• Advances in environmental research
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.167-177
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• 2013

We investigated that removal of aqueous U(VI) by nano-sized Zero Valent Iron (nZVI) and Fe(II) bearing minerals (controls) in this study. Iron particles showed different U(VI) removal efficiencies (Mackinawite: 99%, green rust: 95%, nZVI: 91%, magnetite: 87%, pyrite: 59%) due to their different PZC (Point of Zero Charge) values and surface areas. In addition, noticeable amount of surface Fe(II) (181 ${\mu}M$) was released from nZVI suspension in 6 h and it increased to 384 ${\mu}M$ in the presence of U(VI) due to ion-exchange of U(VI) with Fe(II) on nZVI surface. Analysis of Laser-Induced Breakdown Detection (LIBD) showed that breakdown probabilities in both filtrates by 20 and 200 nm sizes was almost 24% in nZVI suspension with U(VI), while 1% of the probabilities were observed in nZVI suspension without U(VI). It indicated that Fe(II) colloids in the range under 20 nm were generated during the interaction of U(VI) and nZVI. Our results suggest that Fe(II) colloids generated via ion-exchange process should be carefully concerned during long-term remediation site contaminated by U(VI) because U could be transported to remote area through the adsorption on Fe(II) colloids.

• 멤브레인
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.315-324
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• 2023

이온교환막은 전기막 공정의 성능을 결정하는 핵심 구성 요소이다. 본 총설에서는 다양한 전기막 공정에 적용되는 이온교환막의 성능을 탄소계 및 금속계 나노물질을 이용한 개질을 통해 향상시킨 최신 연구 동향을 살펴보았다. 나노물질들은 다양한 방법을 통해 이온교환막에 도입될 수 있다. 특히 탄소계 나노물질은 화학적 개질을 통해 추가적인 기능기를 도입함으로써 고분자 사슬과의 상호작용을 강화할 수 있다. 이를 통해 이온교환막의 이온전도도를 개선시킬 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 적층 구조를 통한 체거름 현상으로 이온 선택 투과성을 향상시킬 수 있다. 한편, 금속계 나노물질은 적층 구조 혹은 다공성 구조를 갖는 특성을 이용하여 이온교환막 내에서 목적 이온과 배제 이온 간의 수화 반경 차이를 이용한 체거름 특성을 통해 이온 선택 투과성을 향상시킬 수 있다. 또한, 사용한 바인더의 특성에 따라서는 나노물질-바인더 간의 상호작용을 통해 이온전도도도 향상시킬 수 있다. 본 총설로부터 탄소계 및 금속계 나노물질을 이용하여 이온교환막의 특성을 효과적으로 조절할 수 있으며, 따라서 이에 관한 연구가 전기막 공정의 성능을 크게 향상시키기 위해 중요함을 확인할 수 있다.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.16-23
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• 2023

Heavy metal (Zinc, Cadmium, Lead) adsorption onto surface modified activated carbon was performed in order to better understand the effect of sodium ion addition to activated carbon. Surface modification methods in this research included water washing, nitric acid washing, and sodium addition after nitric acid washing. These surface modifications generated oxygen functional groups with sodium ions on the surface of the activated carbon.. This caused the change of the specific surface area as well as in the ratio of the carboxyl groups. Heavy metal adsorption onto sodium-containing activated carbon was the most among the three modifications. After the adsorption of heavy metals, the carboxyl group ratio decreased and sodium ions on the surface of the activated carbon were almost non-existent after the adsorption of heavy metals onto sodium-containing activated carbon. The results from this research indicated that ion exchange with sodium ions in carboxyl groups effectively improved heavy metal adsorption rather than electrostatic adsorption and hydrogen ion exchange.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제22권8호
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• pp.1009-1017
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• 2013

