to enter the global market.

• Education of Primary School Mathematics
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.121-142
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• 2001

The goal of the National Assessment of Educational Achievement(NAEA) 2001 was to affirm the accountability of school education, to scientifically manage and elevate the quality of education at the national level, and to articulate the final design of the NAEA. It was implemented on June 28th of the year 2001. The assessment frame for NAEA includes the achievement standards, the assessment standards, the instruction for the item development, and the grading policy for mathematics subject. Most of items are multiple-choice types, but the performance-based items should be at least thirty percent of the total items, also 30% in case of mathematics. Approximately 1% of students among entire population of the Grades 6 were randomly selected. Therefore, the finally sampled examines were 8023 at Grade 6. The result of the analysis of the NAEA revealed that Grade 6 students was labelled as ‘average’ level in general (Number and Operation: average, Geometric figures: average, Patterns and Functions: excellent, Measurements: average, Letters and Expressions: average, Probability and Statistics: average). The most characteristic finding was that except for Grade 6(its average is 69.92), most secondary students obtained low test scores and its average of each grade is below 50 out of 100. Especially, the scores on the performance-based items were by and large very low. This finding implies that Korean students are not familiar with the kind of test items which requires expression of ideas and feelings and they are rather familiar with the multiple-choice items. Another interesting finding was that the students in small towns and remote areas showed significantly low scores in all four skills compared with Seoul, metropolitan cities and medium and small cities. This may be attributed from the fact that the remote areas do not have equal learning environment with regard to social and cultural experience, supply of various teaching materials, extracurricular lessons which are directly related to teaching and learning. These findings may be utilized as a reliable resource fur improving curriculum and teaching and learning in Mathematics.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.491-501
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• 1998

Motivated by bioequivalence studies which involve comparisons of pharmaceutically equivalent dosage forms, we propose a more general decision rule for showing equivalence simultaneously between multiple means and a control mean. Namely, this testing procedure is concerned with the situation in that one must make decisions as to the bioequivalence of an original drug product and several generic formulations of that drug. This general test is developed by considering a spherical confidence region, which is a direct extension of the usual t-based confidence interval rule formally approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. We characterize the test by the probability of rejection curves and assess its performance via Monte-Carlo simulation. Since the manufacturer's main concern is the proper choice of sample sizes, we provide optimal sample sizes from the Monte-Carlo simulation results. We also consider an application of the generalized equivalence test to a repeated measures design.

• Education of Primary School Mathematics
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.39-57
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to affirm what influences the lessons applied by reorganizing the ratio-graph unit of level 6-A on the basis on Realistic Mathematics Education(RME) give on mathematical scholastic achievements and mathematical preferences.In order to achieve the purpose of this study, the experimental study was exerted by making two classes of 6 grades in J elementary school located in Gumi city, Gyeongbuk province as subjects. In this study, test of degree of the mathematics learning ability of student, multiple-choice test and descriptive test of the learning dispositions of student were exerted and the results were t-test officially. The results and the conclusions of this study were as follows: First, the results acquired by officially t-test the levels of the mathematics learning ability of student of the group taught by lessons according to the teaching materials reorganized on the basis of RME and the group taught by lessons according to the 7th curriculum show a meaningful difference(p=.007). This means that the lessons according to the teaching materials reorganized on the basis of RME showed meaningful influences on the improvement of degree of the mathematics learning ability of student. Second, the results acquired by officially t-test the learning dispositions of student multiple-choice test of the group taught by lessons according to the teaching materials reorganized on the basis of RME and the group taught by lessons according to the 7th curriculum show a meaningful difference. Especially in the factors of 'mathematical will'(p=.017) and 'mathematical value'(p=.029) were meaningful differences. Also in the descriptive test of the learning dispositions of student, the experimental class showed that it had the potential possibility to have more positive attitudes meaningfully in comparison with the compared class. This means that the lessons according to the teaching materials reorganized on the basis of RME showed meaningful influences on the learning dispositions of student.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.22 no.4 s.75
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• pp.85-96
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• 2004

Given a Path represented by a sequence of link numbers in a transportation network, the reasonable path is defined as a path that any link is appeared multiple times in it. Application of the link labelmethod(LLM) to the shortest path algorithms(SPA) enables to model the reasonable path choice behavior in urban networks. This study aims at expanding the LLM to a Kth shortest path algorithms(KPSA), which adopts the node label setting method. The small-scaled network test demonstrated that the proposed algorithm works correctly and the revised Sioux fall network test showed that the path choice behaviors are reasonably reflected. In the large-scaled network based on the South Korea peninsula, drivers' route diversion perceptions are included as cost terms in total cost. The algorithm may be applied as an alternative route information tools for the deployment of ATIS.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.13-21
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• 2022

