• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.2262-2275
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• 1971

Fourteenes rervoirs maintained by the local land improvement associations in the province of Chullabuk-Do and 20 reservoir maintained by thos in the province of Chullanam-Do, were surveyed in connection with a correction between storage capacity and sediment deposit. In addition to this survey, 3,347 of small reservoir, that lie scattered around in the above-mentioned two provinces were investigated by using existing two provinces were investigated by using existing records pertaining to storage capacity in the office of City and country, respectively. According to this investigation the following comclusions are derived. 1. A sediment deposition rate is high, being about $10.63m^3/ha$ of drainage area, and resulting in the average decreasc of storage capaity by 27.5%. This high rate of deposition coule be mainly attributed to the serve denudation of forests due to disorderly cuttings of trees. Easpecially, in small reservoir, an original average design storage depth of 197mm in irrigation water depth is decreased to about 140mm. 2. An average unit storage depth of 325.6mm as the time of initial construction is decreased to 226mm at present. This phenomena causes a greater shortage irrigation water, since it was assumed that original storage quantity was already in short. 3. Generally speaking, seepage rates through dam abutment intakepipe, etc, are high due to insufficient maintenance and management of reservoir. 4. It is recommended that sediment deposit should be dredged when a reservoir is dry in drought. 5. Farmers usually waste excessive irrigation water. 6. Water saving methods should be practiced by applying only necessary water for growing stage of rice. 7. In are as where water defficiency for irrigation is severe, a soil moisture content should be kept at about 70% by applying water once in several days. 8. Tube wells should be provided so as to exploit ground water and subsurface current below stream bed as much as possible. 9. If an intake weir was constructed, a water collection well should be built for the use in drought. 10. Water conservation should be forced by converting devastated forests contained in the drainage area of reservoir to protected forests so as to take priority of yrefor estation, gully control, the prohibition of disorderly cutting of trees, etc. 11. Collective rice nurseries should be adopted, and it should be recommended that irrigation water for rice nurseries is supplied by farmer themselves. 12. Sediment desposit in reservoir should be thoroughly dreged so as to secure a original design storage capacity. 13. The structure of overflow weir should be automatic so as to freely control flood level and not to increase dam height.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.150-159
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• 2015

This study was conducted for the purpose of presenting basic data for calculating a more reasonable landscaping project cost in the future through the construction cost calculation ratio of scenic planting and facilities and their time series trend analysis targeting 'J' corporation, a representative Korean public institution that creates apartment complexes. This study targeted scenic planting and the facility construction costs of 37 apartment complexes in the capital area from 2004 to 2012, using statistical analysis methods such as technical analysis, correlation analysis, and regression analysis to analyze the characteristics of the time series change. The conclusion was drawn as follows. First, breaking down the cost of overall landscaping projects to scenic planting and facility construction, the ratio of the average cost of scenic planting to that of facility construction showed 56.1% to 43.9% from 2004 to 2012. Second, the costs of planting construction and facility construction both showed a fluctuation range of about ${\pm}3%$, implying relatively steady costs considering the inflation rate. Third, the landscape construction cost for each type of construction resulted in a fluctuation range from minimum ${\pm}3%$(exercise facility) to maximum ${\pm}5%$(packing facility), reflecting that among the landscaping projects, the facility construction costs tended to show relatively large fluctuations in accordance with the change of time series. Fourth, the comprehensive indication of the ratio of landscaping project costs by time series and landscaping construction type implies that the regional characteristics and positional condition of the apartment complexes were not reflected sufficiently. Fifth, the high level of correlation of landscaping construction types and landscaping construction elements imply that the entire construction costs were controlled through partial adjustment of cost components within the overall frame of construction cost. These results reveal the problems of standardized landscaping cost irrespective of user satisfaction or environmental traits such as the conditions of the apartment complexes.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.44 no.8
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• pp.52-59
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• 2007

In this paper, we analyzed and measured implant isolation characteristics for a 1.25 Gbps monolithic integrated hi-directional (M-BiDi) optoelectronic system-on-a-chip, which is a key component to constitute gigabit passive optical networks (PONs) for a fiber-to-the-home (FTTH). Also, we derived an equivalent circuit of the implant structure under various DC bias conditions. The 1.25 Gbps M-BiDi transmit-receive SoC consists of a laser diode with a monitor photodiode as a transmitter and a digital photodiode as a digital data receiver on the same InP wafer According to IEEE 802.3ah and ITU-T G.983.3 standards, a receiver sensitivity of the digital receiver has to satisfy under -24 dBm @ BER=10-12. Therefore, the electrical crosstalk levels have to maintain less than -86 dB from DC to 3 GHz. From analysed and measured results of the implant structure, the M-BiDi SoC with the implant area of 20 mm width and more than 200 mm distance between the laser diode and monitor photodiode, and between the monitor photodiode and digital photodiode, satisfies the electrical crosstalk level. These implant characteristics can be used for the design and fabrication of an optoelectronic SoC design, and expended to a mixed-mode SoC field.

