• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
• /
• v.55 no.4
• /
• pp.325-336
• /
• 2018

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are a new class of photovoltaic devices, which have attracted significant attention due to their remarkable optoelectrical properties, including high absorption coefficients, high carrier mobilities, long carrier diffusion lengths, tunable bandgaps, low cost, and facile fabrication. PSCs have reached efficiencies of 22.70% and 18.36% on rigid fluorine-doped tin oxide and poly(ethylene terephthalate) substrates, respectively; these are comparable to those of single-crystal silicon and copper-indium-gallium-selenium solar cells. Over the past eight years, the photo conversion efficiency of PSCs has been significantly improved by device-architecture adjustments, and absorber and electron/hole transport layer optimization. Each layer is important for the performance of PSCs; hence, we discuss achievements in flexible perovskite solar cells (FPSCs), covering electron/hole-transport materials, electrode materials. We give a comprehensive overview of FPSCs and put forward suggestions for their further development.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
• /
• 2013.02a
• /
• pp.196-196
• /
• 2013

가시광 영역에서의 높은 투과도와 낮은 전기 비저항을 갖는 ITO (Indium Tin Oxide) 박막은 현재 Display, Solar Cell, LED, Smart Phone 등 최첨단 IT산업에서 가장 많이 사용되고 있는 투명전극소재이다. IBD (Ion Beam Deposition)방법은 박막의 증착 방법 중 Plasma에서 독립적으로 이온만을 빔의 형태로 조사하여 박막을 증착하는 방법으로 기존 RF 또는 DC 스퍼터방법에 비해서 상대적으로 높은 진공도(low 10E-04 torr)와 비교적 높은 스퍼터 된 입자의 에너지를 가지는 등의 장점으로 증착 된 박막의 밀도, 거칠기가 향상되고 상대적으로 적은 결함을 가지는 박막의 제작에 사용되고 있는 기술이다. (주)인포비온에서는 IBD 기술과 더불어 표면만을 선택적으로 가열할 수 있는 EBA Technology를 사용하여 박막에 Energy를 전달하고, 이를 바탕으로 ITO 박막의 전기적, 광학적, 구조적인 특성의 변화를 관찰 연구했다 [1]. 본 연구에서는 기존의 Sputter 방법과 IBD 방법으로 증착 된 ITO 박막의 전기적, 광학적, 구조적인 특성 변화를 비교 관찰하였고, EBA 후처리로 ITO 박막을 상온에서 처리하여, 박막의 투과도, 면 저항, 미세구조의 변화를 관찰하였다. 각 특성의 변화는 UV-VIS, 4Point-Probe, TEM을 사용하여 분석하였고, 처리 전, 후의 박막의 결합에너지는 XPS로, 박막의 조성변화는 SIMS를 이용하여 각각 분석하였다.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
• /
• v.4 no.1
• /
• pp.16-23
• /
• 1971

In this study , fluoborte solution consisting of lead fluoborate, tin fluoborate and cupric acetate was used. By addition of small amount of Cu+= ion to the solution, the Cu content of deposition layer was almost controlled less than 5%. The amount of Cu in deposition layer was almost constant without any influence of Pb++ & Sn++ in the solution, and the amount of Pb was increased by the increase of total concentration of Pb++ +Sn++ in the solution, and the amount of Pb was increased by the increase of total concentration of Pb++ +Sn++ in the solution . Agitation of plating solution & low current density result in the increase of Cu content. Analyzing of microscopic structures and etching tests of the deposited alloy, it was believed that the alloy had a lamellar structure consisting of copper rich lamellar and lead rich layer.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
• /
• v.33 no.3
• /
• pp.279-289
• /
• 1995

The purpose of this research was to analyze the residential environment of the middle aged apartment-residents in seoul as a part of collaborative study on family life issues of them. the sampling area was divided tin to kangnam and Kangbuk according to the residential location and upper middle group and lower middle group according to the size of the apartment unit. The data were collected from 307 fulltime housewives with at least one child in a junior or senior high school. Housing circumstance was generally adequate to the middle aged apartment-residents in seoul. the findings supported the family housing adjustment theory well. however, the results showed that the housing policies should reflect to the various housing demands on the structure type, size, and tenure of dwelling, unaffordability of low income renters, and stabilizing the housing price as well as expanding the housing mortgages for the middle aged to prepare for one's own aging.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
• /
• v.29 no.12
• /
• pp.28-32
• /
• 2015

