• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.5-11
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• 2019

Purpose - This paper examines how corporate social responsibility of the Korean retail industry affects the degree of asymmetric information. Recent theories predict that a firm's active engagement in socially responsible activities lowers the degree of asymmetric information of the firm. Research design, data, and methodology - This paper uses the sum of environmental and social scores (ES), published by the Korean Corporate Governance Service in order to proxy the degree of socially responsible management practices of Korean retail firms. This paper uses the ordinary least square method to investigate the above predictions. The publicly traded Korea retail firms listed in the Korean Exchange are analyzed from 2011 to 2016. To measure the degree of asymmetric information, this paper adopts the analyst dispersion and price impact measures. Results - This paper shows that the ES score has significantly positive relationships with these two measures of information asymmetry. The environmental score seems to increase the analyst dispersion measure and the social score appears to raise the price impact measure mores significantly. Conclusions - The results do not support the prior theory expecting a negative relationship between corporate social responsibility and the degree of asymmetric information. Environmental and social scores are found to affect the measures of information asymmetry differently.

• Journal of Acupuncture & Meridian Studies
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.355-360
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• 2018

Introductions: Pneumothorax is the most frequent severe acupuncture-related adverse event occurring at the GB 21 acupoint. This study used ultrasonography (US) to measure the depth of the GB 21 acupoint in adults and assessed its applicability for ensuring safe acupuncture practices. Materials and methods: A US probe was used to measure the vertical depth from the skin to the pleural line of the apex of the lungs at the right and left GB 21 acupoints. The sex, age, body weight, height, and body mass index of each person were recorded. Student t test and generalized estimating equations were used for statistical analysis. Results: Sixty women and 41 men with a median age of 29 years were included in this study. The depth of GB 21 increased with body weight, height, and body mass index (p < 0.001). The mean depth of GB 21 in men (17.4 mm) was greater than that in women (14.6 mm; p < 0.001). The depth difference between the right and left shoulders was significant in men (p < 0.001) but not in women. Conclusions: US can be used to measure GB 21 acupoint depth. Further control studies on its use to ensure safe clinical practices, including preventing acupuncture-related pneumothorax, are warranted.

• Journal of Family Relations
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.239-256
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• 2018

Objective: The purpose of this research is to develop an intergenerational ambivalence scale which can measure the intergenerational relationship between middle-aged married couples and their mothers/mother-in-law. Method: The initial items were selected by reviewing the previous research and literature. To test validity and reliability, 222 middle-aged married couples who were residing in Seoul or the Gyeonggi area were selected. Results: The results of the research are as follows: 1) the scale was the total of 26 items consisting of two sub-factors of 14 positives and 12 negatives from the analysis of content validity, construct validity, and convergent validity, 2) the reliability of Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ were from .90 to .94 which showed a high degree of internal consistency. Conclusions: The intergenerational ambivalence scale developed is expected to serve as a useful tool for those who study the intergenerational relationship and work on the ground to measure people's intergenerational dynamics.

• Particle and aerosol research
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.139-149
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• 2011

It is very important to measure atmospheric particles and evaluate the characteristics of them since aerosol can influence atmospheric environment, climate, and health. Satellite, aircraft, radio sonde are usually used to measure the vertical distribution of particle properties, temperature, humidity, and pressure. Although the method of using an aircraft is favorable to collect the horizontal distribution of the particles, but unadaptable to measure the vertical distribution of the particles. However, all-in-one balloon particle sampler system can collect particles depending on each altitude controling the balloon by winch. In this research, we performed the air sampling on the TEM grids using house made light weight impactor at the altitude of 300m and 900m. The collected particles were analyzed using TEM/EDS.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.177-188
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• 2009

SCM as the important marketing strategy enhance the firm's efficiency and compatibility in global market environment such as global outsourcing. Firms adopted SCM realized the need to evaluate precisely the performance of SCM. In spite of importance of SCM, there was not much intention and research to measure SCM performance in textile fashion industry. Therefore, the purpose of this case study was to measure performance of supply chain management in textile fashion business using BSC(Balanced Score Card) to measure not only financial perspective but also non-financial perspectives such as customer perspective, internal business perspectives, financial perspective, and innovation & learning perspective. The questionnaire developed by the reviews of the literature was adopted for this study. The results of this study showed that SCM performance was enhanced from the point of customer perspective(cost, quality, time, service), financial perspective(cash cycle time, inventory turn over, inventory obsolescence, return on asset, return on investment, capacity utilization), and innovation & learning perspective(cost for human resource management, service for human resources). But there was same performance level regarding internal business perspective(lead time, cost for manufacturing process, product quality control, productive flexibility for time, quantity, and variety). Therefore, we should keep close relationship and two way communication among supply chain members to promote better SCM performance.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.165-180
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• 2012

