• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.510-525
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to investigate adult learners' experience by studying Humanities & General Education and get to know types and characteristics by classifying their learning experiences. This study uses grounded theory method which is suitable to investigate subjective experiences. In this study, data is collected from 13 adult learners by using Focus Group Interview(FGI) who participate in learning experience of Humanities & General Education of D university in Busan region. The data is categorized by open coding, axial coding and selective coding based on data analysis method of grounded theory and analysis processes. This study provides several outcomes as follows: 113 concepts, 38 subcategories and 16 upper categories are derived through the process of abbreviation and categorization of learning experience of Humanities & General Education. In a process of learning experience, this study shows interrelationship in a frame of paradigm and derives results of a process of abbreviation and categorization casual condition, contextual condition, phenomenon and interaction(help/obstruction factor). Tree types of learning experiences and characteristics are drawn as follows: 1) "Self-realization" is the type who participate in Humanities & General Education with desire of learning and they want to find identity and plan detailed future. 2) "The pursuit of happiness" has less desire on learning than "self-realization" and they are types who participate in Humanities & General Education because of someone else's help and suggestion. 3) "Local community" is the type who participate in Humanities & General Education because they feel necessity of social role and they expect local development based on their interest in local community. Several conclusions and suggestions are provided for further studies.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.316-322
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• 2013

In order to evaluate the genetic diversity and discrimination among five Korean native chicken lines, a total of 86 individuals were genotyped using 150 microsatellite (MS) markers, and 15 highly polymorphic MS markers were selected. Based on the highest value of the number of alleles, the expected heterozygosity (He) and polymorphic information content (PIC) for the selected markers ranged from 6 to 12, 0.466 to 0.852, 0.709 to 0.882 and 0.648 to 0.865, respectively. Using these markers, the calculated genetic distance (Fst), the heterozygote deficit among chicken lines (Fit) and the heterozygote deficit within chicken line (Fis) values ranged from 0.0309 to 0.2473, 0.0013 to 0.4513 and -0.1002 to 0.271, respectively. The expected probability of identity values in random individuals (PI), random half-sib ($PI_{half-sibs}$) and random sibs ($PI_{sibs}$) were estimated at $7.98{\times}10^{-29}$, $2.88{\times}10^{-20}$ and $1.25{\times}10^{-08}$, respectively, indicating that these markers can be used for traceability systems in Korean native chickens. The unrooted phylogenetic neighbor-joining (NJ) tree was constructed using 15 MS markers that clearly differentiated among the five native chicken lines. Also, the structure was estimated by the individual clustering with the K value of 5. The selected 15 MS markers were found to be useful for the conservation, breeding plan, and traceability system in Korean native chickens.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.18-27
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• 2006

Smoking is well known to be associated with increased indices of tree radical-mediated damage of DNA, indicating that smoking may exacerbate the initiation and propagation of oxidative stresses, which are potential underlying processes in the pathogenesis of many diseases. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether a daily regimen of green vegetable drink supplementation to smokers can be protective against endogenous lymphocytic DNA damage and whether it could enhance other antioxidant status. Twenty nonsmokers and nineteen smokers aged 23-60 were given 240 ml of green vegetable drink every day for 8 weeks in addition to their normal diet, and blood samples were drawn before and after the intervention. The 8 weeks of green vegetable drink consumption resulted in a significant decrease (p = 0.000, by paired t-test) in lymphocyte DNA damage expressed by TL (before: $63.13{\pm}1.05$ vs after: $37.86{\pm}10.83$, before: $66.73{\pm}1.24$ vs after: $36.51{\pm}1.13$), TM (before: $14.55{\pm}0.61$ vs after: $6.61{\pm}0.25$, before: $15.36{\pm}0.45$ vs after: $6.65{\pm}0.38$) and $\%$ DNA in tail (before: $19.7{\pm}0.41$ vs after: $16.6{\pm}0.37$, before: $20.6{\pm}0.31$ vs after: $17.1{\pm}0.5$) in both nonsmokers and smokers respectively. Vitamin C and TRAP level was not significantly changed after the supplementation. In conclusion, these results support the hypothesis that green vegetable drink exert a cancer-protective effect partially via a decrease in oxidative damage to DNA.

• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Health Society Conference
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• 2005.06a
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• pp.45-72
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• 2005

C. neoformans-associated cryptococcosis is primarily a disease of immunocompromised persons, has a world-wide distribution, and is often spread by pigeons in the urban environment. In contrast, C. gattii causes infection in normal hosts, has only been described in tropical and semi-tropical areas of the world, and has a unique niche in river gum Eucalyptus trees. Cryptococcosis is acquired through inhalation of the yeast propagules from the environment. C. gattii has been identified as the cause of an emerging infectious disease centered on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. No cases of C. gattii-disease were diagnosed prior to 1999; the current incidence rate is 36 cases per million population. A search was initiated in 2001 to find the ecological niche of this basidiomycetous yeast. C. gaftii was found in the environment in treed areas of Vancouver Island. The highest percentage of colonized-tree clusters were found around central Vancouver Island, with decreasing rates of colonization to the north and south. Climate, soil and vegetation cover of this area, called the Coastal Douglas fir biogeoclimatic zone, is unique to British Columbia and Canada. The concentration of airborne C. gattii was highest in the dry summer months, and lowest during late fall, winter, and early spring, months which have heavy rainfall. The study of the emerging colonization of this organism and subsequent cases of environmentally acquired disease will be informative in planning public health management of new routes of exposure to exotic agents in areas impacted by changing climate and land use patterns. Cryptococcosis is an infection associated with an encapsulated, basidiomycetous yeast Cryptococcus neoformans. The route of entry for this organism is through the lungs, with possible systemic spread via the circulatory system to the brain and meninges. There are four cryptococcal serogroups associated with disease in humans and animals, distinguished by capsular polysaccharide antigens. Cryptococcus neoformans: variety grubii (serotype A), variety neoformans (serotype D), and variety gattii (serotypes B and C) (Franzot et at. 1999). C. neoformans variety gattii has recently been elevated to species status, C. gattii. C. neoformans val. grubii and var. neoformans have a world-wide distribution, and are particularly associated with soil and weathered bird droppings. In contrast, C. gattii (CG) is not associated with bird excrement, is primarily found in tropical and subtropical climates, and has a restricted environmental niche associated with specific tree species. (Ellis & Pfiffer 1990) Ellis and Pfeiffer theorize that, as a basidiomycete, CG requires an association with a tree in order to become pathogenic to mammals. In Australia, CG has been found to be associated with five species of Eucalypts, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, E. tereticornis, E. blakelyi, E. gomphocephala, and E. rudis. Eucalypts, although originally native to Australia, now have a world-wide distribution. CG has been found associated with imported eucalypts in India, California, Brazil, and Egypt. In addition, in Brazil and Columbia, where eucalypts have been naturalized, native trees have been shown to harbour CG (Callejas et al. 1998; Montenegro et al. 2000). In British Columbia, Canada, since the beginning of 1999, there have been 120 confirmed cases of cryptococcal mycoses associated with CG in humans, including 4 fatalities (data from British Columbia Centre for Disease Control), and over 200 cases in animal pets in BC (data from Central Laboratory for Veterinarians). What is remarkable about the BC outbreak of C. gattii-cryptococcosis is that all of the cases have been residents of, or visitors to, a narrow area along the eastern coast of Vancouver Island, BC, from the tip of the island in the south (Victoria) to Courtenay on the north-central island as illustrated in Figure 1. Of the first 38 human cases, 58% were male with a mean age of 59.7 years (range 20 - 82): 36 cases (95%) were Caucasian. Ten cases (26%) presented with meningitis, the remainder presented with respiratory symptoms. Cultures recovered from cases of cryptococcosis associated with the outbreak were typed as serogroup B, which is specific to CG (Bartlett et al. 2003). This was the first reported outbreak of CVG in Canada, or indeed, the world. Where infection with CG is endemic, for example, Australia, the incidence of cryptococcosis ranges from 1.8 - 4.7 per million between the southern and northern states (Sorrell 2001). However, the overall incidence of cryptococcosis in immunocompenent individuals has been estimated at 0.2 per million population per year (Kwon-Chung et al. 1984). The population of Vancouver Island is approximately 720,000,consequently, even if the organism were endemic, one would expect a maximum of 0.15 cases of cryptococcal disease annually.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.80-89
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• 2007

