• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• 제63권4호
• /
• pp.827-840
• /
• 2021

Several studies have focused on Ca and P requirements for pigs. These requirements are estimated from their retention and bone formation. However, modern pig breeds have different responses to dietary Ca and P than traditional breeds, and their requirements are expected to change on an annual basis. Besides individual Ca and P needs, the Ca to P ratio (Ca/P) is an important factor in determining requirements. This study aimed to implement a linear and quadratic regression analysis to estimate Ca and P requirements based on average daily gain (ADG), apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of Ca (ATTD-Ca), ATTD of P (ATTD-P), and crude protein (CP) digestibility. Results show that Ca/P had linear and quadratic effects on ADG in the phytase-supplemented (PS) group in both the 6-11 kg and 11-25 kg categories. In the latter category, the CP digestibility was linearly increased in response to increasing Ca/P in the without-phytase (WP) group. In the 25-50 kg category, there was a linear response of ADG and linear and quadratic responses of CP digestibility to Ca/P in the PS group, while a linear and quadratic increase in CP digestibility and a quadratic effect on ATTD-Ca were observed in the WP group. In the 50-75 kg category, Ca/P had significant quadratic effects on ADG in the PS and WP groups, along with significant linear and quadratic effects on ATTD-Ca. In addition, Ca/P had significant quadratic effects on ATTD-P and led to a significant linear and quadratic increase in the CP digestibility in the WP group. In the 75-100 kg category, analysis showed a significant decrease in ATTD-Ca and ATTD-P in the PS and WP groups; in the latter, ATTD-P and ATTD-Ca were linearly decreased by increasing Ca/P. In conclusion, our equations predicted a higher Ca/P in the 6-25 kg bodyweight categories and a lower Ca/P in the 50-100 kg category than that recommended in the literature.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
• /
• 제4권5호
• /
• pp.968-988
• /
• 2010

Anonymous hierarchical identity based encryption (HIBE) is an extension of identity based encryption (IBE) that can use an arbitrary string like an e-mail address for a public key, and it additionally provide the anonymity of identity in ciphertexts. Using the anonymous HIBE schemes, it is possible to construct anonymous communication systems and public key encryption with keyword search. This paper presents an anonymous HIBE scheme with constant size ciphertexts under prime order symmetric bilinear groups, and shows that it is secure under the selective security model. Previous anonymous HIBE schemes were constructed to have linear size ciphertexts, to use composite order bilinear groups, or to use asymmetric bilinear groups that is a special type of bilinear groups. Our construction is the first efficient anonymous HIBE scheme that has constant size ciphertexts and that uses prime order symmetric bilinear groups. Compared to the previous scheme of composite order bilinear groups, ours is ten times faster. To achieve our construction, we first devise a novel cancelable random blinding technique. The random blinding property of our technique provides the anonymity of our construction, and the cancellation property of our technique enables decryption.

• 천문학회보
• /
• 제40권2호
• /
• pp.48.3-49
• /
• 2015

Scaling relations of early-type galaxies (ETG) provide a deep insight into their formation and evolution. Interestingly enough, most relations extending into the dwarf regimes display non-linear or broken-linear features, unlike the linear relations for normal (i.e., intermediate-mass to giant) ETGs only. Here we investigate the mass-size scaling relation of ETGs using a massive database of galaxies from SDSS DR12. We divide ETGs into two groups by the indication of star formation such as colors, and examine their distinction along the mass-size relation. We find that the mass-size distribution of blue, young normal galaxies is in good agreement with that of dwarf ETGs. Our result suggests that blue, young normal ETGs may serve as links between (passive) normal ETGs and dwarfs. We discuss the possibility of blue, young ETGs being progenitors of dwarf ETGs.

