• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.419-439
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• 2012

Family dissolution and economic difficulties of the grandchild's parents are the most prevailing reason for an increase of grandparent-headed families in rural Korea. However, there is a lack of empirical research looking at the experiences of custodial grandmothers, social support, and their psychological well-being. In this regard, this study examined the effect of social support (formal & informal) on the psychological well-being of custodial grandmothers in rural Korea. For this purpose, quantitative and qualitative research methods were conducted. Quantitative data were gathered, using structured questionnaire, from 311 grandmothers who were raising their grandchildren in rural Korea as primary care-givers. Statistical methods used for data analysis were descriptive statistics and hierarchical regression analysis with SPSS WIN 19.0 programs. Qualitative data were collected by in-depth interviews to 10 custodial grandmothers in rural area. The results of this study are as follows. First, almost half of the parents of the grandchild didn't visit and didn't call anymore. Some relatives -aunt, uncle, etc.- support the grandparent-headed family economically and emotionally. 3/4 of the grandparent-headed families were supported by the government and community. This was not small numbers, but the amount of economic support was low. Second, grandmothers in the study showed quite a high level of depression while their happiness level was relatively low. There were differences in the factors influencing the level of happiness/depression of these rural grandmothers. Overall, the study's results showed the importance of formal & informal support for psychological well-being of the custodial grandmothers in rural Korea. Policy and theoretical implications are discussed.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.81-90
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• 2010

This study aimed to identify the contributors of extra-curricular activities of preschool children focusing on home environmental factors(financial capital, human capital, and social capital) and maternal belief about factors on academic achievement(child's effort, child's ability, teacher's instruction, and maternal teaching). One hundred and seventy three mothers whose preschool children were attending child-care centers in Seoul and Kyunggi-Do participated in the survey. Kinlaw et al.(2001)'s Importance of Effort/Ability Scale was used to assess the mother's belief about the factors on academic achievement. Stipek et al.(1992)'s Activities Sub-scales was revised to measure a social capital, that is the mother's formal and informal activities providing to their preschool child. Educational level was utilized as human capital and monthly income was considered as financial capital. Also, using open ended questions, the subjects were asked to respond to the numbers of extra-curricula activities their child was presently attending, and when he or she began to attend the extra-curricular activity. The main results are as follows. In general, the mothers provided informal activities to their preschool child more than formal activities. Also, they believed the teacher's instruction is the most important and the child's ability the least important in their child's academic achievement. The number of extra-curricular activities was predicted by mothers' formal activities and their belief on their child's ability. The age of starting extra-curricular activities were explained by mothers' formal activities and their educational level.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.63-84
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• 2011

This qualitative case study focused on the workers' flexibility needs. We selected eight full-time workers from one 2009 family friendly certified firm for observation and in-depth interview. The workers are categorized into three groups; male employees with housewives, double income family workers depending on extended family, and double income family workers depending on paid babysitter. The spouse's work status and informal extended familial support to child care were crucial factors to influence their work family life styles and flexibility needs. The flex time is the most desirable everyday needs for the dual working child caring parents depending on the paid help. And the female workers' concerned about the stigma effect of the institutionalized flexibility use of the inferior labors.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.205-218
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• 1998

Health education is the first of the nine essential services of primary health care which has been advocated as a key in achieving “Health for All” by World Health Organization and its Member States since 1978. The purpose of this paper is to assist community health workers to improve the effectiveness of community health programmes through understanding key issues related to health education, and applying the recommended skills to conducting their health education programmes in the community. Chapter 1 shows the relationship between health and behavior, and the importance of understanding several key factors for people's health behavior in designing and implementing health education programmes in the specific community, and discusses ways to facilitate people's health behavior changes. Chapter 2 deals with conducting face-to-face health education with emphasis on counselling skills, and chapter 3 touches with health education for informal group, in particular at the hospital setting. Chapter 4 introduces how to create a supportive verbal communication climate, and proposes applying these skills to health education so as to improve the effectiveness of health education.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.296-303
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• 2021

Background: Rapid population aging in developed countries has resulted in the working-age population increasingly being tasked with the provision of informal care. Methods: An educational intervention was delivered to 21 carer-employees employed at a Canadian University. Work role function, job security, schedule control, work-family conflict, familywork conflict, and supervisor and coworker support were measured as part of an aggregated workplace experience score. This score was used to measure changes pre/post intervention and at a follow-up period approximately 12 months post intervention. Three random intercept models were created via linear mixed modeling to illustrate changes in participants' workplace experience across time. Results: All three models reported statistically significant random and fixed effects intercepts, with a positive coefficient of change. Conclusion: This suggests that the intervention demonstrated an improvement of the workplace experience score for participants over time, with the association particularly strong immediately after intervention.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.376-386
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• 2001

I. Background The problem of discharging patients from hospital have been well documented in the literature over the last 20 years. They included poor communication between hospital and community, inadequate notice of discharge, over-reliance on informal support and lack of statutory support, inattention to patients needs before leaving hospital, and wasted or duplicated visits by community nurses. Most patients discharged from hospital are able to return home with little or no support, while others will require a 'package of care' to support them back to good health. Patient with complex care needs, including the frail elderly and those with mental health problems, may require continuing care in special housing, residential, or nursing homes. With this population,effective discharge arrangement is needed and the study on this problem is urgent in Korea because the Medical Reform Project is on suspension of success. II. Results of the Study: 1. Discharge service needs assessed on 360 elderly patients who were hospitalized during the survey period at four university hospitals. Patients want to know the information on disease management after discharge. Follow-up telephone service is the most frequently checked service. 2. Multidisciplinary Discharge Planning is recommended at the hospital level to reduce the readmission and decrease the length of stay. 3. Further research is needed to validate and test the assumption of the solution which is developed in this research.