• Journal of Home Health Care Nursing
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• v.4
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• pp.5-22
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• 1997

The purpose of the study was to development an information delivery system for the home nursing service, to demonstrate and to evaluate the efficiency of it. The period of research conduct was from September 1996 to August 31, 1997. At the 1st stage to achieve the purpose, Firstly Assessment tool for the patients with cerebral vascular disease who have the first priority of HNS among the patients with various health problems at home was developed through literature review. Secondly, after identification of patient nursing problem by the home care nurse with the assessment tool, the patient's classification system developed by Park (1988) that was 128 nursing activities under 6 categories was used to identify the home care nurse's activities of the patient with CAV at home. The research team had several workshops with 5 clinical nurse experts to refine it. At last 110 nursing activities under 11 categories for the patients with CVA were derived. At the second stage, algorithms were developed to connect 110 nursing activities with the patient nursing problems identified by assessment tool. The computerizing process of the algorithms is as follows: These algorithms are realized with the computer program by use of the software engineering technique. The development is made by the prototyping method, which is the requirement analysis of the software specifications. The basic features of the usability, compatibility, adaptability and maintainability are taken into consideration. Particular emphasis is given to the efficient construction of the database. To enhance the database efficiency and to establish the structural cohesion, the data field is categorized with the weight of relevance to the particular disease. This approach permits the easy adaptability when numerous diseases are applied in the future. In paralleled with this, the expandability and maintainability is stressed through out the program development, which leads to the modular concept. However since the disease to be applied is increased in number as the project progress and since they are interrelated and coupled each other, the expand ability as well as maintainability should be considered with a big priority. Furthermore, since the system is to be synthesized with other medical systems in the future, these properties are very important. The prototype developed in this project is to be evaluated through the stage of system testing. There are various evaluation metrics such as cohesion, coupling and adaptability so on. But unfortunately, direct measurement of these metrics are very difficult, and accordingly, analytical and quantitative evaluations are almost impossible. Therefore, instead of the analytical evaluation, the experimental evaluation is to be applied through the test run by various users. This system testing will provide the viewpoint analysis of the user's level, and the detail and additional requirement specifications arising from user's real situation will be feedback into the system modeling. Also. the degree of freedom of the input and output will be improved, and the hardware limitation will be investigated. Upon the refining, the prototype system will be used as a design template. and will be used to develop the more extensive system. In detail. the relevant modules will be developed for the various diseases, and the module will be integrated by the macroscopic design process focusing on the inter modularity, generality of the database. and compatibility with other systems. The Home care Evaluation System is comprised of three main modules of : (1) General information on a patient, (2) General health status of a patient, and (3) Cerebrovascular disease patient. The general health status module has five sub modules of physical measurement, vitality, nursing, pharmaceutical description and emotional/cognition ability. The CVA patient module is divided into ten sub modules such as subjective sense, consciousness, memory and language pattern so on. The typical sub modules are described in appendix 3.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.392-402
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to analyze and evaluate the self-directed learning contents of Earth science area in the basic course of the 7th grade. For this purpose, we applied the 'Cyber Home Study Content Quality Control Tool' presented in 'Elementary Secondary Education e-Learning Quality Management Guidelines (Ver.2.0)' of Korea Education & Research Information Service (2008). The results of contents analysis are as follow: First, it was presented that the study guide introduced the contents which should be studied for one class, properly. And it was not analyzed that the diagnosis assesment was not completed in the initiative study; Second, it was possible to study choosing the contents fitting the learner's level of learning in the main study, it was comprised of about 15 minutes. Third, it was performed without feedback for incorrect answers in the learning assessment, just the number of wrong questions. And the learning arrangement present the important contents learned in that class, summarizing and arranging again. The results of content evaluation are as follows: First, a big difference was not showed against the needs analysis, instructional design, interaction in each class. And the evaluation of the ethics was not included a word or sentence not suitable. The evaluation of copyright, it was analyzed that Work within the content display in compliance with international copyright Second, the evaluation of instructional design presented mainly the description of a simple picture based, the visible resources like flash card were poor. And in the evaluation of Supporting System, it was presented that the contents were installed so that it was freely available for learners. But it was analyzed that there was no memo-function learners were able to jot down something during the studying contents. And in the evaluation for evaluation, the clear valuation basis about the described content was not presented. So there were slightly differences for each class. Third, in the evaluation and analysis for learning content, it was presented that there were some big differences for each class because it was not composed of the latest information, not corrected and complementary.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.777-790
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to investigate the experience of teachers who apply Smart-technology in elementary school STEAM class and the reasons, difficulties when applying the technology and required support. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with six elementary school teachers with specialized knowledge in STEAM education who have experienced STEAM lessons several times before. The research findings are as follows: First, research participants utilized a variety of Smart-technology in STEAM class, most of which were experiential or interactive technology. Among the STEAM learning criteria, the Smart-technology in 'Creative Design' course was most often applied. Second, they adopted Smart Technology in STEAM class to encourage students to feel interested, actively participate in the class, enjoy indirect experience, and nurture interest in state-of-the-art technology. They used it to prepare for future societies and organize classes that are suitable for STEAM learning criteria. They also used Smart-technology because it was easy to use. Third, they found it difficult to find, secure, and use suitable Smart-technology when applying Smart-technology in the STEAM class. They also had trouble restructuring the curriculum. In addition, there were difficulties in using Smart-technology in the class such as lack of class hours, increased level of activity, insufficient physical environment and unexpected malfunction of Smart-technology, thus interrupted the class. After the class, it was hard to manage Smart-technology and also, there were difficulties in assessment, record, and negative awareness of surrounding people. Fourth, they mentioned that's suggesting education guidelines, develop, and distribute educational materials are required to enable 'Creative Design,' reduce educational content, provide training, secure Smart-technology equipment and provide Wi-Fi, support teacher's club and communities and create an atmosphere to emotionally support teachers in order to activate using Smart-technology in STEAM class.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.297-304
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• 2007

