• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.831-836
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• 2010

In addition to spice, black pepper (Piper nigrum Linne : PnL) has been used as herbal medicine because of its function in anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, and anti-carcinogenesis. Recently, it has been reported that piperine, a component of PnL, inhibits adipocyte differentiation by repressing various adipogenic gene expressions. In this study, we determined whether piperine is a major constituent of PnL that confers the anti-adipogenic activity at whole genome level. Differentiation of 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes was induced in presence of PnL extract or piperine. To compare genes that are regulated by PnL extract or piperine, we performed expression profiling using microarrays (Agilent Mouse 44k 4plex). RNA samples were labeled with Cy3 and Cy5, respectively. Labeled samples were hybridized to the microarrays. Results were filtered and cut off set p<0.05. Genes exhibiting significant differences in expression level were classified into Gene Ontology (GO)-based functional categories (http://www.geneontology.org) and KEGG (http://www.genome.jp/kegg/). Extract of PnL and its component piperine reduced lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells during adipogenesis. Such anti-adipogenic activity appears to result from down-regulation of transcription factor genes involved in adipogenesis, and other genes involved in fatty acid synthesis, transport, triglyceride synthesis, and carbohydrate metabolism. These genome-wide studies lead to conclude that piperine, as a critical component of PnL, plays common role with PnL in anti-adipogenesis.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.116-132
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• 2008

Objective: This study investigated the effects of Bimanbang-1 (肥滿1號方: here in after referred to BMB-1) on the obese gene and obese inhibitory. Methods: C57BL/6 mice were induced by high fat diet. Mice were divided into three groups (normal, high fat diet with control, high fat diet with BMB-1 extract) and fed for 15 weeks. Items of this experimental study are as follows: body weight change, final body weight, the weight change of the adipocytes in body, the level change of LFT, NEFA and creatinine, the expression of ${\beta}3AR$ and leptin gene in primary adipocytes, the production change of leptin in primary adipocytes, the expression of ${\beta}3AR$, leptin and $TNF-{\alpha}$ in adipocytes tissue. Result: 1. All experimental groups showedthat the weight change decreased considerably and the high density group showedthat the final weight decreased considerably. 2. The high density group showed that the amount of the adipocyte in weight decreased considerably. 3. All experimental groups showedthat the amount of ALT decreased considerably, and AST decreased in the high density group. However, the amount of creatinine and glucose did not increase considerably. 4. All experimental groups showed that the amount of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, and NEFA decreased, and HDL-cholesterol increased considerably. 5. The high density groups showedthat the amount of leptin decreased considerably. 6. All experimental groups showed that the revelation of ${\beta}3AR$ in primary adipose cell and 3T3-L1 cell increased considerably, and that the revelation of leptin and $TNF-{\alpha}$ in primary adipose cellsand 3T3-L1 cells decreased considerably. 7. All experimental groups showed that the size of adipocyte in adipocytes tissue decreased. 8. All experimental groups showed that the adipose vacuoles in liver tissue decreased considerably. Conclusion: The findings suggest that Bimanbang-1 causes weight loss and histological change, thus it may be effective to treat obesity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.401-408
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• 2017

Salvia plebeia R. Br. (Lamiaceae) has been used in folk medicines in Asian countries, including Korea and China, to treat inflammatory diseases. The focus of our research was on the anti-adipogenic activity of ethanol extract from Salvia plebeia R. Br. (SPE) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. This study investigated inhibition of differentiation and lipogenesis upon SPE treatment in 3T3-L1 cells. The results reveal that SPE at non-cytotoxic concentration significantly suppressed triglyceride accumulation and reduced expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-alpha, and sterol regulatory element-binding protein as adipogenic transcription factors in 3T3-L1 adipocytes compared to non-treated control cells. Inducible phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase, acetyl CoA carboxylase, and hormone-sensitive lipase as well as carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 mRNA expression increased upon SPE treatment, which suppressed expression of fatty acid synthase. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that SPE can inhibit expression of adipogenic genes in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Our study suggests that SPE has potential anti-obesity effects and is a novel therapeutic functional agent with anti-adipogenic activity via reduction of lipogenesis.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.385-389
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• 2022

In this study, we measured the inhibitory activity of Pinus densiflora leaf (PDL) against excessive lipid accumulation in mouse preadipocyte, 3T3-L1 cells to investigate whether PDL exerts anti-obesity activity. Lipid accumulation and the protein level were measured using Oil red O staining assay and Western blot analysis, respectively. We observed that PDL inhibited excessive lipid accumulation and decreased the expression of CEBPα, PPARγ and perilipin-1 related to lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells. Therefore, considering these results, PDL can be used as a potential agent for anti-obesity.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.110-114
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• 2006

