• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.1729-1735
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• 2004

A total of 140 weaning pigs were used to determine the effects of digestive enzyme supplementation to corn-soybean meal diets on growth performance, physiological changes of small intestine, microorganisms and pH in the gastrointestinal tract. Two kinds of enzyme complex (A, B) were used in this experiment. Pigs were allotted in a completely random design (CRD) to five replicates with four pigs per pen. Diets and water were provided for ad libitum consumption. Treatments included 1) Control: without enzyme supplementation, 2) Enzyme A 0.05%, 3) Enzyme A 0.10%, 4) Enzyme A 0.15%, 5) Enzyme B 0.05%, 6) Enzyme B 0.10%, 7) Enzyme B 0.15% in the diets. A total of 24 crossbred barrows 25.78${\pm}$0.55 kg BW fitted with simple ileal T-cannulas were used to evaluate the effect the enzyme addition on the nutrient digstibility. Pigs were allotted 4 treatments (No enzyme, enzyme A 0.05%, enzyme A 0.1%, enzyme A 0.15%), 6 replicates according to a completely random design (CRD). Another digestibility trial was followed for enzyme complex B. Twenty pigs, average 31.92${\pm}$0.37 kg BW, fitted with simple ileal T-cannulas for digestibility trial. Neither enzyme A nor enzyme B affected on fecal or ileal digestibility of dry matter, gross energy, crude protein, crude fat and crude ash (p>0.05). The apparent fecal digestibilities of all the nutrients were higher in total feces collection method than in indirect method. At the end of feeding trial, 21 pigs were slaughtered for examining the morphological changes of small intestine and the concentration of microorganisms in the ileum and the colon. Growth performance, intestinal morphology and pH of ileum and colon were not affected by the either enzyme complex supplementation (p>0.05). These results suggested that enzyme complex A and enzyme complex B were of no benefit to early-weaned pigs when corn-soybean meal based diet was provided.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.83-92
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• 1994

In order to study performance enhancing effects of supplementary antibiotics (avoparcin, nosiheptide and enramycin), two feeding trials were conducted. In Experiment 1, 1, 040 male Arbor Acres were reared in floor pens for 6 wk. Chicks were assigned to one of the following four treatments: Basal diet(B), B+avoparcin 10 ppm, B+nosiheptide 2.5 ppm and B+enramycin 5 ppm. Each treatment had five replications of 52 chicks each. In Experiment 2, two antibiotics (avoparcin and enramycin) were compared in $2{\times}2$ (antibiotics$\times$sex) factorial design. One thousand broiler chicks were reared in floor pens for 6 wk. Each of the 4 treatments had five replications of 50 chicks each. The results of Experiment 1 showed that antibiotic treatments (enramycin, avoparcin and nosiheptide) significantly(P <0.05) improved weight gain. Feed/gain ratio of avoparcin treatment and enramycin treatment tended to he lower than the control but they were not statistically significant. Dressing percentages were high in avoparcin and enramycin treatments compared to the control and nosiheptide treatment. The number of E. coli and Cl. perfringens in ileum and cecal contents were decreased by antibiotic treatments. Moisture contents in excreta of the birds were not significantly affected by the treatments. Leg abnormality and mortality were not significaniy different among treatments. In Experiment 2, weight gain was significantly (P<0.01) different between sexes, but not between antibiotic treatments. Significant effects of antibiotics (P<0.01), sex (P<0.01) and interaction (P<0.05) were shown in feed in take. Feed/gain ratio of avoparcin treatment was significantly (P<0.01) lower than that of enramycin treatment. leg abnormality and mortality were not significantly different among treatments but those in male broiler tended to be higher than in female broilers. It was concluded that nonsystemic antibiotics supplemented to the broiler diets suppress undesirable microorganisms and improve broiler performace in general and avoparcin was most effective in improving feed/gain ratio.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.113-118
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• 2012

Ginsenosides are low molecular weight glycosides found in ginseng that exhibit neuroprotective effects through inhibition of $N$-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor channel activity. Ginsenosides, like other natural compounds, are metabolized by gastric juices and intestinal microorganisms to produce ginsenoside metabolites. However, little is known about how ginsenoside metabolites regulate NMDA receptor channel activity. In the present study, we investigated the effects of ginsenoside metabolites, such as compound K (CK), protopanaxadiol (PPD), and protopanaxatriol (PPT), on oocytes that heterologously express the rat NMDA receptor. NMDA receptor-mediated ion current ($I_{NMDA}$) was measured using the 2-electrode voltage clamp technique. In oocytes injected with cRNAs encoding NMDA receptor subunits, PPT, but not CK or PPD, reversibly inhibited $I_{NMDA}$ in a concentration-dependent manner. The $IC_{50}$ for PPT on $I_{NMDA}$ was $48.1{\pm}4.6\;{\mu}M$, was non-competitive with NMDA, and was independent of the membrane holding potential. These results demonstrate the possibility that PPT interacts with the NMDA receptor, although not at the NMDA binding site, and that the inhibitory effects of PPT on $I_{NMDA}$ could be related to ginseng-mediated neuroprotection.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.11 no.sup1
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• pp.83-92
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• 2008

