• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.136-148
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• 2004

Objective: Recently scolopendrid aquacupuncture has been a good effect on pain control but it has not been known about clinical safety. So, In order to prove the clinical safety of scolopendrid aquacupuncture, We have observed the physical reac-tion and clinical pathology test after scolopendrid aquacupuncture treatment. Methods: We analyzed physical reaction and clinical pathology test before and after Scolopendrid aquacupuncture treatment of 30 patients suffering from pain, who admitted department of Acupunture and Moxibustion, College of Oriental Medicine, Won-Kwang University Kwangju hospital. Results & Conclusions: The results were summarized as follows. 1) The distribution of sex was 14 males and 16 females, and the average of patients age was 46.2 years. 2) The distribution of symptom was lumbago, lumbago with radiating pain, nuchal pain and knee joint pain. 3) In the 30 patients treated with Scolopendrid aquacupuncture, hematologic test did not show remarkable change. 4) In the 30 patients treated with Scolopendrid aquacupuncture, Liver function test(AST, ALT, ALP) showed a slight decrease on the contrary, and abnormal rate showed a decrease of 1.0%(from 3.3% to 2.3%) compared with previous study. 5) In the 30 patients treated with Scolopendrid aquacupuncture, Renal function test(BUN, Cr) and abnormal rate(from 2.5% to 2.0%) showed a slight decrease on the contrary. 6) In the 30 patients treated with Scolopendrid aquacupuncture. Electrolyte were normal range before & after treatment. 7) In the results of the Urine analysis of 30 patients, Leukocyte, Protein. Glucose, Keton, Bilirubin, U-bilinogen were not detected before and after Scolopendrid aquacupuncture treatment, and the rest almost made no difference. 8) In the Physical reactions, all of the patients complained of pain of body partially, only one patient showed reddish and itch, but symptoms like those were entirely disappeared within 24 hours and whole body pain, swelling, headache, dizziness, fatigue and nausea was not observed.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.57-64
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• 2012

Ball shear test was performed by test variables such as loading speed and annealing time in order to investigate the effect of surface finishes on the bonding strength of Sn-1.2Ag-0.7Cu-0.4In Pb-free solder. The shear strength increased and the ductility decreased with increasing shear speed. With increasing shear speed, the electroless nickel immersion gold (ENIG) finish showed dominant brittle fracture mode, while organic solderability preservative (OSP) finish showed pad open fracture mode. The shear strength and toughness for both surface finishes decreased with increasing annealing time under the high-speed shear test of 500 mm/s. Typically, the thickness of intermetallic compound increased with increasing annealing time, which means that exposure of brittle fracture became much easier. With increasing annealing time, the both ENIG and OSP finishes exhibited the pad open fracture mode. Overall, ENIG finish showed higher shear strength rather than OSP finish due to its superior barrier stability.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.167-181
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• 2007

Objectives: To evaluate expression of MIF mRNA, MIF, $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IL-6R-{\alpha}$, STAT-3, $NF-{\kappa}B$ p65, COX-2 and iNOS, MMP-9mRNA after injecting deer antler herbal acupuncture solution in a LPS rat model. Methods: The experiment was divided in category of the control group, RA group, and NA group. RA was induced in the mice via injecting 300ug/kg LPS. The deer antler herbal acupuncture solution 50ug/kg was applied on $ST_{35}$(犢鼻) and EX-LE201(內膝眼) for 19days from $3^{rd}$ day of RA inducement. Results: 1. In the deer antler herbal acupuncture solution treated RAW 264.7cell, the mRNA expression of cytokines, RA related inflammation factors, such as the MIF, COX- 2, iNOS, and MMP-g reduced concentration dependently. 2. In the deer antler herbal acupuncture treated mice's synovial membrane, decrease in the cell replication of synovial joint cells, regeneration of blood vessel, fibrosis and fibroblastic cells expansion were observed. 3. Positive reaction of RA-related cytokines MIF, $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IL-6R-{\alpha}$, STAT3, COX-2, iNOS, $NF-\;{\kappa}B$ p65, MMP-9 was reduced. Conclusion : On the basis of the results, it was concluded that deer antler herbal acupuncture extract has significant protecting ability against acute progressive RA by inhibiting the production of MIF, as a top in cytokines related to inflammation.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.313-326
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• 2015