In order to develop the improved kochujang witb an anti-adipogenic effect, garlic-added kochujang was prepared and followed by fermentation at $30^{\circ}C$ for 120 days. Anti-adipogenic effects of the garlic-added kochujang in cultured 3T3-L1 adipocytes were investigated by measuring leptin and glycerol levels as indicators of lipid accumulation associated with lipolysis, respectively. Additional levels of garlic powder in the preparation of kochujang was determined from the result of a sensory evaluation test. Garlic-added kochujang showed the highest points when the added content was 3%. Fermentation of kochujang led to the decreased leptin secretion and increased glycerol release in the 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The addition of garlic to the kochujang also resulted in reduced leptin secretion and induced lipolysis. Since these results suggested that addition of garlic into kochujang can improve the anti-adipogenic effects of kochujang, it might be possible to develop garlic-added kochujang as an antiobesity-functional kochujang.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.89-101
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• 2004

Objective : The present experiments were designed to study on the immune-enhancing effect of Mountain grown ginseng, Mountain cultivated ginseng, and Panax ginseng Method : In order to compare the immune-enhancing effect of moutain grown ginseng, moutain cultivated ginseng and Panax ginseng, the study was done through the forced swimming test (FST), measurement of T helper Th1, Th2 cytokines and fatigue related factors. Result : Moutain grown ginseng and panax ginseng decreased the immobility time in the FST compared to the control. Glucose, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and Total-protein (T-protein) in serum were investigated. The serum achieved from ginseng administered mouse showed higher BUN, T-protein than the control. moutain grown ginseng administered group showed lower LDH than the control group. moutain grown ginseng administered mouse showed higher glucose than the control. Creatinine was same in either experimental or control group. Ginseng-induced cytokine production in human T-cell line, MOLT-4 cells and mouse peritoneal macrophages were compared. Moutain cultivated ginseng (10-4 dilution) and panax ginseng (10-3 dilution) were increased the interferon $IFN-{\gamma}$ production compared with media control (about 1.6-fold P<0.05) at 48 h. Moutain grown ginseng (10-4 dilution) was increased the $IFN-{\gamma}$ and interleukin IL-4 production compared with media control (about l.4-fold for $IFN-{\gamma}$ and 1.6-fold for IL-4 P<0.05) at 48 h. Moutain grown ginseng (10-3 dilution) and moutain cultivated ginseng (10-4 dilution) were increased the turmor necrosis factor $TNF-{\alpha}$ production compared with $rIFN-{\gamma}$ treated cells (about 1.9-fold for $TNF-{\alpha}$ P<0.05), respectively. Moutain cultivated ginseng (10-3 dilution) was increased the IL-12 production compared with $rIFN-{\gamma}$ treated cell (about 1.7-fold for IL-12 P<0.05). Conclusion : These data suggest that three different three kinds of ginseng act on immune responses in different aspects.

• Genes and Genomics
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• v.40 no.12
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• pp.1301-1308
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• 2018

Background Adipocyte differentiation is completed by changing gene expression. Chromatin is closely related to gene expression. Therefore, its structure might be changed for adipocyte differentiation. Mouse 3T3-L1 preadipocytes have been used as a cell model to study molecular mechanisms of adipogenesis. Objective To examine changes of chromatin modification and expression of histone modifying enzymes during adipocyte differentiation. Methods Microscopic analysis and Oil Red O staining were performed to determine distinct phenotype of adipocyte differentiation. RT-PCR and Western blot analysis were used to examine expression levels of histone modifying enzymes during adipocyte differentiation. Histone modifications were examined by immunostaining analysis. Results Expression levels of P300 and cbp were increased during adipocyte differentiation. However, acetylation of histones was not quantitatively changed postdifferentiation of 3T3-L1 cells compared to that at pre-differentiation. RT-PCR and Western blot analyses showed that expression levels of hdac2 and hdac3 were increased during adipocyte differentiation, suggesting histone acetylation at chromatin level was homeostatically controlled by increased expression of both HATs and HDACs. Tri-methylation level of H3K9 (H3K9me3), but not that of H3K27me3, was significantly decreased during adipocyte differentiation. Decreased expression of setdb1 was consistent with reduced pattern of H3K9me3. Knock-down of setdb1 induced adipocyte differentiation. This suggests that setdb1 is a key chromatin modifier that modulates repressive chromatin. Conclusion These results suggest that there exist extensive mechanisms of chromatin modifications for homeostatic balance of chromatin acetylation and deconstruction of repressive chromatin during adipocyte differentiation.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.247-253
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• 2000

