• Title/Summary/Keyword: laboratory experiments

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Development of hydro-mechanical-damage coupled model for low to intermediate radioactive waste disposal concrete silos (방사성폐기물 처분 사일로의 손상연동 수리-역학 복합거동 해석모델 개발)

  • Ji-Won Kim;Chang-Ho Hong;Jin-Seop Kim;Sinhang Kang
    • Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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    • v.26 no.3
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    • pp.191-208
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    • 2024
  • In this study, a hydro-mechanical-damage coupled analysis model was developed to evaluate the structural safety of radioactive waste disposal structures. The Mazars damage model, widely used to model the fracture behavior of brittle materials such as rocks or concrete, was coupled with conventional hydro-mechanical analysis and the developed model was verified via theoretical solutions from literature. To derive the numerical input values for damage-coupled analysis, uniaxial compressive strength and Brazilian tensile strength tests were performed on concrete samples made using the mix ratio of the disposal concrete silo cured under dry and saturated conditions. The input factors derived from the laboratory-scale experiments were applied to a two-dimensional finite element model of the concrete silos at the Wolseong Nuclear Environmental Management Center in Gyeongju and numerical analysis was conducted to analyze the effects of damage consideration, analysis technique, and waste loading conditions. The hydro-mechanical-damage coupled model developed in this study will be applied to the long-term behavior and stability analysis of deep geological repositories for high-level radioactive waste disposal.

Evaluation of applicability of xanthan gum as eco-friendly additive for EPB shield TBM soil conditioning (친환경 첨가제로서 잔탄검의 토압식 쉴드 TBM 쏘일 컨디셔닝 적용성 평가)

  • Suhyeong Lee;Hangseok Choi;Kibeom Kwon;Byeonghyun Hwang
    • Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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    • v.26 no.3
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    • pp.209-222
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    • 2024
  • The Earth Pressure Balance (EPB) shield Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) is widely used for underground tunnel construction for its advantages, such as eliminating the need for additional facilities compared to the slurry shield TBM, which requires Slurry Treatment Plant (STP). During EPB shield TBM excavation, a soil conditioning technique is employed to enhance the physical properties of the excavated soil by injecting additives, thus broadening the range of applicable ground conditions to EPB shield TBMs. This study explored the use of xanthan gum, a type of biopolymer, as an alternative to the commonly used polymer additive. Biopolymers, derived from biological sources, are fully biodegradable. In contrast to traditional polymers such as polyacrylic acid, which contain environmentally harmful components, xanthan gum is gaining attention as an eco-friendly material due to its minimal toxicity and environmental impact. Test conditions with similar workability were established through slump tests, and the rheological characteristics were assessed using a laboratory pressurized vane shear test apparatus. The experiments demonstrated that, despite exhibiting similar workability, the peak strength in the flow curve decreased with increasing the content of xanthan gum. Consequently, a correlation between the xanthan gum content and peak strength was established. Replacing the traditional polymers with xanthan gum could enable stable EPB shield TBM operation by reducing equipment load, in addition to offering environmental benefits.

Research of Diffusion Bonding of Tungsten/Copper and Their Properties under High Heat Flux

