• School Mathematics
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.167-189
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• 2003

Mental arithmetic has recently gained a higher profile in primary school mathematics. The study aims to reflect didactical background of mental arithmetic in number and operations curriculum for primary school mathematics. In order to attain these purposes, the present paper describes the meaning of mathematical literacy and didactical background of mental arithmetic on which have been laid emphasis in relation to mathematical literacy in many countries. Also it shows current suggestions for mental arithmetic instruction in Everyday Mathematics Project in USA, Numeracy Number Project in Great Britain, TAL project based on Realistic Mathematics Education in the Netherlands, and mathe 2000 project in German in order to gain practical ideas for teaching mental arithmetic. Furthermore, it discusses mental strategies of students and didactical models for improving mental arithmetic instruction based on the results of many researches. Under these theoretical foundations, it is analyzed how mental arithmetic is developed in our number and operations curriculum, focused on mental strategies and didactical models. Finally, implications for improving our mental arithmetic instruction are discussed.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.20-30
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• 2010

This study examined whether any changes by mental task types on postural control in chronic stroke persons. Sixteen chronic stroke persons (mean age=53.75 yr) and sixteen age-and gender-matched healthy controls (mean age=54.44 yr) took part in this study. Participants randomly performed three different tasks on the stable and unstable surfaces. The no mental task was to stand while holding a 100 g weight in each hand, the arithmetic task (mental task) was to perform a silent 1-backwards counting while standing and holding a 100 g weight in each hand, and the simple task (mental task) was to stand and hold with both hands a tray (200 g) on which a glass filled with water has been placed. Sway path and sway velocity of the center of pressure (COP) were measured to assess standing postural control by task performance using the force platform. According to the results, in stroke group, total sway path and total sway velocity of COP was significantly decreased during arithmetic and simple task compared to no mental task on the stable surface (p<.05), and sway path (anteroposterior AP, mediolateral ML) of COP, total and sway velocity (AP, ML, total) of COP was significantly decreased during arithmetic and simple task compared to no mental task on the unstable surface (p<.05). Especially, sway path (AP, total) of COP and sway velocity (AP, ML, total) of COP was significantly decreased under the simple task when compared to the arithmetic task on the unstable surface (p<.05). In healthy control group, sway path (AP, ML, total) of COP and sway velocity (AP, ML, total) of COP was significantly decreased during arithmetic and simple task compared to no mental task on the stable and unstable surface (p<.05), and sway path (AP, total) of COP and sway velocity (AP, ML, total) of COP was significantly decreased under the simple task when compared to the arithmetic task on the unstable surface (p<.05). In conclusion, the findings of this study showed that arithmetic and simple task improved standing postural control for chronic stroke patients and the type of arithmetic and simple tasks were critical factor that reduced standing postural sway in dual-task conditions. Future research should determine whether dual-task conditions, including simple task, would be effective as a training program for standing postural control of stroke patients.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.42-47
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• 2002

This paper examines the effects on mental task of changes in the intensity of physical activity. A treadmill-equipped instrument and perception tester were used to attain several levels of physical activity. In this paper, in order to determine the individual levels of physical activity of subjects, Borg-RPE scale, heart rate(HR) and respiratory quotient(RQ) were used. Also, an arithmetic addition test in whole-body activity on treadmill-equipped instrument as an indicator of mental task were performed. In the above experiments, the scores obtained in arithmetic addition test administered before and after physical activity at each intensity level used. Restricted within the limits of this paper, the results of these tests showed that the performance of mental task was Increased after physical activity.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.93-104
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to investigate brain activity both during the processing of a scientific hypothesis about biological phenomena and mental arithmetic using 3.0T fMRI at the KAIST. For this study, 16 healthy male subjects participated voluntarily. Each subject's functional brain images by performing a scientific hypothesis task and a mental arithmetic task for 684 seconds were measured. After the fMRI measuring, verbal reports were collected to ensure the reliability of brain image data. This data, which were found to be adequate based on the results of analyzing verbal reports, were all included in the statistical analysis. When the data were statistically analyzed using SPM2 software, the scientific hypothesis generating process was found to have independent brain network different from the mental arithmetic process. In the scientific hypothesis process, we can infer that there is the process of encoding semantic derived from the fusiform gyrus through question-situation analysis in the pre-frontal lobe. In the mental arithmetic process, the area combining pre-frontal and parietal lobes plays an important role, and the parietal lobe is considered to be involved in skillfulness. In addition, the scientific hypothesis process was found to be accompanied by scientific emotion. These results enabled the examination of the scientific hypothesis process from the cognitive neuroscience perspective, and may be used as basic materials for developing a learning program for scientific hypothesis generation. In addition, this program can be proposed as a model of scientific brain-based learning.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.11-22
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• 2002