This study was undertaken to optimize enucleation and reconstitution methods for the production of cloned mice by somatic cell nuclear transfer Outbred ICR mouse oocytes at the metapahse- II stage were retrieved from female mice superovulated by PMSG and hCG. In Experiment 1, oocytes were enucleated in medium supplemented with cytochalasin B (CCB) of 3 levels (0, 7.5 or 15 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL), and higher rate of encleation was obtained at 7.5 and 15 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL than at $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL. In Experiment 2, oocytes enucleated in 7.5 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL CCB-containing medium were reconstituted with different types of somatic cell by following methods; 1) cumulus cells by direct cell injection, 2) cumulus cells by electric fusion (1.25 kV/cm, 2 pulses for each 70 $mutextrm{s}$) or 3) STO cells by the electrofusion. Electrofusion of STO cells with enucleated oocytes yielded the greatest (P<0.05) rate of reconstitution without lysis (76%) than any other combinations. Although significant decrease in the rate of somatic cell introduction was found, the electrofusion of cumulus cells yielded better rate of reconstitution than direct injection (0 vs. 18%). In Experiment 3, the duration of electric stimulation for the fusion was changed to either 50 $mutextrm{s}$ or 90 $mutextrm{s}$, but no significant improvement of reconstitution efficacy was obtained. In conclusion, this study showed that ICR mouse oocytes could be used for the production of reconstituted oocytes and a fusion method of 1.25 KV/cm with 2 pulses using 570 cell was the optimal.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.541-550
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) cell wall extract on the proliferation and cytokine production of immune cells to select suitable probiotics for space food. Ten strains of LAB (Lactobacillus bulgaricus, L. paracasei, L. casei, L. acidophilus, L. plantarum, L. delbruekii, Lactococcus lactis, Streptococcus thermophilus, Bifidobacterium breve, and Pedicoccus pentosaceus) were sub-cultured and further cultured for 3 d to reach 7-10 Log colony-forming units (CFU)/mL prior to cell wall extractions. All LAB cell wall extracts failed to inhibit the proliferation of BALB/c mouse splenocytes or mesenteric lymphocytes. Most LAB cell wall extracts except those of L. plantarum and L. delbrueckii induced the proliferation of both immune cells at tested concentrations. In addition, the production of T_H1 cytokine (IFN-γ) rather than that of T_H2 cytokine (IL-4) was enhanced by LAB cell wall extracts. Of ten LAB extracts, four (from L. acidophilus, L. bulgaricus, L. casei, and S. thermophiles) promoted both cell proliferating and T_H1 cytokine production. These results suggested that these LAB could be used as probiotics to maintain immunity and homeostasis for astronauts in extreme space environment and for general people in normal life.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.505-514
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• 2002

The aim of this study was to evaluate the anticonvulsant activity of four agents derived from tropinone (T-1: 2,4-dipyrrolylmethenylnortropinone, T-2: 2,4-diphenylmethenylnortropinone, T-3 : 2,4-difurfurylmethenylnortropinone, T-4 : 2,4-dimethoxyphenylmethenylnortropinone) in NIH Swiss mouse. Pentylenetetrazole (nZ) was injected via intraperi-toniurn in mouse and Maximal Electroshock (MES) stimulation was through both conjunctivas by electrodes. Tropinone derivatives were treated at 15 minutes before PTZ or MES procedure. PIZ of 25 mg/kg induced generalized seizure in mouse, effects of tropinone derivatives on PTZ-induced seizure were monitored. Compared with control group, T-4 decreased seizure grade most effectively. Also T-4 increased onset time of PTZ-induced seizure. This result showed that T-4 is most effective on PTZ-induced seizure. In MES-induced seizure, T-1 decreased seizure grade and recovery time. nNOS expression in hippocampus and cortex were increased in nZ- and MES-induced seizure animals compared with control. Pretreatment of tropinone derivatives in PTZ-induced seizure did not affected nNOS expression in brain tissues, but T-1 and T-4 decreased nNOS expression in cortex of MES-induced seizure animals. These findings suggest that tropinone derivatives have specific anticonvulsant activities according to PTZ- and MES-induced seizure. 2,4- dimethoxyphenylmethenylnoroopinone is most effective in PTZ-induced seizure and 2,4-di methoxyphenylmethenylnortropinone is most effective in MES-induced seizure.