• 한국인구학
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.79-113
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• 2003

본 논문은 노령계층이 생활을 영위하는데 필요한 소득수준을 노령계층의 소득계층별로 도출해 보고자 하였다. 이를 위하여 노령계층의 소비지출이 근로연령계층에 비하여 유의미하게 차이가 있는지, 차이가 있다면 어느 정도나 차이가 있으며, 어떤 요인에 의하여 차이가 발생하는지를 분석하고자 하였다. 또한 근로연령계층의 소득수준에 대비하여 노령계층의 소비지출수준이 어느 정도인지를 분석함으로써, 노령계층의 생활을 영위하기 위하여 필요한 소득수준이 어느 정도인지를 분석코자 하였다. 특히 본 논문에서는 가구소비지출에 영향을 미치는 주요 요인인 동시에 근로연령과 노령이라는 특성상 달라지는 요인이라 할 수 있는 소득, 가구원수, 연령요인이 소비지출에 미치는 영향을 고려하여, 노령계층에게 필요한 소득수준을 소득계층별로 노령계층의 소비지출수준의 분석을 통하여 도출해 보고자 하였다. 노령계층과 근로연령계층의 소비지출간에 차이가 가장 큰 항목은 교육비이고, 교통통신비, 식료품비, 교양오락비, 피복신발비, 가구집기비, 기타소비비, 보건의료비, 주거비 순으로 나타났다. 또한, 총가구소비지출에 영향을 미치는 요인을 회귀분석한 결과, 연령이 높을수록. 소득이 높을수록. 가구원수가 많을수록 총소비지출수준이 높은 반면, 연령이 계속 증가하고(노령이 되면), 비광역시의 경우. 여성의 경우, 무직의 경우, 농어업에 종사하는 경우 총소비지출은 낮아지는 것으로 나타났다. 총가구소비지출에 영향력이 가장 큰 변수는 소득과 가구원수이며, 그 다음으로 연령인 것으로 나타났다. 또한 소득효과를 통제한 상태에서 연령효과 및 가구규모 축소효과에 의하여 부적으로 영향을 받는 소비지출은 교육비, 교통통신비, 식료품비 등 노인의 신체적 노화와 관련한 활동범위와 관련한 소프트웨어적 지출이며. 정적으로 영향을 받는 소비지출은 보건의료비였다. 또한 주거비, 가구집기비 등 하드웨어적 지출은 소득수준이 제약을 받지 않는 하에서는 연령효과 및 가구규모 축소효과로부터 중립적이었다. 본 연구결과 노인의 필요소득수준은 평균 61%수준이었다. 소득계층별로는 평균소득계층의 경우 근로연령기 소득의 60∼70% 수준이며, 저소득층의 경우는 근로연령기 소득의 90∼100% 수준이고, 고소득층의 경우는 근로연령기 소득의 50∼60% 수준으로 나타났다.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.35-55
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• 1984