This study investigated the effects of mild mental imagery inducing pleasantness or unpleasantness and cognitive mental arithmetic task on skin conductance level. Subjects were f undergraduates(male 5, female 4). They were given the list of the words and asked to write down the liked objects and the disliked ones freely associated with these words. Among these objects the most-liked one and the most disliked one were selected as the self-induced mental imageries. Data-collection procedures were as follows ; first baseline, pleasant imagery, 2nd baseline, unpleasant imagery, finally 3rd baseline, and mental arithmetic task subtracting continuously 7 from the number 500. During these trials, the SCLs were recorded every 10 seconds. The results indicated that there were nonsignificant differences between the 3 trial-baselines ot each condition. This suggested that unlike the procedures used in the previous studies, our procedures would give the stability of the baseline level necessary for the comparison of the effects of several stimuli. Also, the level of skin conductance in mental arithmetic condition was significantly higher than that of the emotional mental imagery. This suggested the possibility that mental arithmetic task would gave rise to the higher physiological arousal in comparison to mental imageries. Overall, it was suggested that the procedures and the stimulus presentation methods used in this preliminary study could be useful for the data-collection techniques for The future study. Implications for the future study were presented.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.12 no.8
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• pp.484-495
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of game-based-digital textbook on the basic arithmetic abilities and the task attention of students with mental retardation. To do this, 38 students with mental retardation participated and were assigned to the three groups. The first group only used the traditional text book, the second group only used the game-based-digital textbook, and the third group used both the traditional textbook and the game-based-digital textbook. The third group using both the traditional textbook and the game-based-digital textbook revealed more higher improvement than the other two groups in the basic arithmetic and the task attention.

• 한국정보교육학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2011.01a
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• pp.241-246
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• 2011

There are many discussions nowadays about utilizing smartphones to create a mobile computing educational environment. The purpose of this study is to develope an application which addresses the growing importance of mental arithmetic maps in lower elementary grades. Considering current theories on developmental characteristics for the target levels I decided that a gesture based input interface increase the users concentration and interest. Students using this application will learn and reinforce the basics of the addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of natural numbers. By removing the limitations of time and space as afforded by the convenience of a smartphone and utilizing a gesture based input interface we can combine an application which increases users mental arithmetic speed and precision with the enjoyment of a game.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.165-176
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• 2009

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of mental stress stimulation and acupucnture applied at HT7 point on heart rate variability (HRV) in normal subjects. Methods : Thirty seven healthy volunteers participated in this study. The volunteers were randomly allocated into two groups. Both groups performed a mental arithmetic stress test and stroop color-word test for 10 minute. Then, acupuncture needles were inserted on HT7 for the study group and on non-acupucnture point for the control group. HRV was recorded three times at test time and before and after acupuncture stimulation. Results : After giving mental stress stimulation to both groups, LF and LF!HF ratio were increased and HF was decreased significantly. After giving acupuncture to study group, LF and LF/HF ratio were decreased and HF was increased, but it was not significant. After giving acupuncture to control group, LF and LF/HF ratio were increased and HF was decreased, but it was not significant. Conclusions : This results show that mental arithmetic stress test and stroop color-word test contribute to activation of the sympathetic nervous system Acupuncture at HT7 could be relatively useful to decrease sympathetic activity and balance autonomic nervous system for those who are under stress.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.50-59
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• 2012

Objectives: This study aimed to compare the effects of high frequency electroacupuncture, low frequency electroacupuncture and manual acupuncture on the autonomic nervous system in stroke patients by using a heart rate variability measuring device. Methods: Thirty-nine participants were recruited and each participated in the high frequency electroacupuncture group, low frequency electroacupuncture group, manual acupuncture group and non-acupuncture group. Some participants received needle insertion with 100 Hz stimulation, with 2Hz stimulation and manual stimulation under mental arithmetic stress during 2 sections. Other participants maintained in the supine position without acupuncture under mental arithmetic stress during the 2 sections. Acupuncture needles were directly inserted perpendicularly to the right Liv 3 acupoint followed by delivery of electric pulses to these points for 8 minutes. Heart rate variability was measured 8 minutes before and 16 minutes after acupuncture stimulation by a heart rate variability measuring system. Results: We found a significant elevated HF total power between 1 section and 2 section and between 1 section and 4 section in the non-acupuncture group, between 3 section and 4 section in the 100Hz electroacupuncture group, and between 1 section and 2 section in the manual acupuncture group and with no change in the 2Hz electroacupuncture group. We also found a significant VLF total power between 2 section and 3 section in the 2Hz electroacupuncture group and between 1 section and 4 section and between 2 section and 4 section in the 100Hz electroacupuncture group. All four groups showed no significant differences in other parameters including heart rate mean, low-frequency power, and the ratio of low-frequency power to high-frequency power. Conclusions: This study may be a basis for research about effects of acupuncture and electroacupuncture because the parameters measured, heart rate variability, showed differences according to acupuncture.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.16 no.12
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• pp.3943-3959
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• 2022

People are constantly exposed to stress and anxiety environment, which could contribute to a variety of psychological and physical health problems. Therefore, it is particularly important to identify psychological stress in time and to find a feasible and universal method of stress reduction. This research investigated the influence of different music, such as relaxation music and natural rhythm music, on stress relief based on Electroencephalogram signals. Mental arithmetic test was implemented to create a stressful environment. 23 participants performed the mental arithmetic test with and without music respectively, while their Electroencephalogram signal was recorded. The effect of music on stress relief was verified through stress test questionnaires, including Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-6) and Self-Stress Assessment. There was a significant change in the stress test questionnaire values with and without music according to paired t-test (p<0.01). Furthermore, a model based on Transformer for stress level classification from Electroencephalogram signal was proposed. Experimental results showed that the method of listening to relaxation music and natural rhythm music achieved the effect of reducing psychological stress and the proposed model yielded a promising accuracy in classifying the Electroencephalogram signal of mental stress.