Two endogenous endo-${\beta}$-1,4-D-glucanase (EGase, EC 3.2.1.4) cDNAs were cloned from the midgut of the earthworm Eisenia anderi, and named EaEG2 and EaEG3, respectively. A sequence of 1,368 bp was determined and the coding region is composed of 456 amino acid residues including the initiation methionine. The N-terminal region of 20 residues in the deduced sequence was regarded as the signal peptide. These EGases belong to glycosyl hydrolase family 9 (GHF9) and showed high levels of identity(51-55%) with selected termite, cockroache, crayfish and mollusc EGases. The EGases of earthworm consist of three consensus catalytic domains found in most microbial cellulases. A phylogenetic tree was constructed using the deduced amino acid sequence data matched through the BLASTX program and showed that GHF9 families could be divided into five groups of arthropoda, bacteria, plant, annelida and mollusc.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.158-167
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• 2016

A pathogen that causes a new disease on green pumpkin in the nursery and the field was characterized and identified. Symptoms of the disease on green pumpkin were water soaking lesions and spots with strong yellow halo on leaf, brown lesion on flower, and yellow spot on fruit. The bacterial isolates from the leaf spot were pathogenic on the 8 curcubitaceae crop plants, green pumpkin, figleaf gourd, wax gourd, young pumpkin, zucchini, cucumber, melon, and oriental melon, whereas they did not cause the disease on sweet pumpkin and watermelon. They were Gram-negative, rod shape with polar flagella, fluorescent on King's B agar and LOPAT group 1a by LOPAT test. Their Biolog substrate utilization patterns were similar to Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae's in Biolog database. Phylogenetic trees with 16S rRNA gene sequences and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) with nucleotide sequences of 4 housekeeping genes, gapA, gltA, gyrB, rpoD and those of P. syringae complex strains in the Plant Associated and Environmental Microbes Database (PAMDB) showed that the green pumpkin isolates formed in the same clade with P. syringae pv. syringae strains. The clade in MLST tree was in the genomospecies 1 group. The phenotypic and genotypic characteristics suggested that the isolates from green pumpkin lesion were P. syringae pv. syringae.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.8-15
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• 2010

The effect of soil salinity and soil-wetting by rise of water table on the growth of fruit trees was studied to obtain information for orchard establishment in the Saemangeum reclaimed tidal land. Survival ratio of trees was 85%for grape, 31%for fig, 15%for apple and pear, and near zero for peach and blueberry. Wet injury induced by water-logged or flooded condition, rather than salt injury(soil EC was lower than 3.0dS $m^{-1}$ during growing period) is thought to be more responsible for low survival ratio of fruit trees transplanted in Saemangeum area. During the summer raining season in the reclaimed areas, the soil salinity tends to be decreased by natural rainfall effect, and the rainfall acceptable capacity(RAC) of soils dramatically is reduced(10-24 mm) as rainfall is continued to occur. In spite of high hydraulic conductivity(121 cm $day^{-1}$) of soils across the area, low RAC of soils might be due to high soil saturation and elevated water table during summer raining season. Therefore, the installation of effective drainage system should be the primary factor determining successful establishment of orchard in the Saemangeum reclaimed tidal land.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.15-26
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• 2015

