• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.485-501
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• 2020

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the biochemical characteristics and dietary intake of adolescents aged 12 to 18 years according to the frequency of milk consumption. Methods: Data from the 2010~2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey was used for the study. The study examined adolescents' (12~18 years) demographic characteristics (house income level, residence region, skipping or not-skipping of breakfast/lunch/dinner, eating-out frequency), anthropometric characteristics (height, weight, weight status), biochemical characteristics (fasting plasma glucose, blood urea nitrogen, creatine, triglycerides, cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, hemoglobin, hematocrit) and nutrient intakes through quantitative and qualitative evaluation using the Korean Dietary Reference Intakes (KDRI), index of nutrition quality (INQ), nutrition adequacy ratio (NAR) of 3 groups (< 1/week, 1~6/week, ≥ 1/day) according to the frequency of milk consumption. Results: There were significant differences in gender and income levels among the 3 groups. There were no differences in height, weight, and weight status among groups. There were differences in biochemical characteristics and nutrient intake. In boys, there were differences in the mean of BUN and HDL-cholesterol, in quantitative intakes of riboflavin, calcium, phosphorus, potassium by KDRI levels, in qualitative intakes of riboflavin, calcium, phosphorus by INQ and riboflavin, calcium, phosphorus by NAR among 3 groups. In girls, there were differences in the mean of blood urea nitrogen, creatine, HDL-cholesterol, in quantitative intakes of protein, riboflavin, calcium, phosphorus by KDRI levels, in qualitative intakes of riboflavin, calcium, phosphorus by INQ and riboflavin, calcium, phosphorus by NAR among the 3 groups. Conclusions: In Korean adolescents, boys had a higher frequency of milk consumption than girls, and higher the income level, higher the frequency of milk consumption. Consumption of milk appeared to have a positive association with triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, and indices related to muscle mass. Regular consumption of milk is an important factor in enhancing the intake of riboflavin, calcium, and phosphorus, which adolescents lack. The results of the study indicate a need to prepare an environment and education program to increase milk consumption in adolescents at home and school.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.273-279
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• 2000

This study was carried out to evaluate the calcium and phosphorus intakes and correlation with growth performance of 25male breast and formula-fed infants from 1 to 3 months postpartum. There were four groups breast-fed(BF) and three formula-fed groups(FFM, FFN and FFP). There was no significant difference in the height and weight of infants according to feeding methods and formula brands. Milk intake and the concentration of calcium and phosphorus from human milk and the formulas were measured. The average calcium content of human milk was 26.6$\pm$4.1mg/dl and 13.5$\pm$2.0mg/dl, respectively. The average calcium intakes of the brest-fed and formula-fed infants were 205.5$\pm$29.3mg/day and the 460.5$\pm$70.6mg/day, respectively the average calcium intake of breast-fed infants was significantly lower than that of formula fed infant. The percent of RDA(41%) of breast-fed infants was lower than that(75.4%) of formula fed infant. The average phosphorus intake of the brest-fed and formula-fed infants were 105.1$\pm$20.1mg/day and 288.3$\pm$37.3mg/day, respectively. The precent of RDA(27%) for brest fed was significantly lower than that(75.4%) of formula fed. The Ca/P ratios were 2.1 in brest fed and 1.6 in formula fed infant. The average calcium and phosphorus intakes of the formula fed infants was higher than that of the brest-fed infants. This data suggests the calcium and phosphorus intakes form human milk sufficiently support the growth of infants. Therefore, the level of calcium and phosphorus recommended dietary allowances for infants should be reduced.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.36 no.9
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• pp.942-949
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• 2003