• STI Policy Review
• /
• 제5권2호
• /
• pp.1-19
• /
• 2014

The concept of a holistic innovation policy is defined in this article, with discussions of what it is, why it is relevant, and how it can be implemented to enhance product innovation. It is shown that the innovation systems approach has diffused rapidly during the latest decades and has completely replaced the linear view in the field of innovation research. The majority of European countries are striving in the direction of developing a more holistic innovation policy. However, it is concluded that the innovation policies in European countries are still dominantly linear despite the fact that holistic policy seems to be the driving vision. Innovation policy is behindhand. Why innovation policy is still linear is also preliminarily discussed. Policymakers attending conferences on innovation are practically always in favor of holistic (systemic, broad-based, comprehensive, etc) innovation policies, have abandoned the linear view by learning from innovation research. The division between "linear" and "holistic" seems to be located within the community where innovation policies are designed and implemented, a community composed of policymakers (administrators/bureaucrats) and elected politicians. Perhaps the dividing line is between these two groups in that politicians, who actually make the decisions, may still reflexively believe in the linear view. Nevertheless, there seems to be a failure in communication between researchers and politicians in the field of innovation and there is therefore a strong need to involve innovation researchers in policy design and implementation to a much higher degree. Another way to increase the degree of holism could be to separate innovation policy from research policy, since their integration tends to cement the linear character of innovation policy. The empirical results are based on a questionnaire sent to twenty-three EU Member States, out of which nineteen (83%) responded. Part of the work for this article was carried out for the European Research and Innovation Area Committee (ERAC) of the European Commission (DG RTD).

• 치과방사선
• /
• 제18권1호
• /
• pp.81-136
• /
• 1988

The aim of this study was to determine whether T.M.J. tomographic examination yielded significant differences in condyle positions among asymptomatic, myalgia, derangement, and arthrosis groups of T.M.J. disorders. The author obtained sagittal linear tomograms of right and left T.M.Js. of 36 asymptomatic, 22 myalgia, 54 derangement, and 31 arthrosis patients taken at serial lateral, central, and medial sections in the intercuspal position after submentovertex radiographs analyzed. With the dual linear measurements of the posterior and anterior interarticular space, condyle positions were mathematically expressed as proportion. All data from these analysis was recorded and processed statistically. The results were obtained as follows. 1. In asymptomatic group, radiographically concentric condyle position was found in 50.0% to 65.4% of subjects, with a substantial range of variability. No significant differences existed between men and women and also between right and left T.M.Js. for condyle position. 2. In women, significant difference for mean condyle position of left lateral section of each diagnostic category existed between derangement and myalgia groups (P<.05). Also that of left central section existed between derangement and myalgia groups, and that of left medial section existed between derangement and myalgia groups (P<.05). 3. In main-symptom side, condyle position in myalgia group was more concentric, and condyle position in derangement group was more posterior. This showed significant differences between derangement and myalgia groups in lateral, central, and medial sections of main- symptom sides, and only between derangement and myalgia groups in central section of contra-lateral sides (P<.05). Condyle position in arthrosis group was broadly distributed among all positions. 4. In contra-lateral side, significant difference for mean condyle position of central section of each symptomatic group existed between derangement and myalgia groups (P<.05). Condyle position in derangement group was more posterior. The distribution of the condyle position of contra-lateral side in patients with unilateral symptoms was similar to that of main-symptom side in each symptomatic group. No significant difference existed between main-symptom and contra-lateral sides. 5. For internal derangement subgroups, condyle position in reducible disc displacement group was more posterior than non-reciprocal and locking groups, but there was no significant difference. 6. From 16 to 25 years, significant difference for mean condyle position of medial section of main-symptom side of each symptomatic group existed between myalgia and derangement groups (P<.05).

• 한국생활과학회지
• /
• 제8권2호
• /
• pp.313-325
• /
• 1999

This study aimed to classify the data of children's bodies into several clusters by principal component scores that were extracted through the factor analysis in the former study, and to describe the distribution and body characteristics of the clusters. The sample was 308 elementary school children aged from 6 to 8 and the anthropometric measurements were performed indirectly from the photographs of the subjects, which was the same as the first analysis. The data were analysed statistically using SPSSWIN Ver. 8.0. Through the statistical analysis, 3 clusters were obtained from the data. The first cluster distributed more in the children aged 7 and 8 than in the children aged 6. The somatotype of this group was the tallest among the three groups, and they were the most developed group compared to the two other groups in lateral component as well as in linear component. The second cluster group wasn't well developed in lateral components, and had lowest level in Rohrer Index, so this group had thin figures compared to the other groups. The third cluster revealed dominant distribution in the group aged 6, and the group had the least developed linear components but higher level in Rohrer Index. Each cluster group revealed peculiar somatotype that was dominant in one group but rarely in other cluster groups. Lateral views of these characteristics were showed using the average of the measurements of clusters.