  • Li, Jun;Yang, Jianfeng
    • Proceedings of the Materials Research Society of Korea Conference
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    • 2011.05a
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    • pp.14-14
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    • 2011
  • W (tungsten)-alloys will be the most promising plasma facing armor materials in highly loaded plasma interactive components of the next step fusion reactors due to its high melting point, high sputtering resistance and low deuterium/tritium retention. The bonding technology of tungsten to Cu alloy was one of the key issues. In this paper, W/CuCrZr diffusion bonding has been performed successfully by inserting pure metal interlay. The joint microstructure, interfacial elements migration and phase composition were analyzed by SEM, EDS, XRD, and the joint shear strength and micro-hardness were investigated. The mock-ups were fabricated successfully with diffusion bonding and the cladding technology respectively, and the high heat flux test and thermal fatigue test were carried out under actively cooling condition. When Ni foil was used for the bonding of tungsten to CuCrZr, two reaction layers, Ni4W and Ni(W) layer, appeared between the tungsten and Ni interlayer with the optimized condition. Even though Ni4W is hard and brittle, and the strength of the joint was oppositely increased (217 MPa) due primarily to extremely small thicknesses (2~3 ${\mu}m$). When Ti foil was selected as the interlayer, the Ti foil diffused quickly with Cu and was transformed into liquid phase at $1,000^{\circ}C$. Almost all of the liquid was extruded out of the interface zone under bonding pressure, and an extremely thin residual layer (1~2 ${\mu}m$) of the liquid phase was retained between the tungsten and CuCrZr, which shear strength exceeded 160 MPa. When Ni/Ti/Ni multiple interlayers were used for bonding of tungsten to CuCrZr, a large number of intermetallic compound ($Ni_4W/NiTi_2/NiTi/Ni_3T$) were formed for the interdiffusion among W, Ni and Ti. Therefore, the shear strength of the joint was low and just about 85 MPa. The residual stresses in the clad samples with flat, arc, rectangle and trapezoid interface were estimated by Finite Element Analysis. The simulation results show that the flat clad sample was subjected maximum residual stress at the edge of the interface, which could be cracked at the edge and propagated along the interface. As for the rectangle and trapezoid interface, the residual stresses of the interface were lower than that of the flat interface, and the interface of the arc clad sample have lowest residual stress and all of the residual stress with arc interface were divided into different grooved zones, so the probabilities of cracking and propagation were lower than other interfaces. The residual stresses of the mock-ups under high heat flux of 10 $MW/m^2$ were estimated by Finite Element Analysis. The tungsten of the flat interfaces was subjected to tensile stresses (positive $S_x$), and the CuCrZr was subjected to compressive stresses (negative $S_x$). If the interface have a little microcrack, the tungsten of joint was more liable to propagate than the CuCrZr due to the brittle of the tungsten. However, when the flat interface was substituted by arc interfaces, the periodical residual stresses in the joining region were either released or formed a stress field prohibiting the growth or nucleation of the interfacial cracks. Thermal fatigue tests were performed on the mock-ups of flat and arc interface under the heat flux of 10 $MW/m^2$ with the cooling water velocity of 10 m/s. After thermal cycle experiments, a large number of microcracks appeared at the tungsten substrate due to large radial tensile stress on the flat mock-up. The defects would largely affect the heat transfer capability and the structure reliability of the mock-up. As for the arc mock-up, even though some microcracks were found at the interface of the regions, all microcracks with arc interface were divided into different arc-grooved zones, so the propagation of microcracks is difficult.

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Effect of pore-water salinity on freezing rate in application of rapid artificial ground freezing to deep subsea tunnel: concentration of laboratory freezing chamber test (고수압 해저터널에 급속 인공동결공법 적용시 간극수의 염분 농도가 동결속도에 미치는 영향 평가: 실내 동결챔버시험 위주로)

  • Oh, Mintaek;Lee, Dongseop;Son, Young-Jin;Lee, In-Mo;Choi, Hangseok
    • Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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    • v.18 no.5
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    • pp.401-412
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    • 2016
  • It is extremely difficult to apply conventional grouting methods to subsea tunnelling construction in the high water pressure condition. In such a condition, the rapid artificial freezing method can be an alternative to grouting to form a watertight zone around freezing pipes. For a proper design of the artificial freezing method, the influence of salinity on the freezing process has to be considered. However, there are few domestic tunnel construction that adopted the artificial freezing method, and influential factors on the freezing of the soil are not clearly identified. In this paper, a series of laboratory experiments were performed to identify the physical characteristics of frozen soil. Thermal conductivity of the frozen and unfrozen soil samples was measured through the thermal sensor adopting transient hot-wire method. Moreover, a lab-scale freezing chamber was devised to simulate freezing process of silica sand with consideration of the salinity of pore-water. The temperature in the silica sand sample was measured during the freezing process to evaluate the effect of pore-water salinity on the frozen rate that is one of the key parameters in designing the artificial freezing method in subsea tunnelling. In case of unfrozen soil, the soil samples saturated with fresh water (salinity of 0%) and brine water (salinity of 3.5%) showed a similar value of thermal conductivity. However, the frozen soil sample saturated with brine water led to the thermal conductivity notably higher than that of fresh water, which corresponds to the fact that the freezing rate of brine water was greater than that of fresh water in the freezing chamber test.