• Korean Journal of School Psychology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.49-70
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• 2021

The purpose of the study was to examine Korean high school students' experience and perceptions of friendship and to inductively conceptualize friendship. The concept mapping method which is used to quantitatively analyze qualitative data was used to identify and visualize participants' experiences and perceptions of friendship. Through a brainstorming process, 93 statements were generated by boys and 100 statements were generated by girls, each set of which were sorted and categorized to generate concept maps. The final concept maps from both group equally had two dimensions: 'Practical-Conceptual' and 'Behavioral-Emotional'. The number of categories was equal to four, but there were some differences in the specifics of the statements in the category. Boys tended to conceptualize friendship as a source of happiness; a type of informal relationship through which they could share their everyday lives; and provide mutual care and engage in emotional bonding. In addition to those conceptualizations, girls also tended to conceptualize friendship as an affective alliance through which they displayed devotion to each other. Boys regarded the sympathy and bonding found in and the happiness produced by friendship as more important elements, whereas girls regarded the care and support found in and the informal nature of friendship as more important

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.123-147
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• 2004

The purposes of this study are, 1) to explore the factors related to the family caregivers' preferences for service utilization both of the community-based welfare and health-care services, and 2) to examine the reasons why not want to use services analyzing a survey data obtained from family caregivers(n=1,000). Anderson and Newman's Behavior model was employed to examine the factors related to the preferences for service utilization. The main results are as follows. 1) Logistic regression analyses demonstrated that predisposing factor(such as age and relations with frail elderly) and enabling factor(such as economic status, secondary caregiver, informal informational support provider, etc) were significant predictor for caregivers' preference for service utilization. Contrary to an expectation, needs factor was negatively related to the preference for service. More specifically, the more they have service needs, the less they show their willingness to use community-based service both in welfare and health-care services except for care education program. 2) Caregiver identified 'family caregiving consciousness'(family should take care of frail elderly, elderly dislike be taken care of) as an important reason not want to use community services next to financial factor. These findings have several implications for policy making especially for 'public long-term care insurance' which was planned to start in 2007.

• The Southeast Asian review
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.173-218
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• 2018

This study focuses on the healthcare sector in Vietnam which is promoting universal health insurance for the achievement of Universal Health Coverage (UHC) under Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The purpose of this study is to examine the characteristics of the reform process of the health care system and the law on health insurance through the historical and cultural contexts and its implications from the perspective of development. Based on the three dimensions of UHC - extension of protection for population, provision of various medical services, and financial protection, the current status of the Vietnam healthcare sector is summarized respectively as follows. First, according to the revised Health Insurance law which came into effect in 2015, the mandatory health insurance premiums are calculated based on household units. Second, there is a medical network that can provide preventive and healthcare services centered on primary health care facilities, for example commune health stations (trạm y $t{\hat{e}}$ $X{\tilde{a}}$). Third, out-of-pocket expenditure is still a large proportion although public spending has increased and private spending has decreased since the enforcement of the health insurance law and various schemes. Vietnam is currently striving towards a universal health care system. The development of institutions and systems should be designed in a way that is appropriate for the members of the society rather than efficiency. This article findings shed light on the role of social values, family culture, and informal institutions.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.23-35
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• 1983

Since the national health insurance was introduced in 1978, the increased utilization of hospitals and the growing importance of pharmaceutical services to hospital patients have made the administration of these services a very complex and specialized responsibility. The pharmaceutical services has always been an essential component of comtemporary hospital care. In the hospital, the pharmaceutical services is the professional department which concerns itself with the evaluation, selection, control and utilization of drugs. The director of this service must be a versatile professional person who can work effectively in a heterogenous society of educated persons. However, graduate education in hospital pharmacy has not been introduced yet in Korea. The necessity of graduate education hospital pharmacy has been discussed in this research. Graduate education in hospital pharmacy emphasizes preparation for assumption of responsibility as the senior hospital pharmacist or the director of pharmaceutical services. Graduates should also be prepared as administrators of a department that must operate with great efficiency. They should be prepared serve as a consultant on drugs for the medical and allied health professional staff, organizing and disseminating a large and dynamic body of information in their interest and to establish professional roles that emphasize procurement, storage, manufacturing, packaging, distribution, control and evaluation of drugs. Senior hospital pharmacist is a teacher charged with responsibility fer formal and informal instruction of other hospital personnel in pharmaceutical sciences. In addition, the graduates have the opportunity to be a researcher dealing with aspect of hospital care and are intensively educated in the professional aspects of hospital pharmacy practices. The curriculum of graduate education in hospital pharmacy should be established detailly and carefully to fit the educational objective.