• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.257-265
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• 1995

Patient-Controlled Analgesia (PCA) has been widely used for postoperative pain relief. Meperidine is useful for PCA and has efficient analgesia, rapid onset, and low incidence of adverse effect. To compare the analgesic effect, total dose and hourly dose, side effect and neonatal status of breast feeding with meperidine via intravenous or epidural PCA for 48 hours after Cesarean Section, 40 parturient women undergoing elective Cesarean Section were randomly divided into two groups. Each respective group of 20 parturient women received meperidine via one of the intravenous PCA after general anesthesia with enflurane (IVPCA group) and the epidural PCA after general anesthesia with enflurane (IVPCA group) and the epidural PCA after epidural block with 2% lidocaine 20ml combined with general anesthesia with only $N_2O$ and $O_2$ (EpiPCA group) when they first complained of pain in recovery room. Following the administration of analgesic initial dose, parturient women of IVPCA group were allowed intravenous meperidine 10 mg every 8 minutes when they felt pain. The EpiPCA group received additional bolus dose of meperidine 2 mg and bupivacaine 0.7 mg were administered every 8 minutes as requested the patients with hourly continuous infusion of meperidine 4 mg and bupivacaine 1.4 mg. Data was collected during the 48 hours observation period including visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores, total meperidine dose, hourly dose during 48 hours and each time interval, incidence of adverse effect, satisfaction, and neonatal status with breast feeding. VAS pain scores of analgesic effect in EpiPCA group was significantly lower than in IVPCA group at 2 hours after the initial pain after Cesarean Section. Total dose and hourly dose of meperidine significantly reduced in EpiPCA group. Hourly dose of meperidine at each time interval significantly reduced during first 6 hours and from 12 hours to 24 hours in EpiPCA group. The side effects in IVPCA group were mainly sedation, nausea, and local irritation of skin. And EpiPCA group experienced numbness and itching. The degree of satisfaction of parturient women was 88.2 % in IVPCA group and 85.7 % in EpiPCA group. We did not observe any sedation, abnormal behavior, or seizure like activity in any neonates of breast feeding. From the above results we conclude that epidural PCA was more efficiently analgesic, less sedative, and consumptional, and safer for neonate than intravenous PCA, and could be an alternative method to intravenous PCA.

• 한방비만학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.93-105
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• 2006

Objective : This study was aimed to find out correlation body image satisfaction, eating attitudes and body composition. Method : 78 subjects who are university student were analyzed obesity degree by using Inbody 720, and were surveyed by using Korean eating attitude test-26, Body image satisfaction questionnaire. Results : Many people who was normal BMI and normal waist-hip ratio was dissatisfied with their waist circumference(66.7%). There were high positive correlations between BMI and perceived body image satisfaction(r=-.515) and between perceived BMI and eating attitude (r=.390) in women Conclusion : We have to examine the self-body image of patients and set a objective goal before proceeding obesity treat program and correct the attitude to beauty and obesity in order to set both physical and psychological treatment.

• Journal of Genetic Medicine
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2020

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder in women, which is characterized by the oligo/anovulation, hyperandrogenism (HA) and polycystic ovarian morphology which are diagnostic criteria. PCOS has diverse clinical aspects in addition to those diagnostic criteria including increased risk for cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes and impaired fertility. Because of the heterogeneity of the disease, the pathogenesis of the disease has not been elucidated yet. Therefore, there is no cure for the endocrinopathy. HA and insulin resistance (IR) has been considered two major pillars of the pathogenesis of PCOS. Recent advances in animal studies revealed the critical role of neuroendocrine abnormalities in developing PCOS. Several pathways related to neuroendocrine origin have been investigated such as hypothalamus pituitary ovarian axis, hypothalamus pituitary adrenal axis and hypothalamus pituitary adipose axis. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the role of HA and IR in developing PCOS. In addition, we review the results of recent genome wide association studies for PCOS. This new perspective improves our understanding of the role of neuroendocrine origins in PCOS and suggest a novel potential therapeutic target for the treatment of PCOS.

• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.96-108
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to provide the basic data for developing a program for effective education about GDM(Gestational Diabetes Mellitus) by investigating the knowledge and learning needs of pregnant women about GDM. The subjects were 192 pregnant women who visited obstetrical clinics for prenatal care. The data were collected from October, 1998 to December, 1999, using a 50-item questionnaire(knowledge ; 30 items, learning needs ; 20 items), and analyzed by SAS program for t-test, ANOVA, Ducan test, and Pearson correlation coefficients. The results were as follows. 1. The knowledge level about GDM 1) Pregnant women had very little knowledge(total means ; 15.1 of 30.0) about GDM. 2) Pregnant women more than 30 years old, pregnant women from Seoul, and pregnant women who had more than a bachelor's degree were more knowledgeable about GDM. 3) Pregnant women who didn't experience spontaneous abortions, pregnant women who had DM(Diabetes Mellitus) patients in their families, and pregnant women who received education about DM were more knowledgeable about GDM. 4) Pregnant women knew very well that GDM women have more maternal and fetal complications than normal pregnant women. Although they were knowledgeable about the importance and ways of controlling blood glucose level, they knew very little about the causes, symptoms, or management of hypoglycemia. 2. The learning needs about GDM 1) Pregnant women had high learning needs (total means ; 85.0 of 100.0) about GDM. 2) The learning needs of pregnant women who had more than a bachelor's degree and pregnant women who earned less than two million won in monthly income were higher than that of other groups. 3) Pregnant women had high learning needs about the health of their baby and themselves, but their learning needs related to weight control and exercise-things that play important roles in controlling blood glucose level-were relatively low. As a result of the above findings, a systemic and individualized program is required for pregnant women and GDM patients, In addition to that, further studies that investigate the effects of education and retention of learning obtained by education are required in the near future.

• Journal of Genetic Medicine
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.23-26
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• 1998

Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is an autosomal dominant neuromuscular disorder which has been clinically shown to cause progressive weakness and result in atrophy of the facial muscles, shoulder girdle and upper arm muscles. The responsible gene for the FSHD has been located on chromosome 4q35-qter. The probes p13E-11 and pFR-1 detect DNA rearrangements associated with FSHD as under 28 kb DNA fragment in genomic southern analysis digested with EcoRI and the fragment contains 3.3 kb Kpn I tandem repeats. In this study, 4 fetuses with a family history of FSHD were analysed by genomic southern hybridization analysis with probes to determine whether they carried the deleted region. Of the 4 fetuses, three of them had mothers who were FSHD patients and the other one had a father affected with FSHD. After 10-11 weeks of gestation, we performed chorionic villi sampling and extracted DNA from uncultured and cultured tissue cells for the direct DNA analysis. The result of the southern analysis showed two fetuses having received about 15-18 kb of deleted genes from the father and the mother respectively, and found to be FSHD patients. The other two fetuses were shown to have two normal alleles from the parents and found to be normal. Two pregnancies which were determined to be normal were carried to term delivering two healthy babies.

• Journal of Korean Medical Science
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• 제33권48호
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• pp.316.1-316.10
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• 2018

Background: Water pressure and muscle contraction may influence bone mineral density (BMD) in a positive way. However, divers experience weightlessness, which has a negative effect on BMD. The present study investigated BMD difference in normal controls and woman free-divers with vertebral fracture and with no fracture. Methods: Between January 2010 and December 2014, traditional woman divers (known as Haenyeo in Korean), and non-diving women were investigated. The study population was divided into osteoporotic vertebral fracture and non-fracture groups. The BMD of the lumbar spine and femoral neck was measured. The radiological parameters for global spinal sagittal balance were measured. Results: Thirty free-diving women and thirty-three non-diving women were enrolled in this study. The mean age of the divers was $72.1{\pm}4.7$ years and that of the controls was $72.7{\pm}4.0$ years (P = 0.61). There was no statistical difference in BMD between the divers and controls. In divers, cervical lordosis and pelvic tilt were significantly increased in the fracture subgroup compared to the non-fracture subgroup (P = 0.028 and P = 0.008, respectively). Sagittal vertical axis was statistically significantly correlated with cervical lordosis (Spearman's rho R = 0.41, P = 0.03), and pelvic tilt (Spearman's rho R = 0.46, P = 0.01) in divers. Conclusion: BMD did not differ significantly between divers and controls during their postmenopausal period. When osteoporotic spinal fractures develop, compensation mechanisms, such as increased cervical lordosis and pelvic tilt, was more evident in traditional woman divers. This may be due to the superior back muscle strength and spinal mobility of this group of women.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2015

Objectives: To report on the result of infertility treatment with Korean medicine in clinical settings. Methods: This study was single arm, retrospective observational study. Analysis of the medical records on thirty four infertile women who were treated by acupuncture, moxibustion, herbal medicine(Jokyungjongoktang-gagambang, Sutaehwan-gagambang). Pregnancy rate(PR) and Live birth rate(LBR) were analyzed as the primary outcomes. Changes of AMH, FSH, LH, $E_2$, $P_4$, endometrial thickness, fat mass, and BMI were also analyzed as the secondary outcomes. Results: A total of 34 patients were treated in the traditional Korean medical clinic. Nine patients were dropped, and 25 subjects completed the final examination at the end of this treatment schedule. Five of 25 subjects conceived during treatment, reaching 20% PR and LBR was also 20%. Except for FSH level, the results of the remaining outcome measures, including LFT, showed no significant changes. No serious adverse event has been reported. Conclusion: Although no significant changes in bio-markers were observed, complex treatment using Korean medicine has shown effectiveness on women's infertility. In addition, the safety of the treatment has been verified.