Objectives : The evaluation of academic achievement is pivotal for establishing accurate direction and adequate level of medical education. The purpose of this study was to firstly establish innovative item analysis technique of Item Response Theory (IRT) for analyzing multiple-choice test of herbology in the traditional Korean medicine education which has not been available for the difficulty of test theory and statistical calculation. Methods : The answers of 390 students (2012-2018) to the 14 item herbology test in college of Korean medicine were used for the item analysis. As for the multidimensional analysis of item characteristics, difficulty, discrimination, and guessing parameters along with item-total correlation and percentage of correct answer were calculated using Classical Test Theory (CTT) and IRT. Results : The validity parameters of strong and weak items were illustrated in multiple perspectives. There were 4 items with six acceptable index scores, and 5 items with only one acceptable index score. The item discrimination of IRT was found to have no significant correlation with difficulty and discrimination indices of CTT emphasizing attention of professionals of medical education as for the test credibility. Conclusion : The critical suggestions for the development, utilization and revision of test items in the e-learning and evidence-based Teaching era were made based on the results of item analysis using IRT. The current study would firstly provide foundation for upgrading the quality of Korean medicine education using test theory.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.292-301
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify factors that affect reality shock in new nurses. Methods: Participants were 216 newly graduated nurses with less than 1 year experience in 5 university and 10 general hospitals in Busan, Ulsan and Gyeongnam, A self-report questionnaire was completed by the nurses between November 18 and December 25, 2013. Data were analyzed using t-test, ANOVA and hierarchial multiple regression analysis with the SPSS/WIN 21.0 Program. Results: Average scores for work environment and environmental reality shock were $2.63{\pm}0.33$ and $2.66{\pm}0.43$ points respectively. Regression analysis showed that with the nurses' demographic and work characteristics controlled, work environment explained 4.2% of the reality shock. Factors significantly affecting reality shock included nurses' changing residence because of job (${\beta}$=.21, p=.001), whether they were able to work on the unit of their choice (${\beta}$=-.13, p=.031) and whether they had a choice in days off (${\beta}$=-.14, p=.038). Conclusion: When these factors are considered, reduction in nurses' reality shock requires improvement in work environment, placing new nurses in a department of their choice and allowing them a choice in off-duty days. These measures would also help achieve organizational goals and develop the new nurses as professional nurses.

• Journal of the Korean Statistical Society
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.411-433
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• 2004

The shrinkage preliminary test ridge regression estimators (SPTRRE) based on Wald (W), Likelihood Ratio (LR) and Lagrangian Multiplier (LM) tests for estimating the regression parameters of the multiple linear regression model with multivariate Student's t error distribution are considered in this paper. The quadratic biases and risks of the proposed estimators are compared under both null and alternative hypotheses. It is observed that there is conflict among the three estimators with respect to their risks because of certain inequalities that exist among the test statistics. In the neighborhood of the restriction, the SPTRRE based on LM test has the smallest risk followed by the estimators based on LR and W tests. However, the SPTRRE based on W test performs the best followed by the LR and LM based estimators when the parameters move away from the subspace of the restrictions. Some tables for the maximum and minimum guaranteed efficiency of the proposed estimators have been given, which allow us to determine the optimum level of significance corresponding to the optimum estimator among proposed estimators. It is evident that in the choice of the smallest significance level to yield the best estimator the SPTRRE based on Wald test dominates the other two estimators.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.21 no.12
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• pp.182-189
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• 2021

A study was conducted to identify the general characteristics of some dental hygiene students and to identify the factors affecting the achievement goal orientation and academic achievement according to the teaching method selection for increase the academic achievement of the subject in the special education environment caused by the COVID-19. In the second semester of 2020, a survey was conducted on 122 students of G University's dental hygiene department located in Gwangju, and the general characteristics and achievement goal orientation were surveyed. Academic achievement has used the midterm and final exam scores and the collected data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis test, Mann-Whitney U test, Pearson's correlation test, Multiple Linear Regrission. According to the general characteristics, there was a significant difference in subject understanding, subject interest, and subject satisfaction, and learning satisfaction showed a strong correlation with the completion goal tendency. There was a significant difference in academic achievement according to the class choice, and the factor that influenced the academic achievement was the case that the teaching method was chosen face-to-face. Therefore, in order to improve learners' academic achievement, it is necessary to increase the proportion of face-to-face classes and to establish an effective lesson plan that can increase the degree of subject understanding, subject interest, and subject satisfaction.