This study aims to present basic data for a reasonable home management through investigating the change of home economy conditions incidental to the family life cycle, also through analyzing the effect of socio-anthropological variables on the family-life cycle. The data investigation using the questionnaires method was conducted on housewives in Seoul as the central census tract. Housewives as the subject of investigation were chosen by the method of the purpose-sampling in consideration of the regional differences and the socio-economical strata. Nine hundred and forty questionnaires were distributed to housewives but seven hundred questionnaires were collected. Only five hundred and ten questionnaires of them were analyzed in this study. The frequency and the percentage of collected data, first of all, were founded in order to grasp the general characteristics of the subject of investigation. To classify the stage of family life cycle, the correlations of the classifying factors among each group were examined x2 Test and One-Way ANOVA were applied to explore the differences among each stage of the change of household-economy. And the effect of socio-anthropological variables on the change of household- economy was analyzed by Two-way ANOVA. the conclusions derived from the results of this study are as follows; 1) The marriage-period and the educational conditions of the first child were selected as the classifying factors through analyzing correlation among the age, the marriage-period and the educational conditions of their children. As a result of this analysis, the family life cycle were classified into seven stages: Stage 1; Establishment Stage 2; Preschool family Stage 3; Elementary school family stage 6; Adult period family Stage7; Marriage period family . 2) The change of household economy incidental to the progress of family life cycle has a significant differences in all of variables (except the other member of family's income) Stage 1; Though the husband's income and the income from property are on a low level, the total income is on a high level due to the housewife's income. Stage 2; The total income is on a low level owing to the decrease of house wife's income, though the husband's income keep growing. Stage 3; Owing to the increase of husband's income, the cost of living as well as the total income keeps growing but the savings are on the decrease. Stage 4; Compared with Stage 3, the total income tends to be on a low level but the living expenses are on the increase. Stage 5; The husband's income is on the highest level in the stages of family life cycle. The total income and the living expenses are on a high level. Stage 6; The income of husband and housewife are on the remarkable decrease but the children's income is on the increase. Stage 7; Owing to the increase of the children's income and the income from property, the total income is on the highest level in the stages of family life cycle. 3) Considering the effect of socio-anthropological variables on the conditions of household-economy, family system has an significant effect on children's income. the husband's occupation exerts a significant effect upon the housewife's and children's income. The husband's schooling exercises an effect upon the children's income. S.E.S has a important effect on the income of husband, housewife and children. From the above results, it is found that the change of household-economy conditions is incidental to the progress of family life cycle. Therefore, a suitable measure to cope with the desire of family and the conditions of household-economy should be prepared, in order to carry on a reasonable home management.

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.157-166
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• 2003

Purpose: This study was to investigate the needs for developing a health promotion program for the elderly, and to compare the health promoting behaviors and perceived health status between high and low income elderly. Method: The data were collected from 80 high) income elderly and 84 low income elderly through face to face interviews. The instruments used in) this study were the Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile II (HPLP II) and Perceived Health Status. Results: 1) The total score of the HPLP for the elderly was 2.29. In the subscales, the highest degree of performance' nutrition', following 'stress management', 'spiritual growth' and 'health responsibility' and the lowest degree of performance was 'physical activity'. 2) The high income level elderly had significantly higher total HPLP scores than the low income level elderly. The biggest difference was found in 'physical activity' between high) and low) income elderly. 3) The mean score of perceived health status was 8.21. The high) income elderly had significantly higher perceived health status than the low income elderly. Conclusion: The above findings indicate that it is necessary to develop a health promotion program with reinforced physical activity, health responsibility for the elderly in Korea. In particular physical activity need to be increased for the low income elderly. The low income elderly need to have positive thinking for perceived health status.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.39-51
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• 2008

본 연구의 목적은 한국복지패널데이터의 흡연음주 현황과 관련 건강위험요인을 연구분석 하는 데 있다. 성, 연령, 외래의료이용횟수, 주관적 건강수준, 흡연수준, 음주수준, 우울증상, 저소득 등이 주요 분석변수였다. 복지패널데이터에 있는 건강변수가 제한된 관계로 분석도 제한적으로 실시되었다. 흡연율은 성별 차이가 컸고, 특히 연령이 젊을수록 높았으며, 저소득 층에서 더 높았다. 20-29세 연령층의 경우 흡연율이 일반계층은 23.3%였고, 저소득층에서는 25%였다. 20대 남성흡연율은 일반가구 48.1%, 저 소득가구 47.4%로 큰 차이가 없었으나 30대에서는 일반가구 60.7%, 저 소득가구 71.0%로 가장 큰 차이를 나타내었다. 여성의 경우 전 연령층에서 저 소득층이 흡연율이 높았고 50대에서 일반가구 3.9%, 저 소득가구 10.5%로 가장 큰 차이를 나타내었다. 음주율 특성을 보면 일반가구에서 음주율은 오히려 높게 나타났는데, 일반가구는 전혀 안마신다는 비율이 36.7%, 저 소득가구는 58.4%였다. 흡연과 고위험 음주문제 모두에서 성별, 연령과 교육수준, 소득계층 등의 인구사회학적 변수가 유의한 영향요인인 것으로 분석되었다. 남성, 이십대 및 삼십대 연령층, 고졸이하의 학력, 저소득 가구일수록 건강위험요인의 정도가 높은 것을 알 수 있었다. 전반적으로는 여성의 건강이 더 안 좋다. 저소득층 여성의 흡연율은 일반가구 여성의 흡연 율보다 높은 것으로 나타났다. 저소득층일수록 건강위험행동을 경험하고, 더 많은 의료서비스 경험이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 한편 보건소 이용경험은 저소득층은 4.6%, 일반계층은 1% 정도였다. 2005년도의 건강영양조사결과에서도 건강수준이나 활동제한의 정도가 각 연령별로 분석해도 저소득층일수록 더 안 좋은 상태인 것으로 나타난 바 있다. 본 연구에서 흡연과 음주와 관련된 심리적 요인과 소득수준의 요인이 유의한 영향력이 있음을 알 수 있었다. 특히 건강위험행동과 관련하여 개인의 심리적 요인에 대하여 향후 심층적인 연구를 할 필요가 있다. 사회경제적 어려움으로 인하여 개인이 경험하는 우울과 같은 심리적 요인이 건강위험행동을 지속하게 하는 요인이 될 수 있기 때문이다.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제15권10호
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• pp.151-160
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• 2017

