• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
• /
• v.47 no.1
• /
• pp.49-56
• /
• 2021

In this study, a liquid crystal emulsion with a composition ratio similar to the skin lipid composition was manufactured using ceramide, glycolipids, cholesterol, and fatty acids, and a polarized microscope was used to identify liquid crystal particles in the formulation, and a cryso-SEM was used to confirm the formation of a multilayer structure. The above samples were stored at room temperature for one month and the liquid crystal structure was continuously maintained through microscopic observation. In addition, a cream composition containing liquid crystal emulsion was manufactured, and the efficiency of ceramide skin penetration was confirmed using three-dimensional artificial skin. Clinical trials were conducted using the cream composition and the results of clinical trials on skin barrier improvement were confirmed by measuring skin moisture retention (skin hydration) and transepidermal water loss (T EWL) of subjects compared to general emulsion.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
• /
• v.21 no.1
• /
• pp.31-36
• /
• 2004

Liquid crystalline phases were formed from acylglutamate; polyglyceryl-10 myristate and glycerine mixture and they were used as a base material for preparing an O/W emulsion. When an oil phase is added into the liquid crystalline phases, it was inserted into the dispersed liquid crystal droplets rather than stayed outside the liquid crystals, which can be known by the fact that the size of liquid crystal droplets increases with the increasing oil phase content. Along with the increase in the droplet size, the complex modulus increases from 100 to 350 pascals and the loss angle decreases from 60 to 24 degrees, from which it can be known that the increase in the internal phase volume results in the increase in the elastic property of oil in liquid crystalline-phases (O/LC). When the water phase was lastly added into the O/LC phase, the emulsification occurred to form a O/W emulsion and the averaged particle size of the O/W emulsion changes from 22.5nm to 538nm with the addition of water phase. The results from the droplet size measurements and stability tests under accelerated conditions such as high temperature show that the obtained O/W emulsion is very consistent with time.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
• /
• v.38 no.3
• /
• pp.209-217
• /
• 2012

One of the popular formulations is microemulsion in cosmetics. A kind of microemulsions is liquid crystal emulsion. Liquid crystal emulsion is used by wrapping functional ingredients. As the meaning of the name, Liquid crystals (LCs) are a state of matter that has properties between those of a conventional liquid and those of a solid crystal. There are various types of Liquid crystals (LCs) consisting of micelles or two layer structures of surfactants. Recently, microemulsion has been studied to improve its stability in thermodynamics of colloid science field. In this study, we prepared the microemulsion with PEG-8 Capryliccapric Glycerides and Polyglyceryl-3 Diisostearate. We studied the microemulsion with different oil types and different and cosurfactant content ratio. Also, the aim of this study is to develop a facial oil or a cleansing oil containing liquid crystal emulsion with functional ingredients.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
• /
• v.29 no.2 s.43
• /
• pp.181-191
• /
• 2003

This study described about method that form liquid crystal gel (LCG) by main ingredient with hydrogenated lechin (HL) in OW emulsion system. Result of stability test is as following with most suitable LCG's composition. Composition of LCG is as following. To form liquid crystal, an emulsifier used $4.0\;wt\%$ of cetostearyl alcohol (CA) by $4.0\;wt\%$ of HL as a booster, Moisturizers contained $2\;wt\%$ of glycerin and $3.0\;wt\%$ of 1.3-butylene glycol (1,3-BG). Suitable emollients used $3.0\;wt\%$ of cyclomethicone, $3.0\;wt\%$ of isononyl isononanoate (ININ), $3.0\;wt\%$ of cerpric/carprylic triglycerides (CCTG), $3.0\;wt\%$ of macademia nut oil (MNO) in liquid crystal gel formation. On optimum conditions of LCG formation, the pHs were formed all well under acidity or alkalinity conditions. Considering safety of skin, PH was the most suitable $\pm61.0$ ranges. The stable hardness of LCG formation appeared best in $32\;dyne/cm^2.$ Particle of LCG is forming size of $1{\~}20\;{\mu}m$ um range, and confirmed that the most excellent LCG is formed in $1{\~}6\;{\mu}m$ range. According to result that observe shape of LCG with optical or polarization microscope, LCG could was formed, and confirmed that is forming multi-layer lamellar type structure around the LCG. Moisturizing effect measured clinical test about 20 volunteers. As a result, moisturizing effect of LCG compares to placebo cream was increased $30.6\%$. This could predicted that polyol group is appeared the actual state because is adsorbed much to round liquid crystal droplets to multi-lamellar layer's hydrophilic group. It could predicted that polyol group is vast quantity present phase that appear mixed because is adsorbed to round liquid crystal to multi-lamellar layer's hydrophilic group. This LCG formation theory may contribute greatly in cosmetics and pharmacy industry development.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.101-109
• /
• 2003

