• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.13-17
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to show the abnormal eating habit in pervasive development disorder (PDD) children. The authors studied retrospectively the features of eating habit in 60 PDD children diagnosed by DSM-III-R who made their first visity to Department of Psychiatry, Dongsan Medical Center Keimyung University, from January 1990 to December 1990. The results were as follows;1. The average was 3 years, onset age of illness was before 3 years of all patients, and the ratio between male and female was 5,7:1, and ratio between autistic disorder and PDDNOS was 4:1. 2. Twenty four of 60 PDD children had one or more abnormal eating habit(autistic disorder; 43.8%, PDDNOS; 25%), and more prevalent to male(43.1%,) than female(22.2%). 3. Milk, biscuit, meat and fluids were the favorate foods, the unfavorate foods were vegetable, rice, frutis. 4. Patients of abnormal eating habit were more symptoms of DSM-III-R on 'lack of awareness', 'preoccupation with parts of objects','distress over change'and 'insistence on routine' than others.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.60-68
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• 2002

Purpose of this study was to compare serum phospholipid fatty acid composition of obese children with that of normal weight children reside in Kangnung area. Subjects were consisted of 56(41 boys and 15 girls) moderately or severely obese elementary school children, and age and sex-matched normal weight children as a control group. Level of serum phospholipid fatty acids was measured by thin layer chromatography(TLC) followed by gas chromatography(GLC). for male subjects, serum triglyceride(121 $\pm$ 4.7mg/dl) and total cholesterol(180 $\pm$ 37.1mg/dl) concentrations were significantly(p < 0.05) higher in obese group than those for control group(81.5 $\pm$ 2.5mg/dl and 161 $\pm$ 32.0mg/dl, respectively). Obese group showed significantly higher percentage of serum phospholipid myristic acid(C14:0) than the value for control group in both male and female subjects. Obese male subjects had significantly higher percentages of palmitoleic acid(16 : 1), oleic acid(18 : 1), dihomo-${\gamma}$-linoleic acid(20 : 3, $\omega$6) and docosatetraenoic acid(22 : 4, $\omega$6), and lower percentages of eicosenoic acid(20 : 1, $\omega$6), docosapentaenoic acid(22 : 5, $\omega$6), EPA(22 : 5, $\omega$3) and DHA (22 : 6, $\omega$3) compared to values for control male subjects. For male subjects, obese group showed significantly higher ratios of 16 : 1($\omega$9)/16 : 0 and 18 : 1($\omega$9)/18 : 0, and significantly lower ratios of 22 : 5($\omega$6)/22 4($\omega$6), and 22 : 6($\omega$3)/22 : 5($\omega$3) compacted to values for the control group. But there was not significant differences in elongation and desaturation indices of serum phospholipids fatty acid metabolism between obese and control group in female subjects. Most of anthropometric measurements related to obesity were negatively correlated with the percentages of PUFA, $\omega$3 fatty acids or DHA(22 : 6, $\omega$3), and positively correlated with the percentage of myristic acid(14 : 0) or $\omega$6/$\omega$3 ratio in serum phospholipids. Serum triglyceride concentration was negatively correlated with the percentage of PUFA or $\omega$3 fatty acids, and positively correlated with $\omega$6/$\omega$3 ratio in serum phospholipids. These results indicate that obesity related changes in blood lipid levels and metabolism are more significant in male subjects than in female subjects. Also changes in serum phospholipid fatty acid composition observed in obese children appear to demonstrate the increased susceptibility of these children to cardiovascular disease and other related chronic diseases.

