• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
• /
• 제50권4호
• /
• pp.542-552
• /
• 2018

Operators face challenges to plan alternative countermeasures when no procedure exists to address the current plant state. A model-based approach is desired to aid operators in acquiring plant resources and deriving response plans. Multilevel flow modeling (MFM) is a functional modeling methodology that can represent intentional knowledge about systems, which is essential in response planning. This article investigates the capabilities of MFM to plan alternatives. It is concluded that MFM has a knowledge capability to represent alternative means that are designed for given ends and a reasoning capability to identify alternative functions that can causally influence the goal achievement. The second capability can be applied to find originally unassociated means to achieve a goal. This is vital in a situation where all designed means have failed. A technique of procedure synthesis can be used to express identified alternatives as a series of operations. A case of station blackout occurring at the boiling water reactor is described. An MFM model of a boiling water reactor is built according to the analysis of goals and functions. The accident situations are defined by the model, and several alternative countermeasures in terms of operating procedures are generated to achieve the goal of core cooling.

• 보건의료산업학회지
• /
• 제8권4호
• /
• pp.95-107
• /
• 2014

This study is a descriptive research to investigate the actual conditions under which nurses working in long-term care hospitals are sexually harassed and situations in which sexual harassment occurs and to determine victims' coping methods after being sexually harassed. The period of data collection was from May 13, 2013 to June 14 and the research subjects were 113 nurses working in 10 long-term care hospitals in Busan assigned by convenience sampling. The results showed that sexual harassment of nurses mostly occurred as follows: visual harassment, which involved the perpetrators looking inappropriately at nurses; physical harassment, which involved intentional touching or leaning into the body; and verbal harassment, which involved making sexual jokes and remarks. The development of a prevention program for sexual harassment targeting patients and nurses in long-term care hospitals should be required to enable victims to perceive and efficiently cope with sexual harassment.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• 제42권5호
• /
• pp.605-614
• /
• 2014

This study investigated microstructural changes of cured urea-formaldehyde (UF) resins mixed with aqueous rubber latex emulsion after intentional acid etching. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used in order to better understand a hydrolytic degradation process of cured UF resins responsible for the formaldehyde emission from wood-based composite panels. A liquid UF resin with a formaldehyde to urea (F/U) molar ratio 1.0 was mixed with a rubber latex emulsion at three different mixing mass ratios (UF resin to latex = 30:70, 50:50, and 70:30). The rate of curing of the liquid modified UF resins decreased with an increase of the rubber latex proportion as determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurement. Ultrathin sections of modified and cured UF resin films were exposed to hydrochloric acid etching in order to mimic a certain hydrolytic degradation. TEM observation showed spherical particles and various cavities in the cured UF resins after the acid etching, indicating that the acid etching had hydrolytically degraded some part of the cured UF resin by acid hydrolysis, also showing spherical particles of cured UF resin dispersed in the latex matrix. These results suggested that spherical structures of cured UF resin might play an important role in hindering the hydrolysis degradation of cured UF resin.

• 건축역사연구
• /
• 제16권4호
• /
• pp.57-75
• /
• 2007

Bulguk Temple, one of the national temples, sublimated the high formalism and symbolism into lovely art, and thus be called the pinnacle of Korean architecture. Of many characteristic structures of Bulguk Temple, the stone stereobate and stairs have a great importance in that we can read out the purpose of the architect through their relics. Especially, the stone stairs are noteworthy for they structuralize the intentional space division. The objects of this observation are Yeonwhagyo and Chilbogyo bridges at the entrance of Keungnakjeon precinct, and Cheongwoongyo and Baekwoongyo stairs at the entrance of Daewoongjun precinct. All these relics are the structures that divide the precinct areas on the basis of Buddhist theory and have strong symbolic meanings as well. Although the diverse studies have made on the structures, there are many insufficient aspects for the manifestation of the meanings. In this study, I considered the Buddhist dogmatic meanings of the structures in the formalistic view of the Buddhist architecture. The study was proceeded in the way that the establishments of former studies were fully reflected in it. Through the study, I could confirm that the objects of consideration have the double formalistic meanings and they are strongly structuralizing the symbolism.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
• /
• 제21권2호
• /
• pp.133-156
• /
• 2011

This paper is to analyze the legality in which the fraud rule allow the issuer of L/C or a court to disrupt the payment to the beneficiary under the deferred payment credit when the nominated bank for deferred payment undertaking made prepayment or negotiation before the maturity date and fraud is identified to be involved. Since the function of commercial L/C is to provide absolute assurance of payment to a beneficiary, the fraud rule based on fraud exception has been known as the negative factor which lead to the disruption of "principle of independence & abstraction" under the commercial L/C transactions. As a result, the fraud rule is necessary to limit the activities of fraudsters, but its scope must be carefully circumscribed so as not to deny commercial utility to an instrument that exists to serve as an assurance of payment. But the fraud itself has not been firmly established because it is inherently pliable in its concept. There are numerous contents to describe the application of fraud to the L/C transactions as a standard such as egregious fraud, intentional fraud, L/C fraud(omitted here), flexible fraud, and constructive fraud. And so the standard applicable to the commercial transaction as the fraud rule would be high or low depending upon the various standards of fraud.