In this study, genotyping was executed by using 27 microsatellite markers for genetic diversity of 469 Korean Native Chickens [20 population, each population is 24 samples but Hanhyup A line is 13 samples). in total 469 samples were collected from National Institute of Animal Science (Korean Native Chicken (NR, NY, NG, NL and NW), Ogye (NO), Leghorn F,K (NF and NK), Black and Brown cormish (NH and NS), Rhode Island Red C, D (NC and ND), Total is 12 populations] and Hanhyup [H line (HH), F line (HF), G line (HG), V line (HV), S line (HS), W line (HW), Y line (HY), A line (HA), total is 8 populations]. [The allele number were observed 5 (ADL0268) to 20 (MCW0127) each markers. Observed heterozygostiy ($H_{obs}$), expected heterozygosity ($H_{exp}$), polymorphism Information Content (PIC) were observed 0.359 to 0.677, 0.668 to 0.881 and 0.646 to 0.869, respectively. Using these markers, the calculated the heterozygote deficit within chicken line ($F_{is}$) value each population from mean 0.117. Phylogenetic tree showing the genetic relationship among 20 population using standard genetic distance calculated from 27 microsatellite markers. genetic distances revealed the closest (0.175) between NC and ND. on the other hand, Farthest genetic distances (0.710) revealed between NF and HV. STRUCTURE analysis and Principal Components Analysis (PCA) showed that results of similar phylogenetic tree. The expected probability of identity values on random individuals (Total population and only Hanhyup line) was estimated at $8.80{\times}10^{-83}$ and $3.87{\times}10^{-117}$, respectively. In conclusion, This study shows the useful data that be utilized as a basic data of Korean Native Chicken breeding and development for commercial chicken industry to meet the consumer's demand.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.377-385
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• 2017

Estimates of evolutionary sequence divergence and inference of a phylogenetic tree for eight delphacid planthopper species were based on the full-length nucleotide sequence of the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region. Size of the ITS2 DNA sequence varied from 550 bp in Sogatella furcifera to 699 bp in Nilaparvata muiri. Nucleotide sequence distance ($d{\pm}S.E.$) was lowest between N. muiri and N. bakeri ($0.001{\pm}0.001$), and highest between Ecdelphax cervina and Stenocranus matsumurai ($0.579{\pm}0.021$). Sequence distance between N. lugens and other planthoppers ranged from $0.056{\pm}0.008$ (N. muiri) to $0.548{\pm}0.021$ (S. matsumurai). In the neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree, all planthoppers were clustered separately into a species group, except N. muiri and N. bakeri. The ITS2 nucleotide sequence of N. lugens was used to design four loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) primer sets (BPH-38, BPH-38-1, BPH-207, and BPH-92) for N. lugens species-specific detection. After the LAMP reaction of three rice planthoppers, N. lugens, S. furcifera, and Laodelphax striatellus, with the four LAMP primer sets for 60 min at $65^{\circ}C$, LAMP products were observed in the genomic DNA of N. lugens only. In the BPH-92 LAMP primer set, the fluorescence relative to that of the negative control differed according to the amount of DNA (0.1 ng, 10 ng, and 100 ng) and incubation duration (20 min, 30 min, 40 min, and 60 min). At $65^{\circ}C$ incubation, the difference was clearly observed after 40 min with 10 ng and100 ng, but with a 60-min incubation period, the minimum DNA needed was 0.1 ng. However, there was little difference in fluorescence among all DNA amounts tested with 20 or 30 min incubations.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.106 no.4
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• pp.450-456
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• 2017

This study was conducted to develop estimated equation for mortality rates (volume of dead trees, %) on coniferous and broad-leaved forests, representative forest types of South Korea. There were 6 equation models applied for estimating mortality such as a exponential equation, a Hamilton equation and variables using were DBH, basal area, and site index. Raw data used for estimating mortality were $5^{th}$ and $6^{th}$ national forest inventory data, and mortality was calculated with the difference of stocks between lived trees and dead trees by each sample plots. The most applicable equation to describe mortality on coniferous forest and broad-leaved forest was indicated as $P=(1+e^{(a+b{\times}DBH+c{\times}BA+d{\times}no\_ha+e{\times}density)})^{-1}$ and their goodness of fit showed 34% and 51% respectively. Goodness of fit in both equations were not much high because there were various factors which affect the mortality such as topographic conditions, soil characteristic, climatic factors, site quality, and competition. Therefore, it is considered that explaining mortality in forest with only 2 or 3 variables like DBH, basal area used in this analysis could be very difficult facts. However, this study is certainly worth in that there is no useful information on mortality by each forest type throughout the country at the present, and we would make an effort to promote the fitness of estimated equation for mortality adding competition index, tree crown density etc.