• 한국직업건강간호학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.209-220
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• 2012

Purpose: This study examined the influencing factors for metabolic syndrome and the annual medical expenditures of metabolic syndrome among public officials. Methods: The National Health Insurance data in 2009 were collected for 364,932 public officials and the heath examination results and annual medical expenditures were analyzed using PASW 18.0 program. Results: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome is 17.6%, and it was higher in male officials than that of females in all age groups. In men, the influencing factors for metabolic syndrome were: age, family history of stroke, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus, smoking, alcohol consumption, exercise, and obesity. However, in women, health-related behaviors such as smoking, alcohol consumption and exercise did not affect metabolic syndrome. People who had metabolic syndrome showed significantly higher medical expenditures than those without metabolic syndrome. The odds ratios of having the highest quartile in medical expenditures were 1.372 (95% CI 1.252~1.504, p<.001) in women with metabolic syndrome and 1.213 (95% CI: 1.184~1.243, p<.001) in men. Conclusion: The results implied that health-related behaviors were associated with metabolic syndrome, and resulted in higher medical expenditures. In order not only to decrease the risk of metabolic syndrome but also reduce medical expenditures, nurses should plan health promotion strategies to educate public officials about healthy life strategies.

• 한방비만학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.57-66
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• 2005

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to examine accuracy of predicted resting energy expenditure (REE), relationship fat free mass (FFM) and REE. Methods : 60 normal, obese women $(body\;mass\;index\;{\geq}25kg/m^2)$ were recruited for this study, they had low calorie diet for 8 weeks. At week 0, 4, and 8, REE was measured by MedGem (indirect calorimeter), Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) using Cunningham equation, and Harris-Benedict (H-B) equation, FFM was also measured by BIA. Results : The REE predicted by BIA was lower than the REE measured by MedGem (MG) in every measurement. The REE predicted by H-B equation predicted REE was lower than that of MG in the second measurement (p<0.01). The REE measured by MedGem was declined after 8 weeks, BIA and H-B equation predicted REE were declined after 4 weeks (p<0.01). H-B equation predicted REE had more significant correlation with the REE measured by MedGem than that of BIA. There was significant correlation between measured REE and FFM, but measured REE declined after 8 weeks, FFM declined after 4 weeks (p<0.01). We derived a prediction equation as follows : REE = 108.36+31.42 (FFM), $R^2=0.23$.

• Journal of Genetic Medicine
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.56-61
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• 2009

목 적: 자간전증은 유전적 환경적 요인에 의해 발생하는 다요인성 질환이다. 최근 네덜란드 산모에서의 자간전증 후보 유전자로 확인된 STOX1 유전자는 태반에서 발현되며 모계 대립유전자의 선택적 유전에 의해 각인된다. 본 연구에서는 STOX1 유전자의 단일염기변이형 부위인 Y153H와 한국인 자간전증의 연관성에 대하여 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 자간전증 산모 202과 임신기간 동안 자간전증이 발생하지 않은 정상 산모 204명의 혈액으로부터STOX1 유전자의 Y153H 변이 양상을 SNapShot assay kit와 ABI Prism 3730 DNA analyzer를 사용하여 분석하였다. 결과: STOX1 Y153H 변이의 유전자형 빈도는 자간전증환자군과 정상 대조군 간에 유의한 차이가 없었다(P>0.05). 또한 자간전증 환자군(87.1%)에서 대립유전자형인 H의 빈도도 정상 대조군(86.5%)과 유사하였다. 다중회귀분석결과 YH, HH, YH/HH 유전자형들은 자간전증 발생 위험에 있어서 연관성이 없었다. 결 론: 본 연구진은 처음으로 한국인 자간전증 환자에서 STOX1 유전자의 Y153H 변이형의 특징을 파악 하였다. 연구결과 자간전증 산모와 정상 산모 간의 유전자형과 대립유전자형의 빈도는 차이가 없었다. 비록 실험 대상군의 수적인 제한이 있지만, 이상의 결과를 통해서 한국인에서 STOX1 유전자의 Y153H 변이형은 자간전증과 연관성이 없는 것으로 사료된다.