기부행동은 자신이 가지고 있는 재정적 자원을 남과 공유함으로써 사회가 필요로 하는 자선과 복지 분야에 기여한다. 기부행동의 원동력에는 소득, 연령대, 성별, 종교, 교육수준, 주거지역, 조세정책 등과 같은 사회 인구학적 요소들이 포함된다. 본 연구에서는 소득수준을 포함하는 사회 인구학적 특성 외에 자아존중감과 복지책임주체에 대한 인식 등의 요인을 중심으로 기부에 대한 참여 여부, 기부노력 등에 미치는 영향을 분석해보고자 하였다. 한국복지패널조사자료를 바탕으로 통계적 분석을 시도한 결과, 소득과 자아존중감은 기부에의 참여의도에 긍정적 영향을 미치나, 복지책임주체가 정부에 있다고 생각할수록 참여의도에는 부정적 영향을 미치는 것으로 분석되었다. 소득에 대한 기부액수 비율로 정의되는 기부노력은 소득만이 부정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났는데, 소득이 높을수록 상대적으로 낮은 비율의 기부를 한다는 의미로 해석할 수 있다. 자아존중감이나 복지책임주체에 대한 인식은 기부노력에 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 분석되었다.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.43-51
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• 2015

Objectives: Socioeconomic factors are one of the significant factors explaining drinking problems in our society. From the poverty and inequality perspective, not only absolute poverty but perceived level of poverty or inequality has a direct effect on one's health and health behaviors. The purpose of the study is to explore the growth trajectories of problem drinking in Korea in relation to poverty and perceived income. Methods: Data from 13,414 adults were analyzed using 4 years of data (2010 to 2014) from the Korea Welfare Panel. Main variables included poverty status, perceived income inequality, and problem drinking. A latent growth modeling was employed for the analysis. Results: The non-poverty group had higher initial level of problem drinking; however, the poverty group showed higher rate of increase in problem drinking rate. The perceived income inequality had no significant influence on the initial level, but over time, those with higher level of perceived income inequality showed higher rate of increase in problem drinking. Conclusions: Findings showed that poverty and inequality affect changes in problem drinking. Efforts to prevent and decrease problems related to alcohol should not only focus on changing individuals' behavior but also on decreasing the inequality gap.