Helicobacter pylori is the causative agent of chronic gastritis and has a role in the pathogenesis of peptic ulcer diseases, and gastric cancer. There have been reports suggesting a close link between these gastroduodenal disorders and a state of vitamin C deficiency. In this paper, the past, present and future perspectives on H. pylori infection and vitamin C will be discussed under the following view points. Since the ecological niche of H. pylori is the mucus layer and intercellular junctions of the gastric epithelium, the various kinds of host inflammatory cells motivated by the local and systemic immune responses cannot eliminate the microorganisms. When the invading foreign body is not removed, despite full activation of defense mechanisms, adverse consequences of the immune responses develop on the host gastric mucosa. The reasons for the body vitamin C depletion could be explained as follows; 1) the increased vitamin C consumption by increased oxygen free radical production through the prolonged hypersensitivity reactions in the gastric mucosa, 2) the increased vitamin C oxidation by the nitrite which is formed from nitrate reduction by the intragastric bacteria proliferated in the hypochlorhydric gastric cavity, 3) the strong ${\gamma}$-glutamyltranspeptidase activity of H. pylori which depletes the glutathiones in gastric mucosa. Depletion of glutathiones in the stomach favors irreversible oxidative destruction of ascorbic acid. Both persistent inflammatory burdens in the stomach by H. pylori and resultant vitamin C depletions synergistically and uninhibitedly might aggravate the hypothetical sequence of gastric carcinogenesis: atrophic gastritis${\rightarrow}$intestinal metaplasia${\rightarrow}$dysplasia${\rightarrow}$gastric adenocarcinoma. High intake of vitamin C could reverse the hypothetical sequence of the gastric carcinogenesis via direct and indirect effects on H. pylori and host-parasite relationships.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2020

The latest definition of a prebiotic is "a substrate that is selectively utilized by host microorganisms conferring a health benefit"; it now includes non-food elements and is applicable to extra-intestinal tissues. Prebiotics are recognized as a promising tool in the promotion of general health and in the prevention and treatment of numerous juvenile diseases. Prebiotics are considered an immunoactive agent, with the potential for long-lasting effects extending past active administration of the prebiotic. Because of its extremely low risk of serious adverse effects, ease of administration, and strong potential for influencing the composition and function of the microbiota in the gut and beyond, the beneficial clinical applications of prebiotics are expanding. Prebiotics are the third largest component of human breast milk. Preparations including galactooligosaccharides (GOS), fructooligosaccharides (FOS), 2'-fucosyllactose, lacto-N-neo-tetraose are examples of commonly used and studied products for supplementation in baby formula. In particular, the GOS/FOS combination is the most studied. Maintaining a healthy microbiome is essential to promote homeostasis of the gut and other organs. With more than 1,000 different microbial species in the gut, it is likely more feasible to modify the gut microbiota through the use of certain prebiotic mixtures rather than supplementing with a particular probiotic strain. In this review, we discuss the latest clinical evidence regarding prebiotics and its role in gut immunity, allergy, infections, inflammation, and functional gastrointestinal disorders.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.355-358
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• 2004

Chunkookjang, Korean traditional fermented soybean food emerges as a functional food to improve intestinal function and blood circulation. During Chungkookjang fermentation, microorganisms, enzymes, and diverse bioactive compounds increase sharply. Chungkookjang contains diverse oligo-peptides. Formation of peptides was confirmed by SDS-PAGE. Solube fermented soybean in our sample contained Tyr, Gln-Lys, Trp, Gln, and Lys-Pro as major components. Lys-Pro (0.083 mg/100 g sample) was purified by HPLC analysis. Angiotensin I­converting enzyme (ACE) causes hypertension by converting angiotensin I to angiotension II. ACE inhibitory activity of Lys-Pro was determined to be $IC_{50}=32.1\;{\mu}M.$ Whether or not eating Chungkookjang can lower blood pressure was also determined. Sistolic blood pressure dropped by 15 mmHg, and diastolic blood pressure by 8 mmHg 2 hr after a single administration of 20 g of fermented soybean. Chungkookjang might be helpful in improving blood circulation since it has ACE inhibitor and antihypertenisve effect.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.63 no.1
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• pp.83-87
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• 2020