This study was longitudinally conducted to evaluate the intakes of protein, Ca, Mg and P of exclusively breast-fed infants compared with the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for Korean infants. Twenty Korean lactating women and their infants during the first 3 months of lactation in Incheon area were participated. Protein, Ca and Mg, and P contents in the milk were determined using semimicro Kjeldahl (N ${\times}$ 6.38) , atomic absorption spectrophotometer and colorimeter, respectively, and also the milk consumption of the infants was measured by the test-weighing method. Protein contents of the milk were 1.96, 1.63, 1.51, 1.25 and 1.16 g/100 ml, and protein intakes of the breast-fed infants were 9.00, 9.85, 9.17, 8.97 and 7.76 g/day at 7, 15, 30, 60 and 90 days postpartum. The average protein intake per body weight of the breast-fed infants was 1.84 g/kg/day. The average intakes of Ca, Mg, P were 172.1 mg/day, 15.2 mg/day and 91.4 mg/day, respectively, and the average Ca/P ratio was 1.91. There was positive correlation between protein and Ca, protein and p, and Ca and P contents while negative correlation between Mg and P, The body weight of breast-fed infants increased normally from 3.6 $\pm$ 0.41 g at birth to three month during lactation. It is suggested that the breast-fed infants in Incheon area consume almost adequately protein, Ca and P from the milk compared with RDA for Korean infants.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.23-29
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• 2001

This study was conducted to investigate the concentrations and infants intake of sodium and potassium from human milk during the first 5 months of lactation. The sodium concentrations of the milk during the lactation appeared 21.1, 18.1, 15.9, 12.4, 10.6 and 11.4 mg/100g at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 months of lactation respectively. The potassium concentrations of the milk 48.5, 43.3, 40.8, 39.9, 40.5 and 38.5 respectively, Na/K ratio of the milk were 0.76, 0.75, 0.70, 0.56, 0.46 and 0.53(mEqu\\mEq). Sodium intakes of breast-fed infants were 106.9, 108.4, 90.6, 82.5 and 95.6mg/day during the lactation. Potassium intakes of the infants were 255.7, 276.0, 289.7, 294.6, 320.3 and 318.3mg/day. Sodium and potassium concentrations in infant formula averaged 23.62 and 67.61 mg/100g which was 1.90 and 1.69 times as those of breast milk at 3 month of lactation. Commercial whole milks had 39.53 and 135.22mg/100g of sodium and potassium respectively which was 3.19 and 3.39 times as those of the milk. From this study, reevaluation of sodium and potassium intakes if breast-fel infants was merited and the regulation of that minerals in infant formula is need to lower the renal solute load of formula-fed infants.(Korean J Nutrition 34(1):23-29, 2001)

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.41-46
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• 1996

This study was undertaken to determine talc fatty acid intakes of lactating women and breast fed infants. Food consumptions of lactating women were measured at 3 4nd 9 days find 4, 8 and 12 weeks postpartum, respectively and diet samples were collected at the same time. Breast milk and blood samples were collected at 12 weeks postpartum. Fatty acid profiles of diet and breast milk were analyzed with GC. Total fatty acid intakes, fat percentage of energy, P/M/S and n-6/n-3 ratios of lactating women were 50.7 g/d, 20.9$\%$, 0.6/0.9/1 and 4.0/l, respect timely, over the first 12 weeks of postpartum and were not significantly different according to the lactating stages. Total fatty acid intakes and fat percentage of energy of the infects aged 12 weeks through the breast milk alone were 18.9 g/d and 44.8. This study shows that the linoleic acid percentage of energy intake in infants was 6.7$\%$, which was in optimum and/or high level to generally recommended guideline. DHA intakes of lactating women were positively correlated with those of infants from breast mil.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.143-152
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• 1996

The surveys of food intakes were carried out on 49 healthy infants aged 4-9 months at the first interview and repeated 3 more times at the interval of 2 months by using food diary recorded by their mothers. Of the subjects 12 were breast-fed, 28, formula-fed, and 9, mixed type-fed. Foods introduced first as the weaning food were commercial weaning foods, fruit juices, yoghurt, egg and rice. Supplemental food was introduced at the age of 4 months in 57% of the infants, but it amounted to a significant proportion of overall food consumption from the age of 6 months. The levels of nutrients except energy, iron and niacin were similar or in excess of RDA, and breast-fed infants tended to have lower intakes of energy and protein compared to infants formula-fed or mixed type-fed. Average intakes of vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin C and calcium were above RDA, but iron intake did not meet RDA of infants of all ages. In conclusion, the average status of nutrient intakes of infants was fairly good, however, food consumption besides milk was less in breast-fed infants than in formula-fed infants, and iron status seemed to be poor, Although it is well-known that breast-milk compared to formulas is more beneficial for infants, mothers feeding breast-milk to their infants should be educated for the importance of supplemental food and its practice to support good nutrition.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.9-16
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• 2010

