• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.14 no.4 s.38
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• pp.19-26
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• 2006

This study assessed the accuracies of the ground information extracting methods from the LiDAR data. Especially, it compared two kinds of method, one of them is using directly the raw LiDAR data which is point type vector data and the other is using changed data to DSM type as the normal grid type. The methods using Local Maxima and Entropy methods are applied as a former case, and for the other case, this study applies the method using edge detection with filtering and the generated reference surface by the mean filtering. Then, the accuracy assessment are performed with these results, DEM constructed manually and the error permitted limit in scale of digital map. As a results, each DEM mean errors of methods using edge detection with filtering, reference surface, Local Maxima and Entropy are 0.27m, 2.43m, 0.13m and 0.10m respectively. Hence, the method using entropy presented the highest accuracy. And an accuracy from a method directly using the raw LiDAR data has higher accuracy than the method using changed data to DSM type relatively.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.147-154
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• 2013

To control coccidiosis without using prophylactic medications, a DNA vaccine targeting the gametophyte antigen Gam56 from Eimeria maxima in chickens was constructed, and the immunogenicity and protective effects were evaluated. The ORF of Gam56 gene was cloned into an eukaryotic expression vector pcDNA3.1(zeo)+. Expression of Gam56 protein in COS-7 cells transfected with recombinant plasmid pcDNA-Gam56 was confirmed by indirect immunofluorescence assay. The DNA vaccine was injected intramuscularly to yellow feathered broilers of 1-week old at 3 dosages (25, 50, and $100{\mu}g/chick$). Injection was repeated once 1 week later. One week after the second injection, birds were challenged orally with $5{\times}10^4$ sporulated oocysts of E. maxima, then weighed and killed at day 8 post challenge. Blood samples were collected and examined for specific peripheral blood lymphocyte proliferation activity and serum antibody levels. Compared with control groups, the administration of pcDNA-Gam56 vaccine markedly increased the lymphocyte proliferation activity (P<0.05) at day 7 and 14 after the first immunization. The level of lymphocyte proliferation started to decrease on day 21 after the first immunization. A similar trend was seen in specific antibody levels. Among the 3 pcDNA-Gam56 immunized groups, the median dosage group displayed the highest lymphocyte proliferation and antibody levels (P<0.05). The median dosage group had the greatest relative body weight gain (89.7%), and the greatest oocyst shedding reduction (53.7%). These results indicate that median dosage of DNA vaccine had good immunogenicity and immune protection effects, and may be used in field applications for coccidiosis control.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2007

This investigation on the change of the daily maxima temperature in Seoul, Daegu, Chunchen, Youngchen was triggered by news items such as the earth is getting warmer and a recent news item that said that Korea is getting warmer due to this climatic change. A statistical analysis on the daily maxima for June over this period in Seoul revealed a positive trend of 1.1190 centigrade over the 45 years, a change of 0.0249 degrees annually. Due to the large variation on these maximum temperatures, one can raise the question on the significance of this increase. To check the goodness of fit of the proposed extreme value model, we shown a Q-Q plot of the observed quantiles against the simulated quantiles and a probability plot. And we calculated statistics each month and a tolerance limit. This is tested through simulating a large number of similar datasets from an Extreme Value distribution which described the observed data very well. Only 0.02% of the simulated datasets showed an increase of this degrees or larger, meaning that the probability is very low for such an event to occur.

• Journal of the Institute of Convergence Signal Processing
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.143-148
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• 2007

The many studies have been proceeding to express accurately the feature of a sudden signal and a uncertain system in the image processing field. It is well know that Fourier Transform is widely used for frequency analysis of any signal. However, The frequency transform domain is not used for expressing the sudden signal change and non-stationary signal at the time-axis by this method. This paper describes of image analysis by discrete wavelet transform. Wavelet modulus maxima on transformed plane gives the Lipschitz exponent expression, which is useful to examine the characteristics of signal or the edge of an image. It is possible to reconstruct the original image only using the few maxima points. The fractal analysis is applied as an examples. The visualized image of oil flow on a ship model is analyzed. The fractal variable is obtained by the maxima analysis and the good results on the exprement is obtained by the visualized image analysis.

• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.845-850
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• 2018

In this paper, we propose a method to estimate the number of biofouling attached to the surface of marine structures. This method estimates the number of biofouling by calculating the region maxima using images taken in underwater. To do this, we analyze the correlation between the region maxima and the number of biofouling. The analysis showed that there is a significant correlation between the number of region maxima and the number of biofouling. By using the results of this analysis, the experiments were conducted on images taken in the underwater. Experimental results show that the higher the region maxima of the image, is greater than the number of biofouling in the image. The proposed method can be used as an important technology in computer vision for underwater images.