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctyl sulfonate (PFOS) is a new persistent organic pollutants of substantial environmental concern. This study investigated the potential of magnetic ion exchange resin (MIEX$^{(R)}$) as the adsorbent for the removal of PFOA and PFOS from Nakdong River water. In our batch experiments, we studied the effect of some parameters (pH, temperature, sulfate concentration) on the removal of PFOA and PFOS. The results of sorption kinetics on MIEX$^{(R)}$ show that it takes 90 min to reach equilibrium but the economical contact time and dosage were 30 min and 10 mL/L. An increase in pH (pH 6~10) leads to a decrease in PFOA (2.0%) and PFOS (3.6%) sorption on MIEX$^{(R)}$. The sorption of both PFOA and PFOS decreases with an increase in ionic strength for sulfate ion (${SO_4}^{2-}$), due to the competition phenomenon. An increase in water temperature ($8^{\circ}C{\sim}28^{\circ}C$) in water leads to a increase in PFOA (2.8%) and PFOS (4.3%) sorption on MIEX$^{(R)}$. Based on the sorption behaviors and characteristics of the adsorbents and adsorbates, ion exchange and hydrophobic interaction were deduced to be involved in the sorption, and hemi-micelles possibly formed in the intraparticle pores.

• 멤브레인
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.145-152
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• 2021

현재 바이오 분야에서 분리에 대한 수요가 급증함에 따라, 투과율 및 결합능 측면에서 높은 성능을 띠는 막크로마토그래피가 수지 크로마토그래피의 대체 분리 공정으로 부상하고 있다. 실증을 기반으로 하여 막 소재가 결정되는 기존 분리막 공정과 달리, 막크로마토그래피의 경우 분리하고자 하는 목표 물질에 적합한 분리 메커니즘 이해 그리고 이를 기반한 공정 설계가 필요하다. 본 논문에서는 생특이성을 활용하여 선택적으로 거대 분자를 포집하는 친화성 작용, 전하를 활용하여 생분자와 결합하는 이온 교환 작용 그리고 소수성을 활용하여 생분자와 결합하는 소수성 작용과 같은 막크로마토그래피 주요 분리 메커니즘들에 대해 다루고자 한다. 또한 본 논문에서는 단계적 측면에서 또는 소재 측면에 막크로마토그래피 기술설계 시 고려해야할 변인들에 대해서 다루고자 한다.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제51권2호
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• pp.181-188
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• 2013

구리, 코발트, 니켈, 철의 전이금속 이온을 교환한 LTA 골격구조의 UZM-9 제올라이트에서 메탄올이 저급올레핀으로 전환(Methanol-to-Olefin: MTO)되는 반응을 조사하여 전이금속 이온 교환이 촉매의 활성저하에 미치는 영향을 고찰하였다. 전이금속 이온 교환에 따른 UZM-9의 결정구조, 결정 모양, 세공구조, 산성도 변화는 크지 않았다. UZM-9은 둥지 입구가 작아 MTO 반응에서 저급올레핀에 대한 선택도가 높지만, 둥지가 커서 활성중간체인 헥사메틸벤젠 등 폴리메틸벤젠이 쉽게 고리화축합되어 다고리 방향족화합물이 많이 생성되므로 활성저하가 빠르다. 그러나 구리와 코발트 이온을 교환하면 MTO 반응에서 UZM-9의 활성저하가 느려졌다. MTO 반응 중 생성되는 폴리메틸벤젠 양이온 라디칼과 전이금속 이온의 상호작용으로 활성중간체가 안정화되어 활성저하가 느려졌다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.1113-1117
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• 2009