Applicability of PAM(Polyacrylamide) in Soil Erosion Prevention: Rainfall Simulation Experiments (경사지 토양유실 방지를 위한 PAM(Polyacrylamide) 시제품의 효율성 비교평가: 실내 인공강우 실험)

  • Choi, Bong-Su;Lim, Jung-Eun;Choi, Yong-Beum;Lim, Kyoung-Jae;Choi, Joong-Dae;Joo, Jin-Ho;Yang, Jae-E.;Ok, Yong-Sik
    • Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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    • v.28 no.3
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    • pp.249-257
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    • 2009
  • Surface runoff and erosion are responsible for extensive losses of top soil and agricultural productivity. In this study, a laboratory experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different polyacrylamides (PAM) on the protection of soil from erosion and turbidity in loamy sand soil. To accomplish this, 10 and 40 kg $ha^{-1}$ of PAM were applied to the soil surface. The effects of rainfall on 10 and 20% slopes were then evaluated in the laboratory using a rainfall simulator. After air drying, the surface was subjected to rain at 30 mm $hr^{-1}$. The silt+clay of the runoff from samples treated with 10 kg PAM $ha^{-1}$ reduced by 43% and 13% when the 10% and 20% slopes were evaluated, respectively, when compared with the tap water without PAM treatment as control. The mean contents of silt+clay were reduced as the amount of PAMs applied increased at both slopes. Specifically, samples treated with 40 kg PAM $ha^{-1}$ showed reductions in the silt+clay of the runoff to 88% and 85% when the 10% and 20% slopes were evaluated, respectively, when compared to control. Furthermore, the mean turbidity of runoff in the 40 kg PAM $ha^{-1}$ treatment was reduced to 94.7% and 84.8% when the samples were subjected to 10% and 20% slopes, respectively, when compared to the control. Taken together, these findings indicate that PAM treatment will improve water pollution and agricultural productivity on sloped land via a reduction in soil erosion.

The Effects of Experimental Learning Using Small-Scale Chemistry on the Science Learning Achievement of Elementary School Students and Teachers' Perceptions (Small-Scale Chemistry을 적용한 초등학교 과학실험 수업이 과학 학업성취도에 미치는 영향 및 교사의 인식)

  • Lee, Na-Kyeong;Kim, Sung-Kyu
    • Journal of Science Education
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    • v.38 no.2
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    • pp.302-316
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    • 2014
  • The purpose of this study is to devise a Small-Scale Chemistry (SSC) lab program for primary school learners and to examine its effects on science learning achievement. In addition, it will be examined whether the type of learning groups affects the achievement or not. The participants in the current study were 173 6th graders from 6 classes of Y elementary school in Changwon city, Gyeongnam. Three classes(86) were assigned to the experimental group and the other three, the comparative group after checking the pre-homogeneity between the two groups through t-test on the scores of the science mid-term exam. We conducted five experimental sessions on the Acid and Base in the science textbook for the sixth graders. The students of one experimental class worked in pairs and another class worked individually, but the students of the comparative classes were divided into groups of six(one group with pair, another group with individual work in the SSC program, and the other group conducting the traditional experiment with groups of six students). The data were analyzed by t-test and ANOVA. The results showed that experimental learning using individual work in the SSC program compared to traditional experimental learning was effective in improving science learning achievement. also it was indicated that the teachers could reduce their burden of preparing for classes and of school hours when they utilized the SSC laboratory learning program. Teachers could also actively support students' experimental activities in employing the program. Based on the results, we suggest that the development of the SSC laboratory learning program is meaningful in the sense that this program can help elementary schoolers to improve science learning achievements more than the existing traditional experimental methods.