• International Journal of Knowledge Content Development & Technology
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.5-14
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• 2011

This study analyzes sexism in children's picture books that incorporate mathematical problems and problem-solving into the plot to determine if children's earliest reading material is affecting the achievement gap between males and females in this subject area. The study focused not just on overall totals of male and female characters, but also analyzed which genders most often portrayed gender stereotyped behaviors and personality traits and which characters were most often shown with mathematical skills. The findings of the study show that there were twice as many male as female characters, and the math problem-solving was generally done by males in the majority of titles.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.85-93
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• 1980

This study was undertaken in order to observe the prevalence of congenital dental anomalies especially that of oligodontia and supernumerary teeth in 1024 children at age from 4 to 14 years, through history taking, oral examinations, roentgenographic observations of subjects, and statistic analysis was made. The following results were obtained: 1. The prevalence of oligodontia in 1024 children was $6.45{\pm}.8$ percent with a total of 122 teeth absent in sixty-six subjects, excluding 3rd molars, and most of children (86.4%) who have congenitally missing teeth showed abscence of one or two teeth individually. 2. The teeth most frequently absent were the mandibular second premolar, maxillary second premolar, maxillary lateral incisor, mandibular central incisor, and mandibular lateral incisor in order. 3. There was no statistically significant difference found in tooth abscence in the following comparisons; .Male vs Female .Bilateral vs Unilateral .Maxilla vs Mandible .Right vs Left 4. The prevalence of supernumerary teeth in 1024 children was $4.79{\pm}.67$ percent with a total of 59 supernumerary teeth in forty-nine subjects, all of children who have supernumerary teeth showed one or two supernumerary teeth individually. 5. Statistically significant difference was found in supernumerary teeth in the comparison of male vs female, and they were more frequent in male.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.191-213
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• 1984

This study was made on the facial profile of the normal Korean children using the roentgenographic cephalograms. The subjects consisted 51 males and 47 females children of primary dentition with the normal occlusion and acceptable profile. For this study 13 soft tissue profile landmarks were plotted and 14 liner length, 9 soft tissue thickness, 8 vertical height length, 12 angles of soft tissue profile, and 2 vertical proportion were measured. The mean and standard deviations in the subjects were calculated and compared between male and female. The following results were obtained : 1. By the significant test, total facial convexity angle and soft tissue thickness were no significant difference between both sexes. 2. Lower facial height was greater than upper facial height in both sexes. 3. The vertical length of the upper and lower lips were 21.95 mm, 40.74 mm in male and 21.62 mm, 39.63 mm in female. 4. In the relationship of the upper lip and lower lip to the Ricketts' esthetic line, the male was 1.3 mm, 1.18 mm and the female was 1.16 mm, 1.27 mm front of the esthetic line. 5. Compared with the angulation of flush terminal plane group and mesial step group, the mesial step group was greater than the flush terminal plane group except the chin angle.

• The Mathematical Education
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.435-452
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to see correlation between parental psychological control and volition control in mathematics learning of 6th grade of elementary school. This study has carried out a survey for 371 male and female students in 6th grade of elementary school in Gyeongnam. We analyzed the collected data statistically, and the results are as follows. First, there was a significant difference in the level of volition control in mathematics learning between male and female students. The level of volition control in mathematics learning was found to be higher in female groups than in male groups. Second, there was no significant difference in father and mother's psychological control level perceived by 6th grade elementary school students. Third, there was a significant negative correlation between parental psychological control and their children's level of volition control in mathematics learning. In this study, by examining the correlation between parental psychological control and volition control level in mathematics learning of elementary school students, the higher the parental psychological control, the lower the level of volition control of their children. So, that it is important to have a parenting attitude that respects their children's emotion and expression.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.43-61
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to analyze children's perspectives on the role of male childcare teachers and children' s gender role concepts. According to the results, when it comes to how the children perceive the roles of the male childcare teacher, the children mostly saw the male childcare teacher as a person who teaches and in another case, they regarded him as someone who takes care of their daily life and who is willing to play games with them. On the other hand, the male childcare teacher's organizing of an environment, supporting tasks and working on a computer were perceived less by the children. In terms of the gender role concepts, the study confirmed that depending on the role performance of the male childcare teacher, the children in the male childcare teacher's class had better understanding than those children in the female childcare teacher's class. In order to secure the children's right to participate specified in the convention of the rights of the child, the study applied not only the interviews with the children but also their drawings to the analysis, and that was what led the study to an in-depth discussion on the perception of the children.