Provitamin $B_5$ liquid crystal ($PVB_5$-LC) was the new emulsion system to enhance moisturizing activity on the skin. In this study, it should be mentioned that PVB5-LC could be prepared with the main compound of hydrogenated lecithin (HL) in oil-in water (O/W) emulsion. The key ingredient of humectants was contained 2% of provitamin $B_5$ ($PVB_5$) into the $PVB_5$-LC. The best suitable compositions of $PVB_5$-LC were made from 4.0 wt% of HL, 4.0 wt% of cetostearyl alcohol (CSA) as emulsifier and gelling agent, 3.0 wt% of 1,3-butylene glycol (1,3-BG) and 2.0 wt% of glycerin as moisturizers, 3.0 wt% of cyclomethicone (CMC), 3.0 wt% of isononanoate (ININ), 3.0 wt% of capric/caprylic triglyceride (CCTG), 3.0 wt% of macadamia nut oil (MNO) as emollients. As the analytical result of $PVB_5$-LC, it could know that the distribution range of particle size was 0.14 to 12.37 m level (mean size 3.24 m). It was certified the multi lamellar phase around the droplet of liquid crystal when observed the droplet particles through a polarization microscope. And it clinically was tested the effectiveness of moisturizing activity (in-vivo) compared with control sample (O/W emulsion). The effectiveness of moisturizing activity of $PVB_5$-LC with Skincon-200EX after 6 hours went up 49.0% (p<0.05, n=20) whereas the effectiveness of moisturizing activity of generally O/W emulsion cream was 25.7% (p<005, n=20). Also, in case of Comeometer CM-825, the moisturizing activity of $PVB_5$-LC after 6 hours rose 36.6% (p<0.05, n=20) whereas the effectiveness of moisturizing activity of generally O/W emulsion cream was 10.8%. Therefore, it was known that the effectiveness moisturizing activity of $PVB_5$-LC with HL was remarkably superior compared with O/W emulsion cream.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
• /
• v.30 no.4
• /
• pp.415-420
• /
• 2019

To investigate the effect of nonionic surfactant and emulsion stabilizer on O/W emulsions, various emulsion formulations with different types of nonionic surfactants and emulsion stabilizers were prepared and their rheological properties were compared. In this study, polysorbate 60 (Tween 60), PEG-60 hydrogenated castor oil (HCO 60), octyldodeceth-16 (OD 16), and ceteareth-6 olivate (Olivem 800) were used as hydrophilic nonionic surfactants, whereas cetyl alcohol, glyceryl monostearate, and stearic acid as emulsion stabilizers. Phase separation occurred only in the emulsion formulation with octyldodeceth-16 and all other emulsion formulations maintained a stable phase. The viscosity, hardness, and creaminess of emulsion formulation using a mixture of ceteareth-6 olivate and cetyl alcohol were the highest, and the emulsified droplet size was also the largest. These results are due to the formation of a network structure texture with the development of a large amount of liquid crystal in the O/W emulsion. In this formulation, the value of elastic modulus was large and the thixotropic behavior, in which the viscosity varies with the history of external force, was observed.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
• /
• v.25 no.1
• /
• pp.55-68
• /
• 1999

A muti-lamellar emulsion containing a pseudoceramide, N-Ethanol-2-myristyl/ palmityl-3-oxostearmide/arachidamide(PC-9) has been prepared and its efficacy evaluation has been investigated. In order to prepare a muti-lamellar emulsion, first, the gram ratios of PC-9, fatty acid and cholesterol on the phase diagram to be capable of forming their lamellar liquid crystal structures were determined and secondly, the multi-lamellar emulsion was preprared using glyceryl monostearate and polyoxyethylene glyceryl monosteartate as emulsifers together with above mentioned pseudo-stratum corneum lipid components. Besides natural oils such as olive oil had a tendency to build up the multi-lamellar emulsion. And according as the amount of oil increased in the emulsion, it was observed that the optical anisotropy of “Maltese Cross” which was a typical configuration of multi-lamella mesophase texture diminished. In the dried state of the multi-lamella emulsion, it was examined to transform its emulsion phase into a lamella liquid crystal one. And finally, when the emulsion was applied into a human skin, it was investigated that it had effectiveness in reducing transepidermal water loss (TEWL) of the skin.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
• /
• v.33 no.1
• /
• pp.1-12
• /
• 2016