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Predation Efficiency and Preference of the Hydrophilid Water Beetle Hydrochara affinis (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) Larvae on Two Mosquitos Culex pipiens molestus and Ochlerotatus togoi under Laboratory Conditions (잔물땡땡이(Hydrochara affinis: Hydrophilidae, Coleoptera) 유충의 모기 2종(Culex pipiens molestus 및 Ochlerotatus togoi)에 대한 실내조건에서의 섭식효율 및 선호도)

  • Baek, Hak Myeong;Kim, Dong Gun;Baek, Min Jeong;Lee, Cha Young;Kang, Hyo Jeong;Kim, Myeong Chul;Yoo, Jae Seung;Bae, Yeon Jae
    • Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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    • v.32 no.2
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    • pp.112-117
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    • 2014
  • Predation efficiency and preference of the hydrophilid water beetle, Hydrochara affinis (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae), larvae on two mosquito species, Culex pipiens molestus and Ochlerotatus togoi, were tested under laboratory conditions. Experiments were conducted in a transparent cylindrical plastic container (diameter, 100 mm; height, 40 mm; water level, 15 mm) for 24 hours (16 h, light; 8 h, dark) at $25^{\circ}C$. The predation efficiency of H. affinis on mosquito larvae was investigated under various prey conditions (1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, and 128 larvae) with five replicates. Further, in order to investigate the prey preference on two mosquito species, each 32 larvae of C. pipiens molestus and O. togoi were provided simultaneously for the first instar larva of H. affinis with 5 replicates. As a result, the predation curves of H. affinis on two mosquito species were logarithmic; and the number of consumed prey increased as the number of predator instars were increased. As predicted from the predation curves, the estimated maximum number of C. pipiens molestus and O. togoi consumed by a third instar larva of H. affinis per a day was 926 and 304 larvae, respectively. As predicted from the Holling's disk equation, the differences in consumed prey number between predator instars and prey species were caused by handling time rather than attack rate. Handling time decreased rapidly as the predator larvae grew, and that of O. togoi was twice longer than that of C. pipiens molestus.

Predation, Feeding Preference of Threadsail Filefish Stephanolepis cirrhifer on Different Life Stages of Moon Jellyfish Aurelia aurita s.l. in the Laboratory (전 생활사 단계의 보름달물해파리(Aurelia aurita s.l.)에 대한 쥐치(Stephanolepis cirrhifer)의 포식과 먹이 선호도 실험)

  • Lee, Hye-Eun;Han, Chang-Hoon;Lee, Hye-Hyun;Yoon, Won-Duk
    • The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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    • v.20 no.1
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    • pp.36-42
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    • 2015
  • To determine the predation rate of threadsail filefish, we conducted feeding experiment of threadsail filefish, Stephanolepis cirrhifer on different life stages (medusae, ephyrae, and polyps) of Aurelia aurita s.l. in the laboratory. All size groups of threadsail filefish actively preyed on moon jellyfish Aurelia aurita s.l. and predation rate was proportional to the wet weight of threadsail filefish. Average wet weight 0.5, 1, 2.2 g of threadsail filefish preyed on average $0.77{\pm}0.51g\;fish^{-1}h^{-1}$ of medusae. Average wet weight 150 and 344 g of threadsail filefish preyed on $9.26{\pm}1.61$ and $15.89{\pm}3.67g\;fish^{-1}h^{-1}$ of medusae respectively. In ephyrae and polyps, average wet weight 3.7 g of juvenile of threadsail filefish preyed on 100 ephyrae within 10 minutes and average wet weight 2.2 g of juvenile of threadsail filefish preyed on $5.73{\pm}0.59$ polyps $g^{-1}$ of fish $h^{-1}$. Whereas adults of threadsail filefish did not prey on polyps. In feeding preference experiments to elucidate whether threadsail filefish prey on moon jellyfish in the sea, adults of threadsail filefish preyed on mostly oysters (ca. 60%) and polychaetes (ca. 80%). Medusae were consumed only 2% of total. However, juvenile of threadsail filefish preyed on ephyrae and polyps as well as mysid shrimps. Besides, polyps were consistently consumed during the experiment. Although juvenile of threadsail filefish consumed all kinds of prey, they ceased feeding at temperatures below $11^{\circ}C$, which suggests that possibility of predation on ephyrae may be very low in the sea because ephyrae are released at low temperatures below $11^{\circ}C$ from March to April. Whereas polyps are inhabitable in all seasons in Korean coastal waters, juvenile of threadsail filefish may prey on polyps in the sea. These results suggest that removing moon jellyfish at polyp stage by using juvenile of threadsail filefish is the most effective way for extermination of moon jellyfish.