• The Korean Journal of Health Service Management
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.63-72
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• 2010

The present study purposed to prevent oral diseases and to improve oral health in children. For this purpose, we selected 70 cases who are 5~7 years old preschoolers at the kindergarten affiliated to G College in Gyeongsangbukdo, and analyzed the general patterns of oral care and the relation of the patterns with dental plaque and deciduous dental caries in the children. Specifically, we conducted oral examination and applied pit and fissure sealant according to the eruption of deciduous molar and first molar. In addition, we executed the 1st and 2nd tooth brushing instruction (TBI), and surveyed S-OHI and PHP twice. Excluding 14 preschoolers who did not appear in the 2nd survey, we performed the study with 56 preschoolers and drew conclusions as follows. 1. The number of decayed or missed or filled teeth among deciduous teeth was 3 or more in 42.9% of female children, and 46.4% of male children, so male children showed a slightly higher rate. 2. The degree of dental plaque formation was $1.64{\pm}1.22$ among the surveyed children. 3. The oral health index was lower after TBI than before in all the children (P<.001). 4. Change in the oral health index was particularly larger in 7 year old female children (p<.005). 5. The patient hygiene performance index was lower after TBI than before in both the buccal surface and lingual surface of the children (p<.005). 6. The patient hygiene performance index was lower after TBI than before in all of male children's teeth except the right maxillary first deciduous molar (p<.001).

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.153-163
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to obtain basic data of nutrition education for obese children and to examine food habits, food behaviors, and nutrition knowledge. A convenience sample of 84(male:62, female:22) obese children was selected from "98 Children Nutrition Camp". The survey design employed a structured questionnaire. The results of this study were summarized as follows. 1. The percentage of the subjects who overestimated their body weight was higher in female compared to male. Only 35.9% of highly-obese subjects considered them as 'very fat'. The experience of weight control was higher in female than in male, and it was also higher moderately- or highly-obese subjects compared to mildly obese. 2. 64.3% of subjects reported that they regularly eat breakfast. The percentage of the subjects who indicated that they eat at regular meal time or they eat very irregularly was highest in the highly-obese subjects. 3. 34.5% of subjects reported that they eat very fast. The eating speed was slower in female compared to male, and in obese subjects. 55.4% of subjects reported that didn't eating out. 4. 80.9% of subjects had snacks, and most of them had snack between lunch and dinner. The reason the subjects eat snack was hunger. The most favorite snack was cookies. 5. The most preferred and distasteful food was meats(32.1%) and vegetables(67.1%), respectively. 6. The score of food behaviors was relatively low in most subjects. 7. The level of nutrition knowledge was in order of fair(83.1%), poor(9.6%), excellent(7.3%), and was higher in male compared to female. Consequently the results of this study showed to disagreement among food habits, food behaviors and nutrition knowledge, and feel keenly the necessity of education connecting of these. This education had to be practical education to change food behaviors.

• Fashion, Industry and Education
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.17-29
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• 2018

In this study, it is explored whether teasing from parents and siblings about appearance of children affects body satisfaction and self-esteem of middle school students. A total of 594 adolescents participated in the survey and the causal model was tested with the data. In results, parents' and siblings' teasing was significantly correlated. Parents' and siblings' teasing significantly affected body satisfaction that showed a significant impact on self-esteem. In the mean comparison by gender, female adolescents suffered more from parents' as well as siblings' teasing on appearance than did male adolescents. Female adolescents indicated lower body satisfaction than male adolescents whereas no gender difference was found in self-esteem. In the multiple-model comparison, both the parents' and siblings' teasing about appearance affected body satisfaction of female adolescents while only siblings' teasing affected body satisfaction of male adolescents. The results indicate that female adolescents are more likely to be exposed to parents' and siblings' teasing about appearance at home than male adolescents, resulting in negative body satisfaction that is influencing self-esteem. The finding could be used as a basis for family education, calling for an attention to this issue.