Objective: The objective of this research is to quantitatively analyze muscle activities of arm and shoulder, according to direction in various types of one-handed manual material handling, based on surface electromyography. Background: Workers in industrial sites frequently carry out one-handed manual material handling using arm and shoulder muscles. Therefore, chronic load and accumulated fatigue occur to arm and shoulder muscles, which becomes a main cause of upper arm and shoulder musculoskeletal disorders. The shoulder muscles have widely range of motion, and complex interactions take place among various muscles including rotator cuff muscles. In this regard, research on interactions among should muscles, according to such various dynamic motions, is required. Method: Ten male subjects in their 20s participated in this research. This research considered upward, downward, leftward, rightward, forward and backward directions and fourteen muscles around arm and shoulder (biceps brachii and trapezius, etc.) as independent variables. The mean muscle activity was set as the dependent variable. This research extracted $4^{th}{\sim}7^{th}$ repetition signals according to ten times of repetitive muscle contraction, and analyzed the muscle activity concerned using the envelope detection technique. Results: The mean muscle activity of upward direction was analyzed highly statistically significant. The reason is that the effect of gravity works to arm and shoulder muscles. Also, it is conjectured that deformation of coracoacromial ligament was caused, and its contact pressure increased, due mainly to the shoulder flexion, and therefore load was analyzed high. Muscle activity was analyzed significantly low, according to concentric ballistic motion used in the concentric contraction phase by storing elastic energy in the eccentric contraction phase with a motion to bring the weight to the front of subject's body as to downward, leftward and backward directions. Because, elbow joint's flexion-extension motions mainly occurred, biceps brachii was analyzed high muscle activity as the prime mover. Conclusion: The information on the quantitative load of muscles can be applied to ergonomic work design for one-handed manual material handling to minimize muscle load. Application: This research has effectively identified muscle activity according to dynamic contraction by applying an envelope detection technique. The results can be used for ergonomic work design to minimize muscle load during the one-handed manual material handling, according to each direction. The research results are expected to be used for musculoskeletal disorder prevention and physiotherapy in the rehabilitation medical field, based on the muscle load of arm and shoulder in various directions.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.642-653
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• 2006

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the output energy(voltage) of laser welding on the strength and properties of joint of cast titanium(CP Gr II) and titanium alloy(Ti-6Al-4V). Material and method : Cast titanium and its alloy rods(ISO6871) were prepared and perpendicularly cut at the center of the rod. After the cut halves were fixed in a jig, and the joints welded with a laser-welding machine at several levels of output voltage of $200V{\sim}280V$. Uncut specimens served as the non-welded control specimens The pulse duration and pulse spot size employed in this study were 10ms and 1.0mm respectively. Tensile testing was conducted at a crosshead speed of 0.5mm/min. The ultimate tensile strength(MPa) was recorded, and the data (n=6) were statistically analyzed by one-way analysis of variance(ANOVA) and Scheffe's test at ${\alpha}$=0.05. The fracture surface of specimens investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Vickers microhardness was measured under 500g load of 15seconds with the optimal condition of output voltage 280V. Results : The results of this study were obtained as follows, 1. When the pulse duration and spot size were fixed at 10ms and 1.0mm respectively, increasing the output energy(voltage) increased UTS values and penetration depth of laser welded to titanium and titanium alloy. 2. For the commercial titanium grade II, ultimate tensile strength(665.3MPa) of the specimens laser-welded at voltage of 280V were not statistically(p>0.05) different from the non-welded control specimens (680.2MPa). 3. For the titanium alloy(Ti-6Al-4V), ultimate tensile strength(988.3MPa) of the specimens laser-welded at voltage of 280V were statistically(p<0.05) different from the non-welded control specimens (665.0MPa). 4. The commercial titanium grade II and titanium alloy(Ti-6Al-4V) were Vickers microhardness values were increased in the fusion zone and there were no significant differences in base metal, heat-affected zone.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.28-36
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• 2012