Fermented foods have been recognized as functional foods that provide health benefits, including the modulation of intestinal microbiota. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine the effects of coffee beans fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens on healthy human gut microbiota. Fermentation increased the content of beneficial substances (i.e., flavonoids and polyphenols). The consumption of fermented coffee increased the occurrence of beneficial microorganisms such as fiber degraders and short-chain fatty acid producers, although no significant microbiota shifts were observed after the coffee consumption. The analysis of metabolic activities also showed no difference after the coffee consumption. Our study demonstrates that the consumption of the fermented coffee may increase some beneficial bacterial while remaining the gut microbiota and its activities.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.844-861
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• 2019

Over the last few years, marine environment was found to be a source of surplus natural products and microorganisms with new bioactive secondary metabolites of interest which can divulge nutritional and biological impact on the host. This study aims to assess the possible, inherent and functional probiotic properties of a novel probiotic strain Enterococcus durans F3 (E. durans F3) isolated from the gut of fresh water fish Catla catla. Parameters for evaluating and describing the probiotics described in FAD/WHO guidelines were followed. E. durans F3 demonstrated affirmative results including simulated bile, acid and gastric juice tolerance with exhibited significant bactericidal effect against pathogens Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella Typhi, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This can be due to the enterocin produced by E. durans F3 strain, which was resolute by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) gel with amplification of the anticipated fragment of a structural gene; enterocin A, followed by antibiotic susceptibility assessment. Effective antioxidant potentiality against ${\alpha}$-diphenyl-${\alpha}$-picrylhydrazyl free radicals including lipase, bile salt hydrolase activity with auto-aggregation and cell surface hydrophobicity was similarly observed. Results are proving the potentiality of E. durans F3, which can also be used as probiotic starter culture in dairy industries for manufacturing new products that imparts health benefits to the host. Finding the potent and novel probiotic strains will also satisfy the current developing market demand for probiotics.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.967-982
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• 2021

Probiotics are living microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, provide a health benefit to the host and are considered safe. Most probiotic strains that are beneficial to human health are included in the "Lactic acid bacteria" (LAB) group. The positive effects of probiotic bacteria on the host's health are species-specific and even strain-specific. Therefore, evaluating the probiotic potential of both wild and novel strains is essential. In this study, the probiotic characteristics of Lactobacillus brevis KT38-3 were determined. The strain identification was achieved by 16S rRNA sequencing. API-ZYM test kits were used to determine the enzymatic capacity of the strain. L. brevis KT38-3 was able to survive in conditions with a broad pH range (pH 2-7), range of bile salts (0.3%-1%) and conditions that simulated gastric juice and intestinal juice. The percentage of autoaggregation (59.4%), coaggregation with E. coli O157:H7 (37.4%) and hydrophobicity were determined to be 51.1%, 47.4%, and 52.7%, respectively. L. brevis KT38-3 produced β-galactosidase enzymes and was able ferment lactose. In addition, this strain was capable of producing antimicrobial peptides against the bacteria tested, including methicillin and/or vancomycin-resistant bacteria. The cell-free supernatants of the strain had high antioxidant activities (DPPH: 54.9% and ABTS: 48.7%). Therefore, considering these many essential in vitro probiotic properties, L. brevis KT38-3 has the potential to be used as a probiotic supplement. Supporting these findings with in vivo experiments to evaluate the potential health benefits will be the subject of our future work.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.655-663
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• 2018

The insect gut microbiome is known to have important roles in host growth, development, digestion, and resistance against pathogens. In addition, the genetic diversity of the insect gut microbiota has recently been recognized as potential genetic resources for industrial bioprocessing. However, there is limited information regarding the insect gut microbiota to better help us understand their potential benefits for enhanced pig production. With the development of next-generation sequencing methods, whole genome sequence analysis has become possible beyond traditional culture-independent methods. This improvement makes it possible to identify and characterize bacteria that are not cultured and located in various environments including the gastrointestinal tract. Insect intestinal microorganisms are known to have an important role in host growth, digestion, and immunity. These gut microbiota have recently been recognized as potential genetic resources for livestock farming which is using the functions of living organisms to integrate them into animal science. The purpose of this literature review is to emphasize the necessity of research on insect gut microbiota and their applicability to pig production or bioindustry. In conclusion, bacterial metabolism of feed in the gut is often significant for the nutrition intake of animals, and the insect gut microbiome has potential to be used as feed additives for enhanced pig performance. The exploration of the structure and function of the insect gut microbiota needs further investigation for their potential use in the swine industry particularly for the improvement of growth performance and overall health status of pigs.