• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.30-47
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• 2015

Objective : Melanoma is a very critical and devastating disease. Although many people have depended on surgical operation in melanoma treatment, they have placed importance on non-invasive methods constantly. So we planned to establish a research methodology by analysing existing articles containing conservative melanoma treatments in Journals of Korean Medicine published in Korea.Methods : Using search words of anti-cancer, B16, cancer, lung metastasis, melanoma, metastasis, S-100, SK-MEL, tumor, tyrosinase, we collected 26 articles by searching internet portal sites as following;Using search words of anti-cancer, B16, cancer, lung metastasis, melanoma, metastasis, S-100, SK-MEL, tumor, tyrosinase, we collected 26 articles by searching internet portal sites as followinghttp://oasis.kiom.re.kr,http://www.koreantk.com,http://www.riss.kr,http://www.dbpia.co.kr,http://www.ndsl.kr,http://kiss.kstudy.com,http://www.naver.com,http://www.google.com.Result : The number of articles is 26 and in the year of 2003, 2004 is ranked the highest number in publication. The journal of acupuncture & moxibustion society ranked the highest(30.8%). 2 and 4 authors ranked the highest(26.9%) in number of authors. T-test ranked the highest(58.1%) in statistics methods. P.O. med indicated in 11 articles and Pharmacopuncture in 15 articles. B16 murine melanoma cell was indicated in 25 articles by cancer-induced methods. In measurement, T cell activity was indicated in 14 articles, NK activity in 4 articles, IL-2 in 6 articles, apoptosis in 1 article, lung metastasis in 14 articles.Conclusion : Considering overall results, it is necessary to diversify cancer-induced methods and measurement methods in experimental melanoma research.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.601-606
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• 2000

Recently, studies on missile antitumor drugs, which selectively act on tumor cell and display drug effects, have been performed. These missile antitumor drugs which can increase drug effects and decrease side effects, are ideal medication method. Lectin has been reported as tumor cell specific binding protein and tannin as antitumor substance. In this study, we studied inhibition of melanoma metastasis by lectin-conjugated ellagitannin and used praecoxin A as ellagitannin source. Mouse melanoma cell, B16-F10, was injected into the sole of forefoot of C57BL/6 mouse, and after administration with drug, the number of pulmonary tumor colony was counted. The administration of praecoxin A, lectin-praecoxin A mixiture, and lectin-conjugated praecoxin A was started after amputation of established tumor foci at right forefoot of mice and continued for 3 weeks with i.p. injection of one of those drugs A every 24 hours. Lectin-praecoxin A mixture, and lectin-conjugated praecoxin A significantly reduced the number of spontaneous pulmonary metastasis. Exposure to 5 mg/kg of lectin-praecoxin A mixiture and lectin-conjugated praecoxin A produced a statistically significant 38.3%, 41.8% reduction in the number of remaining pulmonary metastasis. These results suggest that metastasis inhibition by lectin-praecoxin A mixiture and lectin-conjugated praecoxin A are better than that of praecoxin A.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.863-868
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• 2015

Background: Artemisia species are important medicinal plants throughout the world. The present in vitro study, using a sesquiterpene lactone-bearing fraction prepared from Artemisia khorassanica (SLAK), sought to investigate anti-cancer properties of this plant and elucidate potential underlying mechanisms for the effects. Materials and Methods: Anti-cancer potential was evaluated by toxicity against human melanoma and fibroblast cell lines. To explore the involved pathways, pattern of any cell death was determined using annexin-V/PI staining and also the expression of Bax and cytochrome c was investigated by Western blotting. Results: The results showed that SLAK selectively caused a concentration-related inhibition of proliferation of melanoma cells that was associated with remarkable increase in early events and over-expression of both Bax and cytochrome c. Conclusions: The current experiment indicates that Artemisia may have anti-cancer activity. We anticipate that the ingredients may be employed as therapeutic candidates for melanoma.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.117-123
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to analyze inhibitory effects of anti-4-1BB monoclonal antibody on melanoma metastasis The 4-1BB (CD137) T cell molecule is a member of the TNF receptor family and its activation by either 4-1BB ligand or antibody induces T cell activation and growth. In the present study, administration of anti-4-1BB mAb induced inhibition of melanoma metastasis. Agonistic anti-4-1BB mAb induced not only CD$8^+$4-1BBT cells but also CD$8^+$IFN-${\gamma}$$^{+}$ T cell population. In the presence of anti-CD3 antibody, lymphocytes produced high levels of IFN-${\gamma}$ and low levels of IL-4 in anti-4-1BB mAb treated group. Exposure of melanoma cells to IFN-${\gamma}$ induced expression of MHC-I molecules. Thus, the increase in number of CD$8^+$T cells and enhanced MHC-I expression on B16F10 cells by augmented IFN-${\gamma}$ production in response to anti-4-1BB mAb may result in suppression of tumor growth and metastasis.s.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.254-259
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• 2012

To further access honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) venom (BV) as a cosmetic ingredient and potential external treatment for topical use, we investigated its ability to inhibit tyrosinase activity and melanin biosynthesis on melanogenesis in B16F1 melanoma cells. We found that BV increased the cell viability in B16F1 melanoma cell and BV (0.01~1 ${\mu}g/ml$) inhibited melanin synthesis in with 10 nM ${\alpha}$-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (${\alpha}$-MSH) for 48 h. In addition, we used reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blotting for me melanogenesis-related genes such as tyrosinase to examine the mechanisms underlying the inhibitory effects of BV on melanogensis. BV inhibited direct tyrosinase activity, which decreased melanin synthesis in ${\alpha}$-MSH stimulated B16F1 melanoma cells. Thease findings suggest that BV induces the downregulation of melanogenesis by inhibiting tyrosinase activation.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.47-58
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• 2008