This study used an unstable platform to change the support surface type and position of both lower limbs in order to determine changes in weight distribution and muscle including the vastus medialis, tibialis anterior, lateral hamstring, and lateral gastrocnemius of both lower limbs were evaluated during knee joint flexing and extending in a semi-squat movement in 32 hemiplegic patients. The support surface conditions applied to the lower limbs were divided into four categories: condition 1 had a stable platform for both lower limbs; condition 2 had an unstable platform for the non-hemiplegic side and a stable platform for the hemiplegic side; condition 3 had a stable platform for the non-hemiplegic side and an unstable platform for the hemiplegic side; and condition 4 had an unstable platform for both sides. The normalized EMG activity levels of muscles and weight bearing ratio of both sides in the four surface conditions were compared using repeated measures ANOVA. A significant increase was found in the weight support distribution for the hemiplegic side in flexing and extending sessions in condition 2 compared to the other conditions (p<.05). A statistically significant decrease in significant decrease in asymmetrical weight bearing in flexing and extending sessions was observed for condition 2 compared to the other conditions (p<.05). A similar significant decrease was found in differences in muscular activity for both lower limbs in condition 2 (p<.05). The muscular activity of the hemiplegic side, based on the support surface for each muscle showed a significantly greater increase in condition 2 (p<.05). An unstable platform for the non-hemiplegic side and a stable platform for the hemiplegic side therefore increased symmetry in terms of the weight support distribution rate and muscle activity of lower limbs in hemiplegic patients. The problem of postural control due to asymmetry in hemiplegic patients should be further studied with the aim of developing continuous effects of functional training based on the type and position of the support surfaces and functional improvement.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.31 no.3A
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• pp.215-225
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• 2011

In general, the precast columns can obtain its homogeneous quality as they are produced in a factory with a hollow concrete block type by using high strength concrete, so that they can generate the reduction of dead load. Such a method of precast hollow concrete columns is already implemented in USA and Japan and used for connecting between blocks which use PC tendons. However, it is inevitable to have uneconomical construction with excessive cost in early stage when PC tendons are used. This study aims to develop an economical precast column with high quality and constructability which consists of only splice sleeve and general reinforcing bar without using PC tendons in order to reduce the construction period and cost. To achieve this goal, this study tested the performance of total 5 minimized models in the experiment with the variables such as hollowness, diameter of main reinforcement bar and cross-sectional size for the cross section of precast column by using grouting type splice sleeve which is a new type joint rebar. And it also verified the performance of column in the experiment for a large-sized model in order to overview its applicability by excluding large scale effect.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.73-94
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• 2008

When individuals collaborated in virtual settings, communication is medicated through a variety of communication technologies, and is associated not only with communication effectiveness but also with socio-emotional interactions among group members. In this regards, scholars have examined how technology-mediated communication systems can be designed and used to facilitated communication interaction. However, the empirical results of the previous studies have revealed inconsistencies in the effects of communication media on users' behavioral or attitudinal responses, and on their viable effectiveness in organizations. Some studies claim that computer-mediated communication(CMC) is task-oriented but not suitable for emotional expression since it hinders close interpersonal interaction. On the other hand, some studies argue that individuals are able to develop interpersonal relationships more effectively in a CMC environment than in an FtF-environment. Due to the different perspectives, a theoretical gap exists, and it leads to the inconsistent research findings. The purpose of this paper is to combine the two different perspectives into single unified model, thereby providing a more realistic and comprehensive understanding about virtual collaboration. The present study here sought to answers the following questions with organizational communication perspective: What are the major components of virtual collaboration? What factors affect the performance of virtual collaboration? And what kind of managerial efforts should organization make in order to facilitate CMC media effectiveness in virtual collaboration? Although there is a certain belief that new media, namely technology-mediated communication support would create new opportunities, the problem of "how" or "why" has been an important question that is still not fully addressed. In this regards, we collectively reexamined previous literatures with major issues which are still controversial and integrated various theoretical activity within computer-mediated communication domain: task-oriented approach, socio-emotional approach, and evolutionary psychological approach. Our first contribution is to develop a framework for virtual collaboration by combining two different perspectives into a single unified model, providing a more realistic and comprehensive understanding. The second main contribution is the joint modeling of both social presence and cognitive effort, and the effects on two distinct but important communication outcomes(i.e., take performance and relational development). We tested the research hypotheses which were developed based on the various CMC theories using data gathered through a self-administered mail survey of 127 individuals of 69 virtual workgroups. The proposed model was supported, providing preliminary evidence that the tension between two opposite view should be integrated. The results show that the individual's psychological processes(social presence and cognitive effort) in a virtual environment significantly mediated the effect of CMC inputs (media richness, user adaptation, and shared contest) on the CMC outputs (task performance and relational development). Furthermore, this study shows that the lack of perceived media richness of CMC media can be complemented by user adaptation and shared context. Based on the results, we discuss how communication system should be designed and implemented so as to promote virtual interaction as well as how a virtual workgroup should be composed to complement the lack of media richness. A virtual collaboration using CMC media may create new value by overcoming the logistical constraints. On the other hand, it may also generate various managerial risks such as communicational depersonalization, process dissatisfaction, and low cohesion. Therefore, this study suggests that organization managers should carefully choose the CMC mediums and monitor individual member's cognitive and affective psychological processes during virtual collaboration to reduce potential risks in virtual collaboration.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.1693-1697
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• 2012