• 대한장애인치과학회지
• /
• 제12권1호
• /
• pp.16-19
• /
• 2016

본 증례의 환아들의 경우, PEG-tube를 통한 식이로 구강 위생관리가 용이하며, 사지마비 및 의식 저하로 스스로 장치의 탈착이 어렵다는 점에서 가철성 장치를 장착한 결과 양호한 치유 양상이 관찰되었다. 구강조직에 자해로 인한 손상이 발생한 경우, 환자의 병력, 현재 상태, 치료 기간 등을 고려하여, 환자에게 가장 바람직한 치료 계획을 세워야 한다. 가철성 장치를 이용하는 경우, 구강 위생 관리 및 병소의 관찰을 위하여 주기적인 치과 검진이 필요하다.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
• /
• 제20권4호
• /
• pp.101-108
• /
• 2011

When observing an object in a space, a part of it is remembered into our perception in the time for paying attention or conscious observation and it reaches to our visual understanding. In this study, it examined characteristics by each subject through the process of visual understanding by changes in such observation time. The results from this study are summarized as belows: First, through analysis of the observation data focused on the distance between the observed points, it was able to apply those visual theories organized before to the analysis of characteristics of the time for understanding by each subject. Second, there showed big differences in the time for visual understanding by each subject according to changes in the observation time so that it was found that there were big differences according to the characteristics of subject's intention or purpose of the observation of a space. Third, as the number of continuous observation gives an important clue in judgement of how well the space was understood, it was able to compare and organize the mutual characteristics of the time the attention was concentrated, the time observed intentionally and the time understood visually. Fourth, it was found that the shorter subjects gave the intentional observation in observing a space, the longer they spent the time for paying attention, while the less they could understand it visually.

• 벤처창업연구
• /
• 제10권4호
• /
• pp.147-155
• /
• 2015

홈쇼핑 업종에서는 협력업체로부터 매년 새롭게 런칭되어진 월 평균 16,000여 종류의 다양한 여러 종류의 상품을 판매하고 있음에도 불구하고 상품의 품질 생성 과정에 직접 참여하지 못하는 모순적인 업무 구조에 의해서 업무가 운영되어지고 있는 실정이다. 이는 결국 품질 문제(불량반품건수와 PL 건수)로 직결되어 홈쇼핑 브랜드에 대한 신뢰도를 크게 저하시키고 있음은 물론 지속적인 재 구매로 이어질 가능성이 매우 희박하다 할 수 있다. 이런 문제점을 개선하고자 홈쇼핑 업종에서의 특성에 적합한 협력업체 선정과 평가체계를 개발하여 적용한 결과 불량반품건수는 개선전과 비교하여 10.3% 감소하였으며 PL 건수는 11.7% 감소한 것으로 확인되었다.

• 한국재료학회지
• /
• 제17권11호
• /
• pp.618-621
• /
• 2007

Chromium nitride (CrN) films were deposited on silicon substrate by RF magnetron sputtering assisted by inductive coupled nitrogen plasma without intentional substrate heating. Films were deposited with different levels of bombarding energy by nitrogen ions $(N^+)$ to investigate the influence of substrate bias voltage $(V_b)$ on the growth of CrN thin films. XRD spectra showed that the crystallographic structure of CrN films was strongly affected by substrate bias voltage. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) results showed that surface roughness and grain size of the CrN films varied significantly with bias voltage. For - 80 $V_b$ depositions, the CrN films showed bigger grain sizes than those of other bias voltage conditions. The lowest surface roughness of 0.15 nm was obtained from the CrN films deposited at .130 $V_b$.

• 한국재료학회지
• /
• 제9권5호
• /
• pp.491-495
• /
• 1999

In this study, we focus on Ca contaminant which affects on the roughness Si substrate after thermal process. The initial Si substrates were contaminated intentionally by using a standard Ca solution. The contamination levels of Ca impurity were measured by TXRF and the chemical composition of that was analyzed by AES. Then we gre the thermal oxide to investigate the effect of Ca contaminants. The microroughness of the Si surface, the thermal oxide surface, and the surface after removing the thermal oxide were measured to examine the electrical characteristics. The initial substrates that were contaminated with the standard solution of Ca exhibited the contamination levels of 10\ulcorner~10\ulcorneratoms/$\textrm{cm}^2$ which was measured by TXRF. The Ca contaminants were detected by AES and exhibited the peaks of Ca, SI, C and O.After intentional contamination, the surface microroughness of this initial substrate was increased from $1.5\AA$ to 4$\AA$ as contamination levels became higher. The microroughness of the thermal oxide surfaces of both contaminated and bare Si substrates exhibits similar values. But the microroughness of the contaminated$ Si/SiO_2$ interface was increased as contamination increased. The thermal oxide of contaminated substrate exhibited the small minority carrier diffusion length, low breakdown voltage, and slightly high leakage current.