In this work, we reported fabrication of sealing the glass substrate using laser treatment at low temperature for electrochemical luminescence (ECL) cell. The laser treatment at temperature is using laser diode. The glass substrate sealing by laser treatment tested at 3-10W, 2-5 mm/s for build and tested. The sealing laser treatment method will allow associate coordination between the two glass substrate was enclosed. The effect of laser treatment to sealing the glass substrate was found to have cracks and air gap at best thickness of about 550-600 im for condition 3 W, 3 mm/s. The surface of sealing was roughness which was not influent to electrodes It can reduce the cracks, crevices and air gaps as well, improves the performance viscosity in butter bus bar electrodes. Therefore, it is more effective viscosity between two FTO glasses substrate.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
• /
• 1999.05a
• /
• pp.263-266
• /
• 1999

Electrolunlinescent devices based on conjugated polymer emitting materials have been much attracted possible applications for multicolor flat panel display, since the conjugated polymers have a small band gap emitting obtained at a low driving voltage. In this paper, we fabricated the single layer EL device using poly(3-hexylthiophene) as emitting material Electroluminescence(EL) and I-V-L characteristics of indium-tin-oxide[ITO]P3HT/AI device with a various thickness were investigated. It was demonstrate that the I-V characteristics depend, not the voltage but the electric- field strength, The current is dependent on the electric filed and not on the applied voltage, indicating that the carriers are injected by a tunneling process. In the device, the barrier to hole injection is only 0.5eV and the barrier to electron injection is 1.5eV.

• Journal of the Optical Society of Korea
• /
• v.17 no.5
• /
• pp.428-432
• /
• 2013

This research presents a flexible reflective thermochromic display (TCD) comprised of thermochromic pigments and a patterned indium tin oxide (ITO) film coated on a polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) substrate, and the display's thermo-optical characteristics. The display showed maximum red, green, and blue reflectances of 30%, 38%, and 29%, respectively. Furthermore, the display exhibited a continuous grey color when the temperature was changed continuously. As a flexible display, the display showed reliable thermo-optical performance without image damage even when highly bent. We expect the proposed TCD will be used in outdoor information display applications where low cost is a key factor.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
• /
• v.18 no.3
• /
• pp.123-127
• /
• 2008

The production of tin oxide ($SnO_2$) microrods on iridium (Ir)-coated substrates was achieved through the thermal evaporation of Sn powders in which a sufficiently high $O_2$ partial pressure was employed. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the product consisted of microrods with diameters that ranged from 0.9 to $40\;{\mu}m$. X-ray diffraction, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and selected area electron diffraction indicated that the microrods were $SnO_2$ with a rutile structure. As the microrod tips were free of metal particles, it was determined that the growth of $SnO_2$ microrods via the present route was dominated by a vapor-solid mechanism. The thickening of rod-like structures was related to the utilization of sufficiently high $O_2$ partial pressure during the synthesis process, whereas low $O_2$ partial pressure facilitated the production of thin rods.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
• /
• v.25 no.10
• /
• pp.537-542
• /
• 2015

One-dimensional (1D) silver nanostructures, which possess the highest conductivity among all room-temperature materials, moderate flexibility and high transmittance, are one of the most promising candidate materials to replace conventional indium tin oxide transparent electrodes. However, the short length and large diameter of 1D silver nanostructures cause a substantial decrease in the optical transparency or an increase in the sheet resistance. In this work, ultra-long silver nanofiber networks were synthesized with a low-cost and scalable electrospinning process, and the diameter of the nanofibers were finetuned to achieve a higher aspect ratio. The decrease in the diameter of the nanofibers resulted in a higher optical transparency at a lower sheet resistance: 87 % at $300{\Omega}/sq$, respectively. It is expected that an electrospun silver nanofiber based transparent electrode can be used as a key component in various optoelectronic applications.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers C
• /
• v.53 no.4
• /
• pp.231-236
• /
• 2004

A normally open thermopneumaticc-actuated microvalve has been fabricated and their properties are investigated. The advantages of the proposed microvalve are of the low cost fabrication process and the transparent optical property using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and indium tin oxide (ITO) glass. The fabricated microvalves with in-channel configuration are easily integrated with other microfluidic devices on the same substrate. The fabrication process of thermopneumatic-actuated microvalvesusing PDMS is very simple and its performance is very suitable for a disposable lab-on-a-chip. The PDMS membrane deflection increases and the flow rates of the microchannel with microvalvels decrease as the applied power to the ITO heater increases. The powers at flow-off are dependent on the membrane thickness and the applied inlet pressure but are independent of the channel width of microvalves. The flow rate is well controlled by the switching function of ITO heater and the closing/opening times are around 20 sec and 25 sec, respectively.