This study is to make the liquid crystalline structure using sucrose distearate (Sucro-DS) emulsifier to create the hydrophilic type oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion, the droplets of the emulsion having a structure of a multi-lamellar structure. We have studied the physicochemical properties of Sucro-DS using those techniques. And it has been studied in the emulsion performance. In order to form the liquid crystalline structure applying 3 wt% of Sucro-DS, 5 wt% of glycerin, 5 wt% of squalane, 5 wt% of capric/caprylic triglyceride, 3wt% of cetostearyl alcohol, 1wt% of glyceryl mono-stearate, 78 wt% of pure water in mixture having the lamellar structure of stable multi-layer system was found to formed. By applying them, they were described how to create an unstable active material encapsulated cream. Further, the moisturizing cream was studied using this technique. It reported the results to the skin improvement effect by the human clinical trials. The pH range to produce a stable liquid crystal phase using a Sucro-DS was maintained in 5.2~7.5. In order to increase the stability of the liquid crystal, it was when behenyl alcohol containing 3 wt%, the hardness at this time was 13 kg/mm,min. Viscosity of the same amount was 25,000mPas/min. After a test for the effects of the emulsions, the concentration of 6 wt% Sucro-DS is that was appropriate, the particle size of the liquid crystal was 4~6mm. It was observed through a microscope analysis, reliability of the liquid crystal changes for 3 months was found to get stable at each $4^{\circ}C$, $25^{\circ}C$ and $45^{\circ}C$. In clinical trial test, before applying a moisturizing effect it was $13.4{\pm}7%$. Moisturizing cream liquid crystal was not formed in $14.5{\pm}5%$. Therefore, applying than ever before could see the moisture about 8.2% was improved. On the other hand, it was the moisturizing effect of the liquid cream is $19.2{\pm}7%$. The results showed that 43.3% improvement than that previously used. Applications fields, Sucro-DS emulsifier used liquid cream, lotion, eye cream and a variety of formulations can be developed, as well as the cosmetics industry is expected to be wide fields in the application of the external preparation for skin emulsion technology in the pharmaceutical industry and pharmaceutical industry.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
• /
• v.56 no.6
• /
• pp.558-565
• /
• 2019

In this study, dimethyl silicone oil and liquid paraffin were combined and subsequently emulsified; the resulting mixture was innovatively incorporated into desulfurized gypsum to resolve its drawback of a poor water resistance. The waterproof mechanism of the composite emulsion and liquid paraffin emulsion with mass fractions of 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4% were investigated. The effect of the desulfurized gypsum on the waterproof performance and basic mechanical properties were also investigated. The configuration of the composite waterproofing agent was characterized by FTIR and ¹HNMR. The results showed that, compared with the traditional liquid paraffin emulsion-based waterproofing agent, the softening coefficient of the silicone oil paraffin composite emulsion-based water-repellent agent was increased by 60% and attained a value of 0.89. Combined with the waterproof mechanism and microscope morphology analysis of gypsum hydration products, the improvement in the water resistance of water resistance was primarily attributed to the formation of a silicone hydrophobic membrane between the crystals of the gypsum block; this ensured that water could not penetrate the crystal.

• KSBB Journal
• /
• v.27 no.4
• /
• pp.207-214
• /
• 2012

Emulsions are mixture of immiscible liquids in which one is dispersed in all over the other. They have been applied to many applications including cosmetics, foods, drug delivery system (DDS), fine chemicals, and chemical separations. Especially, emulsion technology is one of the most useful technique to formulate cosmetics such as eye cream, foundation, and foam cleansing. In general, the emulsions can be generated by mechanical agitation of two immiscible fluids. However, the emulsions obtained by conventional method have limited in stability, monodispersity, and complicate process. We describe here preparation techniques of representative cosmetic emulsions such as liposome, liquid crystal emulsion, nanoemulsion, multiple emulsion, and pickering emulsion. Furthermore, various factors which can control the physical properties of each cosmetic emulsions are briefly discussed.