The anticancer and antioxidant effect of different lengths of saturated fatty acids was tested on NIH3T3 fibroblasts and human skin melanoma cellsn in this study. The cell existence rate and antioxidizing capacity and optic reservation of cells were observed. This saturated fatty acid was concentration-dependent. IC50 Concentrations in NIH3T3 fibroblasts, human skin melanoma cells and DPPH radical scavenging activity of fatty acid was increasing the order of carbochain length ; caprylic acid < lauric acid < palmitic acid < stearic acid. The reduction in cell number and morphological change in human skin melanoma cells was increasing the order of carbochain length ; caprylic acid < lauric acid < palmitic acid < stearic acid. These results suggest that carbochain length of fatty acid can be used as structure-activity relationships for anticancer and antioxidant.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.699-705
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• 2015

Vemurafenib has recently been used as drug for treatment of melanomas with $BRAF^{V600E}$ mutation. Unfortunately, treatment with only vemurafenib has not been sufficiently effective, with recurrence after a short period. In this study, three vemurafenib-resistant $BRAF^{V600E}$ melanoma cell lines, $A375P^R$, $A375M^R$ and SKMEL-$28^R$, were established from the original A375P, A375M and SKMEL-28 cell lines. Examination of the molecular mechanisms showed that the phosphorylation levels of MEK and ERK, which play key roles in the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway, were reduced in these three cell lines, with increased phosphorylation levels of pAKTs limited to SKMEL-$28^R$ cells. Treatment of SKMEL-$28^R$ cells with 100 nM paclitaxel resulted in increased apoptosis and decreased cellular proliferation, invasion and colony formation via reduction of expression levels of EGFR and pAKTs. Moreover, vemurafenib-induced pAKTs in SKMEL-$28^R$ were decreased by treatment with an AKT inhibitor, MK-2206. Taken together, our results revealed that resistance mechanisms of $BRAF^{V600E}$-mutation melanoma cells to vemurafenib depended on the cell type. Our results suggested that paclitaxel should be considered as a drug in combination with vemurafenib to treat melanoma cells.

• THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN ORIENTAL ONCOLOGY
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.103-118
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• 1999

The activity of N-acetylglucosamitnyltransferase(GnT) III and V on a Melanoma B-16 was examined after incubation with interleukin 1 (IL-1). While augumenting cell proliferation, IL-1 resulted in a decrease of GnT-III activity and an increase of GnT-V activities. Consistant with this, Melanoma B-16 cultured with IL-1 showed increased affinlity to Daturam stramonium lectin, which recognizes asialo-tri- and asialeo-tetra-antenery N-linked oligosaccharides. These results indicate that IL-1 modulate glycosyltransferase activity and the oligosaccharide structure of target cells. On the other hand, to investigate whether or not TKM-SG affect GnT-V gene expression in lung metastatic carcinoma, we used RT-PCR methods. TKM-SG treated cell lines showed low levels of secretion of GnT-V mRNA transcription as elucidated by RT-PCR. Thus, with together lower GnT-V activity levels in the medium, TKM-SG was highly effective for lung cancer metastasis treatment and it was concluded that the medicine can be used as a potent anti-lung cancer metastasis medicine.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.207-214
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• 2016

This study investigated the effects of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) on antioxidant and antiproliferative activities in A2058 human melanoma cells. The antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of 70% ethanol extracts of Zingiber officinale Roscoe were identified based on DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging capacities. Treatment of cells with Zingiber officinale Roscoe at concentrations of 0, 0.2, and 0.4 mg/mL for 24 hours significantly reduced cell viability as determined by Hoechst 33258 nuclear staining, apoptosis analysis, and Western blotting analysis, respectively. In our study, 70% ethanol extracts of Zingiber officinale Roscoe exhibited antioxidant activity and inhibited A2058 cell growth in a dose-dependent manner. Concomitant activation of the mitochondria-dependent apoptotic pathway of A2058 human melanoma cells by Zingiber officinale Roscoe extracts was mediated via modulation of Bax and Bcl-2 expression, which activated cleavage of caspases-3, caspases-9, and poly ADP-ribose polymerase. The findings of study indicate that Zingiber officinale Roscoe extracts induce apoptosis in A2058 human melanoma cells, and this phenomenon occurs via the death receptor-mediated and intrinsic pathways.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.118-124
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• 2004

Melanocytes synthesize melanin within discrete organelle termed melanosomes which are transferred to the surrounding keratinocytes and can be produced in varying sizes, numbers and densities. Skin whitening products have become increasingly popular in the past few years. The most successful natural skin whitening agents are: Arbutin, Vitamin C, Kojic acid, Mulberry, which are all tyrosinase inhibitors. In this work, melanoston, a melanogenesis inhibitor isolated from yeast was studied to understand its mechanism of melanogenesis inhibition. It was found that melanoston was not a tyrosinase inhibitor, while when melanoston was applied to the B16 melanoma cell culture media, the intracellular tyrosinase activity was decreased by more than 30％, When B16 melanoma was stimulated with ${\alpha}$-MSH, cell morphololgy was dramatically changed to have lots of dendrites on the cell membrane surface. On the other hand, B16 was treated with ${\alpha}$-MSH and melanoston, simultaneously, the change of cell morphology was not so great. This inhibition effect of melanoston was found to be related to the inhibition of intracellular activation and transportation of tyrosinase, which was observed by immunostaining of B16 melanoma using anti-tyrosinase antibody. From these results, melanoston was regarded as an inhibitor to the differentiation of melanoma cells.