The one-dimensional coordination polymers, $[Cu^{II}(L)(NO_3)_2]_n$ (1) and {$[Cu^{II}(L)(NO_3)]{\cdot}2H_2O}_{2n} (2), were synthesized from $Cu(NO_3)_2{\cdot}3H_2O$ and 2-[(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)amino]ethanol (L, PMAE) in methanol by controlling the molar ratio of copper(II) salt. Copper(II) ion in 1 has one pyridine group of PMAE whose an aminoethanol group coordinates adjacent copper(II) ion. As the pyridine group is bonded to neighboring copper(II) ion, 1 becomes a one-dimensional chain. Contrary to 1, the structure of 2 shows that the oxygen atom of ethoxide group is bridged between two copper(II) ions, which forms a dinuclear complex. Additionally, the pyridine group of PMAE included one dinuclear unit is coordinated to the other dimeric one each other, which leads to a one-dimensional polymer. Due to the structural differences, 1 exhibits weak antiferromagnetic interaction, while 2 shows strong antiferromagnetic interaction. Due to direct spin exchange via oxygen of PMAE 2 has a much strong spin coupling than 1.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.1704-1710
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• 2010

The structure of a 2D grid-like copper(II) complex [Cu$(NCO)_2$(pyz)](pyz=pyrazine) (1) consists of 1D chains of Cu-pyz units connected by double end-on (EO) cyanato bridges. Each Cu(II) ion has a distorted octahedral coordination, completed by the four EO cyanato and two pyrazine ligands. Magnetic interactions through EO cyanato and pyrazine bridges in 1 are discussed on the basis of DFT broken-symmetry calculations at the B3LYP level. For model dicopper(II) complexes I (bridged by cyanato) and II (bridged by pyrazine), electronic structure calculations reproduce very well the experimental couplings for the S = 1/2 ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic exchange-coupled 2D system: the calculated exchange parameters J are +1.25 $cm^{-1}$ and -3.07 $cm^{-1}$ for I and II, respectively. The $\sigma$ orbital interactions between the Cu $x^2-y^2$ magnetic orbitals and the nitrogen lone-pair orbitals of pyrazine are analyzed from the viewpoint of through-bond interaction. The energy splitting of 0.106 eV between two SOMOs indicates that the superexchange interaction should be antiferromagnetic in II. On the other hand, there are no bridging orbitals that efficiently connect the two copper(II) magnetic orbitals in I because the HOMOs of the basal-apical NCO bridge do not play a role in the formation of overlap interaction pathway. The energy separation in the pair of SOMOs of I is calculated to be very small (0.054 eV). This result is consistent with the occurrence of weakly ferromagnetic properties in I.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.115-120
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• 1969

1-naphthyl methyl halide와 halide ion간의 反應을 無水 acetone에서 反應 速度論的으로 연구하였다. Substrate의 softness가 현저하게 增加하면 halide ion의 nuclepphilicity가 dipolar solvent 에서도 一般的으로 $I^->Br^->CI^-$의 순서를 갖는다는 것을 보여주고 있다. Leaving group bromide일 때는 symbiotic effect에 의해서 reaction center의 softness가 증가하여 soft halide ion과의 反應이 커질 것이나 perihydrogen atom의 steric effect때문에 chloride일 때에 비해서 약간 감소하고 있다.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.121-128
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• 2013

The concern for dissolved phosphate in water/wastewater has been increasing because of the risk for eutrophication. A variety of conventional and advanced technologies were applied to meet the enforced new regulation of phosphate around the world. However, there still remained a lot of challenge because most introduced/developed method, for example, biological and physic-chemical treatment is not easy to satisfy the new regulation of phosphate in water. In order to meet the new regulation, the application of ion exchanger has been tried which showed that the removal efficiency for phosphate was strongly determined by in the presence of the competing ion, especially sulfate. As results, a new class of ion exchanger governed by ligand exchange was developed and investigated to increase the selectivity for phosphate. The current study using organic/inorganic anion exchanger developed with Lewis acid-base interaction confirms the selectivity for phosphate over sulfate. According to isotherm test and column test, the value of the maximum phosphate uptake (Q) showed 64 mg/g as $po{_4}^{3-}$ and the breakthrough for phosphate occurs after 1000 min and completely finishes at 2500 min, respectively.