• Journal of IKEEE
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.1081-1085
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• 2020

Instantaneous frequencies (IF) of the AM-FM signal is estimated based on the inflection point detection (IPD) method. Local maxima/minima are detected using the IPD, and they are exploited to find the IF of AM and FM components, respectively. The envelope of the maxima/minima is obtained to estimate the IF of the AM part. And the distance between neighboring maxima (or minima) is used to estimate the IF of the FM component. Computer simulation shows that the proposed method properly estimates the IF of the AM and FM when the signal has fixed frequencies for both parts. In the case of the time-varying IF of the FM part, the estimated IF shows some deviation from the true IF due to the rough sampling effect of the maximum/minimum points. Thus, the post-processing such as the lowpass filtering of the estimated IF is required to refine the resulting IF estimation.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.313-319
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• 2009

The marine microalga Spirulina maxima was extracted using water or ethanol at 100 or $80^{\circ}C$ and by ultrasonification in water at $60^{\circ}C$. The ultrasonification technique generated the highest yield (19.8%). To be therapeutically useful, the extraction should yield a product with low cytotoxicity and high immunity against skin infections. The cytotoxicity of all extracts (1.0 mg/mL) was below 25%. Moreover, the cytotoxicity of the extract generated by ultrasonification was 5%. Extracts prepared in the described manners could inhibit hyaluronidase activity by up to 40% compared to the control. Increased growth of human B, T and NK cells and an increase in cytokine secretion were observed, confirming the interrelationship between both human immune and skin immune activity. The extract prepared by ultrasonification increased the growth of human B, T and NK cells up to $10.3{\times}10^4$ cells/mL, $11.3{\times}10^4$ cells/mL and $19.1{\times}10^4$ cells/mL, respectively. The extract prepared by ultrasonification also greatly increased the secretion of both IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$. Moreover, it was estimated that protein, Na and leucine occupy a high ratio. Accordingly, this study has confirmed that extracts prepared as described have the potential to effectively increase skin immunity.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.54 no.3
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• pp.839-874
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• 2017

Our goal is to establish and prove the almost sure central limit theorems for some order statistics $\{M_n^{(k)}\}$, $k=1,2,{\ldots}$, formed by stochastic processes ($X_1,X_2,{\ldots},X_n$), $n{\in}N$, the distributions of which are defined by certain Archimedean copulas. Some properties of generators of such the copulas are intensively used in our proofs. The first class of theorems stated and proved in the paper concerns sequences of ordinary maxima $\{M_n\}$, the second class of the presented results and proofs applies for sequences of the second largest maxima $\{M_n^{(2)}\}$ and the third (and the last) part of our investigations is devoted to the proofs of the almost sure central limit theorems for the k-th largest maxima $\{M_n^{(k)}\}$ in general. The assumptions imposed in the first two of the mentioned groups of claims significantly differ from the conditions used in the last - the most general - case.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.27 no.10A
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• pp.1011-1020
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• 2002

The current paper presents an effective deblocking algorithm for block-based coded images using singularity detection in a wavelet transform. In block-based coded images, the local maxima of a wavelet transform modulus detect all singularities, including blocking artifacts, from multiscale edges. Accordingly, the current study discriminates between a blocking artifact and an edge by estimation the Lipschitz regularity of the local maxima and removing the wavelet transform modulus of a blocking artifact that has a negative Lipschitz regularity exponent. Experimental results showed that the performance of the proposed algorithm was objectively and subjectively superior.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.109-113
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• 2020

Dangyuja (Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr.) is a native fruit of great economic importance in Jeju island in Korea. To provide experimental evidence for the antioxidant and anti-inflammation properties on extraction ethanol concentration of Dangyuja, 2 cultivars, including 30-year-old and 120-year-old were evaluated. 30-year-old Dangyuja 50%, 70% ethanol extracts had the highest polyphenol and flavonoid content, and the strongest 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity. To investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of Dangyuja ethanol extracts, we used BV-2 microglia cells and induced inflammation using lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Then, we measured levels of inflammatory mediators as nitric oxide (NO). Among the 6 extracts, 30-year-old Dangyuja 50% ethanol extracts show the highest anti-inflammatory activity. The results suggest that 30-year-old Dangyuja 50% ethanol extracts provides significant health benefits and may be used for developing new functional materials.