Adolescents grow rapidly and have lots of schoolwork for entrance examination, so good nutrition is very important to them. However, adolescents tend to have a poor dietary behavior including frequent consumption of empty calorie foods and skipping breakfast. In particular, frequency of drinking milk has been low among Korean adolescents, thus their dietary calcium intakes has been low. Undesirable dietary behavior of adolescents is a risk factor for poor nutrition, obesity and chronic disease of them. Milk is a good source for calcium, high quality of protein, vitamin and bioactive compounds including anti-obesity component, thus it has been reported that milk helps improvement of dietary nutrient adequacy and physical growth, increment of bone mineral density, and prevention of obesity and chronic diseases. Therefore, milk consumption of adolescents should be encouraged in order to help their nutritional status, physical growth and health.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.442-449
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• 1991

Concentrations of iron. zinc, and copper were measured in human milk samples collected longitudinally from 21 highly selected. healthy lactating women. And the daily milk and trace elements intakes of 14 exclusively breastfed infants were determined by the test-wei-ghing procedure and the direct analysis of milk samples at 6 or 7weeks postpartum. Significant decreases in iron. zinc and copper were found with time postpartum. Iron contents decreased from 0.33$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ at 2-5 days to o.21$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ at 12weeks. Zinc concentrations also declined from 4.15$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ in colostrum to 2.33$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ in matured milk at 12 weeks. Mean copper levels of colostum, transitional. and matured milk were 0.21$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$, 0.34$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$, and 0.26$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ respectively. Data indicated that the amount of milk ingested ranged from 432g/day to 1266g/day and the mean intake was 768g/day. Daily mean intakes for iron, zinc, and copper were 0.19mg, 2.10mg, and 0.15mq respectively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.10
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• pp.1400-1404
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• 2001

$Holstein\;{\times}\;indigenous$ multiparous dairy cows were offered diets with increasing roughage neutral detergent fiber (NDF) contents to determine the effects on intake, milk yield and compositions. Roughage NDF contents were 15, 18, 21 and 24% dry matter (DM), and concentrate NDF content was 10% DM. Experimental treatments were isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets. Maximum and minimum temperature humidity index during the experimental period were 85.9 and 76, respectively. Intakes of DM, crude protein and net energy, 4% fat corrected milk, milk protein and average daily gain decreased with increasing roughage NDF contents (p<0.05). Intakes of ether extract (p<0.01) and dietary NDF (p>0.05) and milk fat (p<0.01) increased with increasing roughage NDF contents. The results support the conclusion that higher DM intake, optimal milk yield and compositions can be maintained with lower roughage NDF diets for dairy cows under tropical conditions.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.335-345
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• 1996

The solids(supplementary food) consumption of 200 healthy infants aged from 4 to 6 months have been measured. Five groups were assigned to different feeding patterns. Breastfed group(BF, n=38), formula-fed group(FF, n=102) and mixed-fed group(MF, n=14) were fed breast milk, formula and mixed(breast mile+formula) from birth until 6 months of age respectively. Convert 1 group(C1F, n=14) and convert 2 group(C2F, n=32) were fed breast milk and mixed milk at 2 months of age respectively and were switched to formula thereafter. All infants received solids form 4 months of age. The energy intake from solids at 4 and 6 months averaged 59.1 and 110.3㎉/d among BF groups vs 151.9 and 239.3㎉/d among FF groups respectively. Intakes of protein, calcium and iron were 38-46$\%$, 34-44% and 25-37$\%$ higher in the FF than in the Bf group during the first 6 months. However, no significant differences were found in the intakes of energy and nutrient intakes from solids in all 4 groups excluding BF group(39$\%$). Although BF infant's nutrient intakes from solids were lower than other group's intakes, they intaked evenly solids from various food groups. As the age of infant had increased, the energy intake ratio from solids was cereals and dairy products was increased whereas energy intake ratio from meats, eggs, fruits and vegetables was decreased. TSC4, TSC6(the frequency score for the kinds of weaning food taken) showed no significant difference among 5 feeding groups but CIF-and C2F group's scores tended to be high. Consequently, these results suggest that BF group's solid intake pattern is more desirable and that Korean lactating Mother's dependence on commercial weaning food is too high.