The purpose of the study was to prove the effect of the "Picture Book Reading Program for Mothers" developed to enhance the language competence of married immigrant women and their children. Twenty immigrant mothers with three-year-olds were recruited, and they participated in an 8-week-Picture Book Reading Program developed by the reseacher. The REVT and U-TAP were used to measure linguistic abilities for mothers while PRES was used to measure their children's linguistic abilities. Lee(2004)'s "Effect of dialogic picture book reading teacher training program for toddlers" was used to measure the mother's and children's verbal and non-verbal behaviors. The results of the study were as follows: First, by participating in the PBRPM, the mother's linguistic ability as well as children's vocabulary and receptive language have increased. Second, by participating in the PBRPM in terms of mother-child interaction, mother's verbal behaviors to children (i.e. attention and inquiring) and children's verbal behaviors(i.e. responding and imitation) have increased. In conclusion, "PBRPM" for married immigrant women and their children proved to be effective in enhancing the language competence and verbal interactions between married immigrant women and their children.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.19-26
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• 2019

The paper aims to measure stock price volatility on Ho Chi Minh stock exchange (HSX). We apply symmetric models (GARCH, GARCH-M) and asymmetry (EGARCH and TGARCH) to measure stock price volatility on HSX. We used time series data including the daily closed price of VN-Index during 1/03/2001-1/03/2019 with 4375 observations. The results show that GARCH (1,1) and EGARCH (1,1) models are the most suitable models to measure both symmetry and asymmetry volatility level of VN-Index. The study also provides evidence for the existence of asymmetric effects (leverage) through the parameters of TGARCH model (1,1), showing that positive shocks have a significant effect on the conditional variance (volatility). This result implies that the volatility of stock returns has a big impact on future market movements under the impact of shocks, while asymmetric volatility increase market risk, thus increase the attractiveness of the stock market. The research results are useful reference information to help investors in forecasting the expected profit rate of the HSX, and also the risks along with market fluctuations in order to take appropriate adjust to the portfolios. From this study's results, we can see risk prediction models such as GARCH can be better used in risk forecasting especially.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.95-109
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• 2009

This study focused on the development of a scale to measure the ability of consumers to use credit cards. The purposes of this study were to develop a tool which would be able to measure consumer knowledge, consumer skills and consumer attitudes. Data were collected from 313 credit card using consumers and were analyzed by employing a goodness of fit test, principal component analysis & confirmatory factor analysis(Amos 5.0), multiple regression. The results from this study were as follows: 1) Six factors of consumer knowledge(16-items) were identified: damage salvation; credit delinquency; personal credit information; credit provision period; credit & credit card issuance; credit delinquent striking out a record & credit rating. The total variance was 55.86%. 2) Three factors of consumer skills(17-items) were identified: credit delinquency & over-consumption; credit card management; and loss & damage salvation. The total variance was 62.90%. 3) Three factors of consumer attitudes(16-items) were identified: credit delinquency & credit; credit card issuance & use; and credit card management. The total variance was 58.75%.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.27-36
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• 2006

Purpose : The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effect on Balance Ability of Knee Osteoarthritis(OA) by Lower Extremity Patterns with dynamic reverse in Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation(PNF). Methods : The subjects were consisted of 30 women patients with knee OA. All subjects were randomly assigned to PNF group. Each group had a treatment for 30 minutes per day and three times a week during 8 weeks period. Was used to measure recovery or worse of patient's condition, muscle assessment questionnaire(MAQ) was used to measure patient' s muscular strength, Endurance, coordination/balance, KWOMAC was used to pain, stiffness, and physical function, and BPM was used to measure path, anterior-posterior. Results : This study results in following conclusons. 1. MAQ score was significantly decreased in PNF group(p<.05). 2. KWOMAC score was significantly decreased in PNF group(p<.05). 3. BPM were score was significantly decreased in PNF group(p>.05). Conclusion : From this result the PNF treatment retrogression characteristic will be effective in treatment of patient, with the arthritis and widely may be applied at a therapist.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.7-16
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• 2018

This study investigated the dimensional plan of Kor Sork temple in Preah Pithu complex, Angkor by civil surveying, 3D scan, measured integer ratio and regularity. According to epitaph and preceding researches, Khmer temples were built based on structural planing with the constant ratio and regularity by using special construct measure scales "Hasta" and "Byama". The study assumed the same unit method was applied in Kor Sork temple and identified the regularity of actual measurement value about the temple. The assumed construct measure scale (Hasta) used for the design of this temple is 413mm. The overall apart arrangement of the temple is different in the East-West direction and the North-South direction. In the East-West direction, the whole scale is 180 hasta, and it is divided into 20 hastas. On the other hands, it was confirmed that the North-South direction is 96 hasta and it was divided four quadrants in 24 hastas. Regarding the detailed design, the regularity according to the constant ratio was confirmed. 7 hasta was used as the basic unit on the first floor and 6 hasta were used as the basic unit on the second floor of the terrace. the basement and the central sanctuary is of 6 hasta and 8 hasta were used as the basic standard.