• Speech Sciences
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.33-51
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• 2008

Difference of learner speech and loanword phonology is investigated in terms of Korean learners' speech and their loanword adaptation of English words with a post-vocalic word-final stop. When we compared the speech of 12 Korean learners in mid-intermediate level with that of eight English speakers, the learner speech did not reflect loanword phonology of the vowel insertion after a voiced word-final stop (e.g., rib$[\dotplus]$, bad$[\dotplus]$, gag$[\dotplus]$ vs. tip[=], cat[=], book[=]), but, instead, the target phonology of vowel lengthening before a voiced word-final stop (e.g., rib[r.I:b], CAD$[k{\ae}:d]$, bag$[b{\ae}:g]$ vs. rip[rI.p], cat$[k{\ae}t]$, back$[b{\ae}k])$. A longitudinal study of learner speech before and after instruction showed some development toward the acquisition of target phonology. The results indicate that learner speech departs from loanword phonology, and approaches to target speech in a faster rate than direct ratio. Thus, native phonology predicts loanword phonology, but lends little support to learner speech. Our results also indicate that loanword phonology is constant, while learner speech changes toward the acquisition of target phonology.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.3-18
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• 2009

Do loanword properties emerge in the acquisition of a foreign language and if so, how? Classic studies in adult language learning assumed loanword properties that range from near-ceiling to near-chance level of appearance depending on speech proficiency. The present research argues that such variations reflect different phonological types, rather than speech proficiency. To investigate the difference between learner speech and loanword phonology, the current research analyzes the speech data from five different proficiency levels of 92 Korean speakers who read 19 pairs of English words and sentences that contained loanwords. The experimental method is primarily an acoustical one, by which the phonological cause in the loanwords (e.g., the insertion of [$\Box$] at the end of the word stamp) would be attested to appear in learner speech, in comparison with native speech from 11 English speakers and 11 Korean speakers. The data investigated for the research are of segment deletion, insertion, substitution, and alternation in both learner speech and the native speech. The results indicate that learner speech does not present the loanword properties in many cases, but depends on the types of phonological causes. The relatively easy acquisition of target pronunciation is evidenced in the cases of segment deletion, insertion, substitution, and alternation, except when the loanword property involves the successful command of the target phonology such as the de-aspiration of [p] in apple. Such a case of difficult learning draws a sharp distinction from the cases of easy learning in the development of learner speech, particularly beyond the intermediate level of proficiency. Overall, learner speech departs from loanword phonology and develops toward the native speech value, depending on phonological contrasts in the native and foreign languages.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.79-94
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to analyze the emotion and sensibility of fashion words in terms of words types, such as loanword and Korean words, Hangul in fashion product label and fashion manufacturing industry. We surveyed 200 persons in their 20s using the questionnaire on the stimulus of product tag label and fashion words with 15 adjectives. Based on daily usage of foreign words in fashion market, we selected 1 item label in 3 forms: 1) Hangul label written in loan words 2) Label written in English and 3) Label written in Hangul and 3 fashion words in 2 forms 1) loanword and 2) Hangul. And the label types and fashion words were analyzed and investigated in terms of consumer's sensibility, preferences and estimated product price. The results are following: consumers preferred loanword label than Hangul label, and they preferred loanword in English than that in Korean. They evaluated loanword more positively, such as refinement, gorgeous and elegant, etc. and estimated the product price of loanword label as higher. But in the sensibility of 'familiar' and 'stability', Hangul label was not significantly different to loanword written in Hangul. That is, label written in English is the highest in all the evaluation, and loanword label written in Hangul is next, and Hangul label showed the lowest result. Consumers showed the evaluation differently between loanwords and Hangul according to their degree in fashion involvement. Consumers of high fashion involvement evaluated the sensibilities of 'refinement', 'elegant', and 'gorgeous' of loanwords as higher, whereas they had tendency to evaluate the sensibilities of 'familiar' and 'stability' of Hangul as higher or similar.

• Journal of Korean language education
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.185-208
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• 2017

This study is for investigating strategy of associating loanwords to original words of Korean language learners. Loanwords have often been thought as easily learnable because the knowledge of the original word is assumed to be helpful in discovering the meaning. But there is much phonological, morphological and semantic transforming in accepting original words in Korean, and therefore, it is not easy to connect Korean loanwords to the original words. In this study, the awareness of loanwords and competence of associating Korean loanwords to the original words of advanced Korean language learners from China are investigated. As a result, the awareness of loanwords is remarkably lower than the awareness of non-loanwords. And, the competence of association also was very low with 17.9% of successful association. This means the learners have difficulty in inferring the meaning of loanwords by connecting that to original words.