For large and rapid screening of high-yielding mutants of lovastatin produced by filamentous fungal cells of Aspergillus terreus, one of the most important stage is to test as large amounts of mutated strains as possible. For this purpose, we intended to develop a miniaturized cultivation method using $7m{\ell}$ culture tube instead of traditional $250m{\ell}$ flask (working volume $50m{\ell}$). For obtaining large amounts of conidiospores to be used as inoculums for miniaturized cultures, 4 components i.e., glucose, sucrose, yeast extract and $KH_2PO_4$ were intensively investigated, which had been observed to show positive effect on enhancement of spore production through Plackett-Burman design experimet. When optimum concentrations of these components that were determined through application of response surface method (RSM) based on central composite design (CCD) were used, maximum spore numbers amounting to $1.9\times10^{10}$ spores/plate were obtained, resulting in approximately 190 fold increase as compared to the commonly used PDA sporulation medium. Using the miniaturized cultures, intensive strain development programs were carried out for screening of lovastatin high-yielding as well as highly reproducible mutants. It was observed that, for maximum production of lovastatin, the producers should be activated through 'PaB' adaptation process during the early solid culture stage. In addition, they should be proliferated in condensed filamentous forms in miniaturized growth cultures, so that optimum amounts of highly active cells could be transferred to the production culture-tube as reproducible inoculums. Under these highly controlled fermentation conditions, compact-pelleted morphology of optimum size (less than 1 mm in diameter) was successfully induced in the miniaturized production cultures, which proved essential for maximal utilization of the producers' physiology leading to significantly enhanced production of lovastatin. As a result of continuous screening in the miniaturized cultures, lovastatin production levels of the 81% of the daughter cells derived from the high-yielding producers turned out to be in the range of 80%$\sim$120% of the lovastatin production level of the parallel flask cultures. These results demonstrate that the miniaturized cultivation method developed in this study is efficient high throughput system for large and rapid screening of highly stable and productive strains.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.21-33
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to find applicabilities of human bioclimatic maps, using human thermal sensation(comfort) in summer, with microclimatic in situ data and computer simulation results at the study site of downtown Daegu. This includes the central business district(CBD) area and two urban parks, the Debt Redemption Movement Memorial Park and the 2.28 Park, for urban and landscape planning and design. Climatic data and urban setting information for the analysis of human thermal sensation were obtained from in situ measurement and the geographic information system data. As a result, the CBD had higher air temperature than the parks when the wind speed was low. Relative humidities were opposite to the air temperature. Especially, same directional streets with local wind direction had lower air temperature than streets perpendicular to the wind direction. The most important climatic variable of human thermal sensation in summer was direct beam solar radiation. Also, creating shadow areas would be the most relevant method for modifying hot thermal environments in urban areas. The most effective method of creating shadow patterns was making a tree shadow over a pergola, and the second best one was making a tree shadow on the front of north directional building walls. Moreover, how to plant trees for creating shadow patterns was important as well as what kind of trees should be planted. The results of human thermal sensation were warm to very hot at sunny areas and neutral to warm at shaded ones. At the sunny areas, wide, squared shape areas had a little bit higher thermal sensation than those of narrow streets. The albedo change of building walls 0.15 and ground surface 0.1 could change 1/6 of a sensation level at the shaded areas and 1/3 at the sunny ones. These microclimatic approaches will be useful to find appropriate methods for modifying thermal environments in urban areas.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.81-91
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to establish a system of planning elements necessary for effective healing garden. We suggested new planning parts and elements for healing garden through analyzing prior literature and evaluated the importance of planning elements through expert surveys. The results of the study are stated as follows. First, we suggested five planning parts and 19 planning elements. $\LARGE{\cdot}$ Planning parts: Physical environment, social environment, cognitive environment, functional environment, psychological environment. $\LARGE{\cdot}$ Planning elements: Plant planting, garden view, hydroponic space, shade space, work space, recreation space, community space, exercise space, landmark element, sign system, safe facilities and materials, disaster safety facility, universal design, accessible path, economical maintenance, sight openness, privacy guaranteed, variety of resting space, artistic element. Second, as a result of analyzing the importance of planning elements, the first place was the planting, the second place was the safety facilities for the disaster, and the third was diversity of rest space. In addition, the artistic elements and the landmark elements were ranked 18th and 19th, respectively. Third, we evaluated the level of importance of planning elements and classified it into three groups. The most important A group included two elements(plant planting, disaster safety facility), the next important B group included eleven elements(variety of resting space, community space, hydroponic space, universal design, safe facilities and materials, economical maintenance, accessible path, privacy guaranteed, garden view, work space, sight openness) and the less important C group included six elements(shade space, exercise space, recreation space, sign system, artistic element, landmark element). We suggest that, in creating a healing garden, the two elements in A group are essential elements and the eleven elements in B group should be importantly applied. In addition, the six elements in C group are recognized as arbitrarily selectable elements due to the relatively low importance levels.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.250-257
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• 2015