Objective: To explore the effect on radiosensitivity of arsenic trioxide ($As_20_3$) in conjunction with hyperthermia on the esophageal carcinoma EC-1 cell line. Method: Inhibition of EC-1 cell proliferation at different concentrations of $As_20_3$ was assessed using the methyl thiazolyl blue colorimetric method (MTT method), with calculation of $IC_{50}$ value and choice of 20% of the $IC_{50}$ as the experimental drug concentration. Blank control, $As_20_3$, hyperthermia, radiotherapy group, $As_20_3$ + hyperthermia, $As_20_3$ + radiotherapy, hyperthermia + radiotherapy and $As_20_3$ + hyperthermia + radiotherapy groups were established, and the cell survival fraction (SF) was calculated from flat panel colony forming analysis, and fitted by the 'multitarget click mathematical model'. Flow cytometry (FCM) was used to detect changes in cell apoptosis and the cell cycle. Results: $As_20_3$ exerted inhibitory effects on proliferation of esophageal carcinoma EC-1 cells, with an $IC_{50}$ of 18.7 ${\mu}mol/L$. After joint therapy of $As_20_3$ + hyperthermia + radiotherapy, the results of FCM showed that cells could be arrested in the $G_2$/M phase, and as the ratio of cells in $G_0/G_1$ and S phases decreased, cell death became more pronounced. Conclusion: $As_20_3$ and hyperthermia exert radiosensitivity effects on esophageal carcinoma EC-1 cells, with synergy in combination. Mechanistically, $As_20_3$ and hyperthermia mainly influence the cell cycle distribution of EC-1 esophageal carcinoma cells, decreasing the repair of sublethal damage and inducing apoptosis, thereby enhancing the killing effects of radioactive rays.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.47-56
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• 2020

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of upper extremity volume, pain, and range of motion after participation in thera-band exercises according to the hand grip type in patients with breast cancer with upper extremity edema. We also aimed to determine the most efficient type of grip. Methods : The subjects were 10 female patients diagnosed with stage 2 breast cancer who had stage 2 lymphedema. Randomly, 5 patients each were allocated to the experimental and control groups. For six weeks, the patients in both the experimental and control groups exercised daily. In both groups, manual lymph drainage was applied for 1 hour. Afterward, patients in the experimental group placed their hands in the thera-band ring and exercised with their fingers outstretched. Patients in the control group exercised while holding the thera-band ring with a finger. Both the experimental group and the control group underwent measurements of the circumference of the upper extremity, pain, and range of motion of the shoulder joint at weeks 1, 2, 4, and 6 before and after exercise. Results : The upper arm circumference decreased by more in the experimental group in all weeks than before than that in the control group, and there was a statistically significant difference at 6 weeks. Compared with the difference between pre-exercise and 6 weeks post-exercise, the change in pain significantly decreased in the experimental group and showed a statistically significant difference. The shoulder range of motion increased in extension, external rotation, and internal rotation compared with that in the control group, and there was a statistically significant difference. Although the operating range increased in flexion and abduction, there were no statistically significant differences. Conclusion : In this study, we found that thera-band exercises with an open-hand grip are more efficient than thera-band exercises with a closed-hand grip in edema reduction, pain, and range of motion. In addition, it was found that it was more effective to continue the thera-band exercises with open-hand grip extended for at least 6 weeks rather than for a short time.