• MALSORI
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• no.42
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• pp.1-13
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• 2001

This paper deals with non-rhoticity of Korean and Cantonese in English loanword adaptation. These two languages have quite different cultural and historical backgrounds with respect to English. The influence of the American accent prevails in Korea while in Cantonese the influence is British. However, the treatment of coda-/r/ from English illustrates that both languages are the same in that they use a non-rhotic accent. The main point of this paper is to show that the non-rhoticity of these two languages must be accounted for by their native phonological systems rather than extralinguistic factors such as historical. social and / or cultural backgrounds.

• Proceedings of the KSPS conference
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• 2000.07a
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• pp.321-331
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• 2000

This paper deals with non-rhoticity of Korean and Cantonese in English loanword adaptation. These two languages have quite different cultural and historical backgrounds with respect to English. The influence of the American accent prevails in Korea while in Cantonese the influence is British. However, the treatment of coda-/r/ from English illustrates that both languages are the same in that they use a non-rhotic accent. The main point of this paper is to show that the non-rhoticity of these two languages must be accounted for by their native phonological systems rather than extralinguistic factors such as historical, social and / or cultural backgrounds.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.139-149
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• 2015

This paper aims to analyze pronunciation variations of loanwords produced by Korean and improve the performance of pronunciation modeling of loanwords in Korean by using syllable-based segmentation and phonological knowledge. The loanword text corpus used for our experiment consists of 14.5k words extracted from the frequently used words in set-top box, music, and point-of-interest (POI) domains. At first, pronunciations of loanwords in Korean are obtained by manual transcriptions, which are used as target pronunciations. The target pronunciations are compared with the standard pronunciation using confusion matrices for analysis of pronunciation variation patterns of loanwords. Based on the confusion matrices, three salient pronunciation variations of loanwords are identified such as tensification of fricative [s] and derounding of rounded vowel [ɥi] and [$w{\varepsilon}$]. In addition, a syllable-based segmentation method considering phonological knowledge is proposed for loanword pronunciation modeling. Performance of the baseline and the proposed method is measured using phone error rate (PER)/word error rate (WER) and F-score at various context spans. Experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms the baseline. We also observe that performance degrades when training and test sets come from different domains, which implies that loanword pronunciations are influenced by data domains. It is noteworthy that pronunciation modeling for loanwords is enhanced by reflecting phonological knowledge. The loanword pronunciation modeling in Korean proposed in this paper can be used for automatic speech recognition of application interface such as navigation systems and set-top boxes and for computer-assisted pronunciation training for Korean learners of English.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.38
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• pp.405-431
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• 2015

The purpose of this paper is to investigate how to decide pronunciation of loanwords in Korean language. There has not been a regulation for pronunciation of loanwords in Korean language. Even the dictionary published by the government does not provide any information about the pronunciation of loanwords. In this paper, some actual solutions are suggested for the pronunciation of loanwords. Korean language has Regulations of Standard Korean, Korean Orthography, Regulations on Hangeul Transcriptions on Loanwords and Pronunciation Methods of Standard Korean. These language standards could help to decide pronunciation of loanwords. Some pronunciations which could not be regulated by them must be presented in the standard pronunciation dictionary. For example, glottalization rule of 's' in many loanwords could be presented in the description of each loanword in the dictionary. However the pronunciation of loanwords must be similar to the spelling. If various pronunciations are allowed to one spelling, then people will be so confused by the discrepancy between pronunciation and spelling of loanwords.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.31 no.7
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• pp.813-826
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to investigate discrepant Earth Science terms in high school curriculums and to explore the alternative to those terms. In this study, we defined discrepant terms as different terms which had the same meaning in Earth Science textbooks. Discrepant terms were compared with terms in references and precedent studies, and the preference by 284 of teachers and students was investigated. The results of this study are as follows: A number of discrepant terms were found in references as well as high school textbooks. Participants preferred terms that are more understandable, were learned previously, and were correct to loanword orthography. As for the cases of discrepant terms caused by different notation of proper nouns or different references and background knowledge, the alternative could be explored by the rule of loanword orthography or the journal publications. In conclusion, confusion may be reduced by utilizing common terms that are both based on authorized theory and easy to convey the meaning.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartB
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• v.18B no.2
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• pp.87-92
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• 2011

In Korean documents, there are diverse spellings of transliterated foreign loanwords. This fact diminishes the performance of information retrieval systems in that a foreign word can be recognized differently, which is to say, as two or several different words. Thus, information retrieval systems require preprocessing to correct nonstandard loanword spellings prior to searching and recognizing corresponding equivalent words. This paper proposes a method that improves precision and processing efficiency using the Korean alphabet's viable prefix, which prunes a virtual tree from which candidate loanwords are created.