Multi-leaf collimator (MLC) systems are frequently used to deliver photon-based radiation, and allow conformal shaping of treatment beams. Many proton beam centers currently make use of aperture and snout systems, which involve use of a snout to shape and focus the proton beam, a brass aperture to modify field shape, and an acrylic compensator to modulate depth. However, it needs a lot of time and cost of preparing treatment, therefore, we developed the manual MLC for solving this problem. This study was carried out with the intent of designing an MLC system as an alternative to an aperture block system. Radio-activation and dose due to primary proton beam leakage and the presence of secondary neutrons were taken into account during these iterations. Analytical calculations were used to study the effects of leaf material on activation. We have fabricated tray model for adoption with a wobbling snout ($30{\times}40cm^2$) system which used uniform scanning beam. We designed the manual MLC and tray and can reduce the cost and time for treatment. After leakage test of new tray, we upgrade the tray with brass and made the safety tool. First, we have tested the radio-activation with usually brass and new brass for new manual MLC. It shows similar behavior and decay trend. In addition, we have measured the leakage test of a gantry with new tray and MLC tray, while we exposed the high energy with full modulation process on film dosimetry. The radiation leakage is less than 1%. From these results, we have developed the design of the tray and upgrade for safety. Through the radio-activation behavior, we figure out the proton beam leakage level of safety, where there detects the secondary particle, including neutron. After developing new design of the tray, it will be able to reduce the time and cost of proton treatment. Finally, we have applied in clinic test with original brass aperture and manual MLC and calculated the gamma index, 99.74% between them.