• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.139-143
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• 2012

For human including newborn baby, the intestinal microbiota can play an important role in the development of the intestinal mucosa and in maintaining the balance of the immune cells. Important functions of the intestinal microbiota include the inhibition of the colonization of the intestine by potentially pathogenic microorganisms. Thus, the research of probiotics have been focused on the prevention and treatment of disorders associated with the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), including pathogen infection, traveler's diarrhea, antibiotic-associated diarrhea, and constipation. Probiotics have also been suggested as therapeutic agents against irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel diseases. An increasing amount of evidence from clinical studies suggests that they are effective in the prevention of atopic allergies and may have potential anti-carcinogenic effects. Until recent years many scientific research for this use has been based on empirical observations. Therefore, probiotics in the form of fermented milk products have been long part of attempts to maintain good health in world wide.

• Journal of Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.136-143
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• 2022

Recent progress has been made to establish intestinal organoids for an in vitro model as a potential alternative to an in vivo system in animals. We previously reported a reliable method for the isolation of intestinal crypts from the small intestine and robust three-dimensional (3D) expansion of intestinal organoids (basal-out) in adult bovines. The present study aimed to establish next-generation intestinal organoids for practical applications in disease modeling-based host-pathogen interactions and feed efficiency measurements. In this study, we developed a rapid and convenient method for the efficient generation of intestinal organoids through the modulation of the Wnt signaling pathway and continuous apical-out intestinal organoids. Remarkably, the intestinal epithelium only takes 3-4 days to undergo CHIR (1 µM) treatment as a Wnt activator, which is much shorter than that required for spontaneous differentiation (7 days). Subsequently, we successfully established an apical-out bovine intestinal organoid culture system through suspension culture without Matrigel matrix, indicating an apical-out membrane on the surface. Collectively, these results demonstrate the efficient generation and next-generation of bovine intestinal organoids and will facilitate their potential use for various purposes, such as disease modeling, in the field of animal biotechnology.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.57-66
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• 2016

The gut epithelial barrier, which is composed of the mucosal layer and the intestinal epithelium, has multiple defense mechanisms and interconnected regulatory mechanisms against enteric microbial pathogens. However, many bacterial pathogens have highly evolved infectious stratagems that manipulate mucin production, epithelial cell-cell junctions, cell death, and cell turnover to promote their replication and pathogenicity in the gut epithelial barrier. In this review, we focus on current knowledge about how bacterial pathogens regulate mucin levels to circumvent the epithelial mucus barrier and target cell-cell junctions to invade deeper tissues and increase their colonization. We also describe how bacterial pathogens manipulate various modes of epithelial cell death to facilitate bacterial dissemination and virulence effects. Finally, we discuss recent investigating how bacterial pathogens regulate epithelial cell turnover and intestinal stem cell populations to modulate intestinal epithelium homeostasis.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.8
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• pp.1292-1300
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• 2006

Aeromonas encheleia, a potential human intestinal pathogen, was shown to infect a human intestinal epithelial cell line (Caco-2) in a noninvasive manner. The transcriptional profile of the Caco-2 cells after infection with the bacteria revealed an upregulated expression of genes involved in chloride secretion, including that of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and platelet-activating factor (PAF) acetylhydrolase (PAFAH2). This was also confirmed by a real-time RT-PCR analysis. As expected from PLA2 induction, PAF was produced when the Caco-2 cells were infected with the bacteria, and PAF was also produced when the cells were treated with a bacterial culture supernatant including bacterial extracellular proteins, yet lacking lipopolysaccharides. Bacterial aerolysin was shown to induce the production of PAF.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2018

${\mu}MT$ knockout mice are genetically deficient in the transmembrane domain of mu chain of the immunoglobulin M (IgM) heavy chain, resulting in the absence of mature B cells. ${\mu}MT$ knockout mice is an in vivo model system used to clarify the role of B cells in various diseases. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) induces acute and chronic diarrheal disease, especially in children of developing countries. The formation of attaching and effacing (A/E) lesion is a prominent pathogenic factor in the intestinal epithelium of EPEC infection. The A/E lesion is modulated by genes located on the pathogenic island locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE) which encode a type III secretion system (T3SS) and A/E lesion-related effector proteins. Citrobacter rodentium is a murine pathogen utilized in studying the pathogenic mechanisms of EPEC in human infections. Citrobacter rodentium produce A/E lesion to attach to intestinal epithelium, thus providing a murine model pathogen to study EPEC. Several studies have investigated the pathogenesis of Citrobacter rodentium in the ${\mu}MT$ knockout mice. In this review, we introduce the ${\mu}MT$ murine model in the context of C. rodentium pathogenesis and describe in detail the role of B cells and antibodies in this disease.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.65 no.3
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• pp.611-626
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• 2023

Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Salmonella enterica (SE) infections in pigs are major source associated with enteric disease such as post weaning diarrhea. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Pediococcus pentosaceus in weaned piglets challenged with pathogen bacteria. In Experiment.1 90 weaned piglets with initial body weights of 8.53 ± 0.34 kg were assigned to 15 treatments for 2 weeks. The experiments were conducted two trials in a 2 × 5 factorial arrangement of treatments consisting of two levels of challenge (challenge and non-challenge) with E. coli and SE, respectively and five levels of probiotics (Control, Lactobacillus plantarum [LA], Pediococcus pentosaceus SMFM2016-WK1 [38W], Pediococcus acidilactici K [PK], Lactobacillus reuteri PF30 [PF30]). In Experiment.2 a total of 30 weaned pigs (initial body weight of 9.84 ± 0.85 kg) were used in 4 weeks experiment. Pigs were allocated to 5 groups in a randomized complete way with 2 pens per group and 3 pigs per pen. Supplementation of LA and 38W improved (p < 0.05) growth performance, intestinal pathogen bacteria count, fecal noxious odor and diarrhea incidence. In conclusion, supplementation of 38W strains isolated from white kimchi can act as probiotics by inhibiting E. coli and SE.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.168-173
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• 2002