X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy Study on Surface Interaction of Arsenite onto Two-Line Ferrihydrite at pHs 4 and 10 (pH 4와 10에서의 3가 비소와 Two-Line Ferrihydrite의 표면반응에 대한 X선 흡수 분광 연구)

  • Lee, Woo-Chun;Choi, Sun-Hee;Cho, Hyen-Goo;Kim, Soon-Oh
    • Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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    • v.24 no.2
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    • pp.73-82
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    • 2011
  • X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) study was conducted using arsenite-sorbed two-line ferrihydrite to investigate the mechanism of surface interactions between two-line ferrihydrite and As(III) (arsenite) which are ubiquitous in nature. The two-line ferrihydrite used was synthesized in the laboratory and the study was undertaken at pHs 4 and 10 to compare the difference in mechanisms of surface interaction between acidic and alkaline environments. The effect of arsenite-adsorbed concentrations on surface complexation was investigated at each pH condition as well. From the results of XAS analyses, the structural parameters of arsenite in the EXAFS revealed that the coordination number and distanceof As-O were 3.1~3.3 and 1.74~1.79 ${\AA}$, respectively, which indicate that the unit structure of arsenite complex formed on the surface of two-line ferrihydrite is $AsO_3$. The dominant structures of As(III)-Fe complex were examined to be bidentate binuclear comer-sharing ($^2C$) and the mixture of bidentate mononuclear edge sharing ($^2E$) and $^2C$ appeared as well. At pH 4, arsenite complex showed different structures on the surface of two-line ferrihydrite, depending on the adsorbed concentrations. At pH 10, on the contrary, the surface structures of arsenite complexes were interpreted to be almost identical, irrespective of the adsorbed concentrations of arsenite. Consequently, this microscopic XAS results support the results of macroscopic adsorption experiments in which the surface interaction between arsenite and two-line ferrihydrite is significantly influenced by pH conditions as well as arsenite concentrations.

Adsorption of Arsenic on Goethite (침철석(goethite)과 비소의 흡착반응)

  • Kim, Soon-Oh;Lee, Woo-Chun;Jeong, Hyeon-Su;Cho, Hyen-Goo
    • Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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    • v.22 no.3
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    • pp.177-189
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    • 2009
  • Iron (oxyhydr)oxides commonly form as secondary minerals of high reactivity and large surface area resulting from alteration and weathering of primary minerals, and they are efficient sorbents for inorganic and organic contaminants. Accordingly, they have a great potential in industrial applications and are also of substantial interest in environmental sciences. Goethite (${\alpha}$-FeOOH) is one of the most ubiquitous and stable forms of iron (oxyhydr)oxides in terrestrial soils, sediments, and ore deposits, as well as a common weathering product in rocks of all types. This study focused on adsorption reaction as a main mechanism in scavenging arsenic using goethite. Goethite was synthesized in the laboratory to get high purity, and a variety of mineralogical and physicochemical features of goethite were measured and related to adsorption characteristics of arsenic. To compare differences in adsorption reactions between arsenic species, in addition, a variety of experiments to acquire adsorption isotherm, adsorption edges, and adsorption kinetics were accomplished. The point of zero charge (PZC) of the laboratory-synthesized goethite was measured to be 7.6, which value seems to be relatively higher, compared to those of other iron (oxyhydr)oxides. Its specific surface area appeared to be $29.2\;m^2/g$ and it is relatively smaller than those of other (oxyhydr)oxides. As a result, it was speculated that goethite shows a smaller adsorption capacity. It is likely that the affinity of goethite is much more larger for As(III) (arsenite) than for As(V) (arsenate), because As(III) was observed to be much more adsorbed on goethite than As(V) in equivalent pH conditions. When the adsorption of each arsenic species onto goethite was characterized in various of pH, the adsorption of As(III) was largest in neutral pH range (7.0~9.0) and decreased in both acidic and alkaline pH conditions. In the case of As(V), the adsorption appeared to be highest in the lowest pH condition, and then decreased with an increase of pH. This peculiarity of arsenic adsorption onto goethite might be caused by macroscopic electrostatic interactions due to variation in chemical speciation of arsenic and surface charge of goethite, and also it is significantly affected by change in pH. Parabolic diffusion model was adequate to effectively evaluate arsenic adsorption on goethite, and the regression results show that the kinetic constant of As(V) is larger than that of As(III).