• 한국치위생학회지
• /
• 제20권6호
• /
• pp.831-841
• /
• 2020

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the oral health status and oral health behavior and identify the factors related to the oral health status by age-specific groups in vulnerable elderly individuals. Methods: We used data from the 7th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The differences in the oral health status and oral health behavior by age-specific groups were analyzed using complex sample chi-square tests and a generalized linear model. The relationship between the oral health status and oral health behavior by age-specific groups was analyzed using a complex samples general linear model. Results: The DMFT index of the young-old elderly was 10.65±0.60, and that of the old-old elderly was 12.78±0.72, which was higher. The condition of the mandibular prosthesis was more common in the old-old elderly, and there was a statistically significant difference (p<0.05). The DMFT index in the old-old elderly was found to be higher as the average number of brushings per day decreased, and no oral examination was performed. Conclusions: The vulnerable elderly themselves are interested in maintaining their own health, and the government needs to undertake efforts to reduce the medical blind spots by supporting institutional and environmental conditions so that health care services can be provided to the vulnerable elderly.

• 한국가금학회지
• /
• 제47권4호
• /
• pp.255-265
• /
• 2020

This study was performed to evaluate the effects of available phosphorus (AP) levels with or without supplemental phytase on the performance, egg quality, and serum biochemical parameters of laying hens. A total of 540 laying hens (40-week-old) were housed in cages and assigned to 6 dietary treatments with 5 replicates each, for 20 weeks. The treatments consisted of 0.20%, 0.25%, and 0.30% AP diets with or without phytase supplementation. During the 20-week period, egg production was lowest in hens fed the 0.20% AP diet; however, phytase supplementation in the diet completely corrected the adverse effect (P<0.05). No consistent difference was observed in egg production between hens fed the 0.25% and 0.30% AP diets and those fed the 0.20% and 0.30% AP diets with phytase supplementation. Similarly, egg mass was lowest in the 0.20% AP diet-fed group, and no difference in egg mass was observed in the 0.25% and 0.30% AP diet as well as the phytase-supplemented diet groups; however, egg mass was improved in the phytase-supplemented diet groups(P<0.05). Egg quality traits did not differ with dietary treatments. Serum alkaline phosphatase level showed a linear decrease (P<0.05) in the phytase-treated groups with increasing AP levels; moreover, a numerically linear increase (P<0.05) in serum Ca and P levels was observed in the phytase-treated groups. The results of this study indicate that phytase supplementation in the diet of laying hens could increase egg production and may lead to greater mineral absorption.

• 충청수학회지
• /
• 제35권1호
• /
• pp.13-23
• /
• 2022

Let G be a semialgebraic group not necessarily compact. Let M be a proper semialgebraic G-set whose orbit space has a semialgebraic structure. In this paper, we prove the embeddability of M into a G-representation space when G is linear.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• 제28권2호
• /
• pp.263-270
• /
• 2007

New mono- and bis-Cu(II)-triazacyclononane(tacn) complex that conjugated with 9-aminoacridine were synthesized, and their binding modes and DNA cleavage activity were investigated in this study. When the classic intercalator, 9-aminoacridine, was conjugated to mono- and bis-Cu(II)-tacn complexes, a significant red-shift and hypochromism in absorption spectrum was apparent in the acridine absorption region upon binding to DNA. Furthermore, the magnitude of the negative reduced linear dichroism signal in the substrate absorption region appeared to be larger than that in the DNA absorption region. These spectral observations indicated that the acridine moiety intercalated when the Cu(II)-tacn complex was conjugated. In contrast, from a close analysis of the circular and linear dichroism spectrum, the aminoacridine-free bis-Cu(II)-tacn complex was concluded to bind at the phosphate groups of DNA. The 9-aminoacridine-free-bis-Cu(II)-tacn complex produces the nicked and linear DNA. On the other hand, 9-aminoacridine conjugated mono-and bis-Cu(II)-tacn complexes showed unspecific binding with negligible DNA cleavage.