• 무역학회지
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.101-118
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• 2020

This study aims to quantify the effects of non-tariff measures (NTMs) on exports in the Korean manufacturing industry. To do this, we employ product-level export data that includes information about whether or not a product is affected by NTMs. One of the main results is that NTMs (SPS/TBT) on average led to reduction in Korean exports. However, the effects of NTMs differed depending on the income level of the NTM-imposing country. The NTMs imposed by high-income countries, such as U.S.A. and Japan, were found to impede Korean exports, whereas the export effect of NTMs imposed by low-income countries such as China was found to not be statistically significant. In addition, the results analyzed based across industries, income level, and types of NTMs are as follows. First, NTMs imposed on textile-related products generally hindered exports regardless of the type of NTMs, but its negative impact on exports was noticeable in the case of NTMs originating from high-income countries. On the other hand, chemical product-related NTMs were found to lead to an increase in Korean exports, and it had a positive effect in the case of SPS imposed by low-income countries. In other industries except for textile- and chemical-related products, the effects of NTMs on exports were either statistically insignificant or showed inconsistent patterns.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.113-129
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• 2010

This study explored the level and general propensity of the economic distress and the financial management behavior of household financial managers and analyzes the effects of economic distress and the sub dimensions to financial management behaviors. The research results can be summarized as follows. 1. The overall level of economic distress of household financial managers was middle-levels and the financial management behavior were slightly higher than mid-point. 2. Regarding the household variables on the economic distress of household financial managers, education levels and occupations of husbands, monthly income, financial knowledge were the variables that had a significant negative effect on the economic distress. That is, higher education levels of husbands, husbands with management-level/professional-level career, higher monthly income, and higher level of financial knowledge generated lower economic distress. 3. Regarding the household variables and the economic distress on the financial management behavior, monthly income, and financial knowledge were the variables that had a significant positive effect on the financial management behavior. On the contrary, income-asset distress was negative variable. Thus, higher monthly income, higher level of financial knowledge, and lower level of economic distress generated higher financial management behavior. Statistically significant differences were detected in financial management behavior sub dimensions. From this research, it could be concluded that the main variables affecting the level of financial management behaviors are income-asset distresses and financial knowledge.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.207-237
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• 2009

본 논문은 전통적인 탈세이론 및 세무조사이론을 활용하여 우리나라 국민기초생활보장제도의 주요 정책수단인 생계급여하에서의 소득탈루(부정수급)와 정책당국 입장에서의 최적 소득조사전략에 대한 이론 분석을 시도하고, 이를 통해 소득파악 제고를 위한 정책적 시사점을 도출하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 생계급여의 누수는 최저생계비 부근의 소득자들을 중심으로 소득탈루가 집중됨으로써 발생하는데, 임의조사(random auditing), 차단조사(cut-off auditing), 차별조사 등의 소득조사전략별 비교분석을 통해, 일정 수준 이하의 신고소득에 대하여 신고소득 수준에 반비례하는 조사확률을 적용하는 차단식(cut-off) 차별조사전략을 적용하는 것이 소득파악률 제고 및 급여누수 최소화를 위해 가장 바람직함을 입증하였다.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.342-347
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• 2014

This survey was conducted to investigate consumer preferences for branded and imported pork, including favorite cooking styles. Data were collected from a total of 252 consumers and analyzed. The results are summarized as follows. Consumers of branded pork showed a moderate preference "moderate" (54%). There was no significant difference in consumer preference for branded pork according to educational level or living area. However, there was a significant difference according to yearly income (p<0.05). Consumers in the high-income group preferred branded pork more than those in the low-income group. Most consumers did not like imported pork (64.6%). There was no significant difference in consumer preference for imported pork according to educational level or living area, whereas there was in the yearly income group (p<0.05). Whereas low-income consumers did not like imported pork, high-income consumers did. The royalty for purchasing of branded pork was shown "3.65" out of 5 points. Whereas there was no significant difference according to educational level, there was for living area and yearly income (p<0.05). Consumers living in large cities or having low income showed high royalty of purchase for branded pork. The royalty for purchase of imported pork was "2.08" out of 5 points. Significant differences for purchase royalty of imported pork were observed according to educational level, living area, and yearly income group (p<0.05). Consumers responded that they liked roasted pork (47.6%). Secondly, consumers liked stew (16.7%). There were no significant differences among various cooking styles in any of the groups.