References
- Kopelman PG. 1994. Causes and consequences of obesity. Med Int 22: 385-388
- Grundy SH. 1998. Muti-fratorial causation of obesity: implication for prevention. Am J Cli Nutr 67: 563-572 https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/67.3.563S
- Zhang Y, Proenca R, Maffei M, Barone M, Leopold L, Friedman JM. 1994. Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue. Nature 372: 425-432 https://doi.org/10.1038/372425a0
- Haals JL, Gajiwala KS, Maffei M, Cohen SL, Chait BT, Rabinowitz D, Lallone RL, Burley SK, Friedman JM. 1995. Weight-reducing effects of the plasma protein encoded by the obese gene. Science 269: 543-546 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.7624777
- Campfield LA, Smith FJ, Guisez Y, Devos R, Burn P. 1995. Recombinant mouse OB protein: evidence for a peripheral signal linking adiposity and central neural networks. Science 269: 546-549 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.7624778
- Haffiner SM, Gingerich RL, Miettinen H, Stern MP. 1996. Leptin concentrations in relations to overall adiposity and regional body fat distribution in Mexican Americans. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 20: 904-908
- Considine RV, Sinha MK, Heiman ML, Aidas K, Thomas WS, Mark RN, Joanna PO, Cheryl CM, Linda JM, Thomas LB, Jose FC. 1996. Serum immunoreactive-leptin concentrations in normal-weight and obese humans. N Engl J Med 334: 292-295 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199602013340503
- Ardevol A, Blade C, Salvado MJ, Arola L. 2000. Changes in lipolysis and hormone-sensitive lipase expression caused by procyanidins in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Int J Obes 24: 319- 324 https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0801130
- Lee TS, Chun MS, Choi JY, Noh BS. 1993. Changes of free sugars and free amino acids in kochujang with different mashing method. Food Biotechnol 2: 102-108
- Chun MS, Lee TS, Noh BS. 1994. The changes in capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin and cansanthin in kochujang with differ-ent mashing methods. Food Biotechnol 3: 104-108
- Yoon JY, Jung KO, Kil JH, Park KY. 2005. Antiobesity effect of major Korean spices (red pepper powder, garlic and ginger) in rats fed high fat diet. J Food Sci Nutr 10: 58-63 https://doi.org/10.3746/jfn.2005.10.1.058
- Oi Y, Kawada T, Shishido C, Wada K, Kominato Y, Nishimura S, Ariga T, Iwai K. 1999. Ally-containing sul-fides in garlic increase uncoupling content in brown adi-pose tissue, and noradrenaline and adrenaline secretion in rats. J Nutr 129: 336-342 https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/129.2.336
- McMahon FG, Vargas R. 1993. Can garlic lower blood pressure? A pilot study. Pharmacotherapy 13: 406-407
- Chang MW, Johnson MA. 1980. Effects of garlic on carbohydrate metabolism and lipid synthesis in rats. J Nutr 110: 931-936 https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/110.5.931
- Legnani C, Frascaro M, Guazzaloca G, Ludovici S, Cesarano G, Coccheri S. 1993. Effects of dried garlic preparation on fibrinolysis and platelet aggregation in health subject. Arzneimittelforschung 43: 119-122
- Kwon SK. 2003. Organosulfur compounds from Allium sativumand physiological activities. J Appl Pharm 11: 8- 32
- Lee HY. 2002. Preparation and fermentation characteristics of traditional kochujang and their cancer preventive and antiobesity effects. MS Thesis. Pusan National University, Korea
- Kim YS, Song GS. 2002. Characteristics of fig-added traditional kochujang. Food Sci Biotechnol 11: 673-679
- Hardie L, Trayhurn P, Abramovich D, Fowler P. 1997. Circulating leptin in women; a longitudinal study in the menstrual cycle and during pregnancy. Clin Endocrinol 47: 101-106 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2265.1997.2441017.x
- Ahn IS, Do MS, Kim SO, Jung HS, Kim YI, Kim HJ, Park KY. 2006. Antiobesity effect of Kochujang (Korean fermented red pepper paste) extract in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. J Med Food 9: 15-21 https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2006.9.15
- David LN, Michael MC. 2000. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. 3rd ed. Worth Publishers, New York. p 449- 452
- Birnbaum MJ. 2003.Lipolysis: more than just a lipase. J Cell Biol 161: 1011-1012 https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200306008
- Rhee SH, Kong KR, Jung KO, Park KY. 2003. Decreasing effect of Kochujang on body weight and lipid levels of adipose tissues and serum in rats fed a high-fat diet. J Food Sci Nutr 32: 882-886
- Choo JJ. 2000. Anti-obesity effects of Kochujang in rats fed on a high-fat diet. Korean J Nutr 33: 787-793
- Ly SY, Lee MR, Lee KA. 1999. Effects of cakes con-taining sponge oligosaccharides on blood lipids and in-testinal physiology in rats. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr 28: 619-624
- Lee HM, Chang UJ. 2001. Effect of corn peptide on the lipid metabolism in rats. Korean J Dietary Culture 16: 416-422
- Sivam GP. 2001. Protection against Helicobacter pylori and other bacterial infections by garlic. J Nutr 131: 1106- 1108
- Tsao SM, Yin MC. 2001. In vitro activity of garlic oil and four diallyl sulphides against antibiotic-resistant Pseu-do-monas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae. J Anti-microb Chemother 47: 665-670 https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/47.5.665
- Avato P, Tursil E, Vitali C, Miccolis V, Candido V. 2000. Allylsulfide constituents of garlic volatile oil as anti-microbial agents. Phytomedicine 7: 239-243 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0944-7113(00)80010-0
- Chen GW, Chung JG, Ho HC, Lin JG. 1999. Effects of the garlic compounds diallyl sulphide and diallyl disul-phide on arylamine N-acetyltransferase activity in Klebsiella pneumoniae. J Appl Toxicol 19: 75-81 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1263(199903/04)19:2<75::AID-JAT552>3.0.CO;2-P
- Chung JG. 1999. Effects of garlic components diallyl sulfide and diallyl disulfide on arylamine N-acetyl-trans-ferase activity in human bladder tumor cells. Drug Chem Toxicol 22: 343-348 https://doi.org/10.3109/01480549909017839
- Shenoy NR, Choughuley AS. 1992. Inhibitionary effect of diet related sulphydryl compounds in the formation of carcinogenic nitrosamine. Cancer Lett 31: 227-232 https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3835(86)90142-4
- Ahman K. 2001. Historical perspective on garlic and cardiovascular disease. J Nutr 131: 977-979
- Kong CS, Kim SO, Jung KO, Kil JH, Rhee SH, Han MS, Park KY. 2005. Increased anticancer effect of Kochujang (Korean red pepper soybean paste) prepared with garlic dried different methods. Korean Cancer Prev Res 10: 128- 133