Gastrointestinal infections kill over two million people each year, and pathogen contamination of livestock causes many cases of food poisoning. Two candidate intestinal probiotic strains, L. rhamnosus GR-1 and L. fermentum RC-14 were found to inhibit the growth of Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysenteriae, E. coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, L. innocua, Enterococcus faecalis, and Bacteroides fragilis. In a series of mouse experiments, L. rhamosus GR-1 and L rhamnosus GG protected against S. typhimurium infection and translocation to the liver and spleen, reduced mortality and induced intestinal phagocytic and immunoglobulin responses. In a second series of experiments, the combination of L. rhamnosus GR-1 and L. fermentum RC-14 was superior to L. rhamnosus GG and placebo in protecting the mice from the lethal effect of salmonella. In summary, the use of combinations of probiotic lactobacilli as dietary supplements or foods could be considered for people at high risk of salmonella intestinal infection. Given the post-infection complications that can arise, such natural methods warrant further exploration especially given the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance and the lack of alternative measures available to many developing countries.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.141-151
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• 2023

Purpose: Intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) are a major health problem worldwide, especially in developing countries. According to the literature, children are more likely to get infected due to more frequent exposure to sources of infection. Methods: In this study, we collected 500 fecal samples from children under 15 years of age who referred to labs in Ilam city. All samples were microscopically examined using formalin-ether concentration and Trichrome staining techniques. The results were analyzed using SPSS 20.0. Results: Among 500 investigated samples, 4 types of parasites were detected. Giardia lamblia, Entameba coli, and Blastocystis hominis were identified as intestinal protozoa, and pinworm as intestinal worm. In this study, 23 cases (4.6%) had parasitic infections. 13 patients (2.6%) were infected with Giardia parasite, 4 patients (0.8%) with E. coli, 3 patients (0.6%) with B. hominis and 3 patients (0.6%) had pinworms. Conclusions: The findings of this study showed that the prevalence of IPIs among children aged under 15 years in Ilam is relatively down, which can be attributed of sufficient information of parents and children about the modes of parasite transmission and the important role of carriers in the pathogen cycle.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.33 no.9
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• pp.1149-1161
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• 2023

Changes in the gut microbiome cause recolonization by pathogens and inflammatory responses, leading to the development of intestinal disorders. Probiotics administration has been proposed for many years to reverse the intestinal dysbiosis and to enhance intestinal health. This study aimed to evaluate the inhibitory effects of two newly designed probiotic mixtures, Consti-Biome and Sensi-Biome, on two enteric pathogens Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli that may cause intestinal disorders. Additionally, the study was designed to evaluate whether Consti-Biome and Sensi-Biome could modulate the immune response, produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and reduce gas production. Consti-Biome and Sensi-Biome showed superior adhesion ratios to HT-29 cells and competitively suppressed pathogen adhesion. Moreover, the probiotic mixtures decreased the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β. Cell-free supernatants (CFSs) were used to investigate the inhibitory effects of metabolites on growth and biofilms of pathogens. Consti-Biome and Sensi-Biome CFSs exhibited antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activity, where microscopic analysis confirmed an increase in the number of dead cells and the structural disruption of pathogens. Gas chromatographic analysis of the CFSs revealed their ability to produce SCFAs, including acetic, propionic, and butyric acid. SCFA secretion by probiotics may demonstrate their potential activities against pathogens and gut inflammation. In terms of intestinal symptoms regarding abdominal bloating and discomfort, Consti-Biome and Sensi-Biome also inhibited gas production. Thus, these two probiotic mixtures have great potential to be developed as dietary supplements to alleviate the intestinal disorders.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.64 no.6
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• pp.1105-1116
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• 2022

Recently, we reported the robust in vitro three-dimensional (3D) expansion of intestinal organoids derived from adult bovine (> 24 months) samples. The present study aimed to establish an in vitro 3D system for the cultivation of intestinal organoids derived from growing cattle (12 months old) for practical use as a potential alternative to in vivo systems for various purposes. However, very few studies on the functional characterization and 3D expansion of adult stem cells from livestock species compared to those from other species are available. In this study, intestinal crypts, including intestinal stem cells, from the small intestines (ileum and jejunum) of growing cattle were isolated and long-term 3D cultures were successfully established using a scaffold-based method. Furthermore, we generated an apical-out intestinal organoid derived from growing cattle. Interestingly, intestinal organoids derived from the ileum, but not the jejunum, could be expanded without losing the ability to recapitulate crypts, and these organoids specifically expressed several specific markers of intestinal stem cells and the intestinal epithelium. Furthermore, these organoids exhibited key functionality with regard to high permeability for compounds up to 4 kDa in size (e.g., fluorescein isothiocyanate [FITC]-dextran), indicating that apical-out intestinal organoids are better than other models. Collectively, these results indicate the establishment of growing cattle-derived intestinal organoids and subsequent generation of apical-out intestinal organoids. These organoids may be valuable tools and potential alternatives to in vivo systems for examining host-pathogen interactions involving epithelial cells, such as enteric virus infection and nutrient absorption, and may be used for various purposes.