• 환경생물
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.498-506
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• 2018

본 연구는 D-galactosamine에 의해 간 손상이 유도된 흰쥐에 다슬기(Semisulcospira libertina) 추출물이 손상된 간세포의 개선 및 회복에 미치는 효과에 관해 조사하였다. 다슬기 추출물은 간 손상에 따른 간 조직 내 국소적 지방 변성과 염증세포 침윤을 크게 감소시켜 대조군과 유사한 수준으로 회복시키는 경향을 나타내었다. 또한 다슬기 추출물은 간 손상 지표 효소인 AST와 ALT, LDH 및 ALP의 증가된 효소 활성을 대조군 수준으로 완화시키며, 간 조직 내 지질과 과산화지질의 함량을 감소시켜 간 손상으로 인한 혈중 효소 활성과 조직 내 지질 함량을 개선하는 것으로 조사되었다. 이와 더불어 다슬기 추출물은 염증반응을 촉진시켜 조직상해 및 괴사를 유도하는 $TNF-{\alpha}$의 발현을 억제시키며, 염증 시 세포를 보호하는 HO-1의 발현을 촉진시켜 염증 반응에서 손상된 세포를 대조군 상태의 세포로 회복시키는데 관여하는 것으로 조사되었다. 따라서 다슬기 추출물은 간조직의 괴사 및 섬유화를 회복시키고 혈액 내 효소의 활성과 조직 내 지질 함량을 개선할 뿐만 아니라 염증 반응 인자의 발현을 조절하고 있어 간 손상으로 인한 간세포의 개선 및 회복에 효과가 높은 기능성 소재로서의 가능성을 제시해 주고있다.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권3_spc호
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• pp.393-404
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• 2021

Objective: This study compared the catechin composition of different tea byproducts and investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with green tea byproducts on the accumulation of abdominal fat, the modulation of lipid metabolism, and the inflammatory response in red feather native chickens. Methods: Bioactive compounds were detected, and in vitro anti-obesity capacity analyzed via 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. In animal experiments, 320 one-day-old red feather native chickens were divided into 4 treatment groups: control, basal diet supplemented with 0.5% Jinxuan byproduct (JBP), basal diet supplemented with 1% JBP, or basal diet supplemented with 5×106 colony-forming unit (CFU)/kg Bacillus amyloliquefaciens+5×106 CFU/kg Saccharomyces cerevisiae (BA+SC). Growth performance, serum characteristics, carcass characteristics, and the mRNA expression of selected genes were measured. Results: This study compared several cultivars of tea, but Jinxuan showed the highest levels of the anti-obesity compound epigallocatechin gallate. 3T3-L1 preadipocytes treated with Jinxuan extract significantly reduced lipid accumulation. There were no significant differences in growth performance, serum characteristics, or carcass characteristics among the groups. However, in the 0.5% JBP group, mRNA expression of fatty acid synthase (FAS) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) were significantly decreased. In the 1% JBP group, FAS, ACC and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ levels were significantly decreased. Moreover, inflammation-related mRNA expression levels were decreased by the addition of JBP. Conclusion: JBP contained abundant catechins and related bioactive compounds, which reduced lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, however there was no significant reduction in abdominal fat. This may be due to a lack of active anti-obesity compounds or because the major changes in fat metabolism were not in the abdomen. Nonetheless, lipogenesis-related and inflammation-related mRNA expression were reduced in the 1% JBP group. In addition, dietary supplementation with tea byproducts could reduce the massive amount of byproducts created during tea production and modulate lipid metabolism and the inflammatory response in chickens.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.631-641
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• 2021

Background: Main bioactive constituents and pharmacological functions of ripened red ginseng berry (Panax ginseng Meyer) have been frequently reported. Yet, the research gap targeting the beneficial activities of transformed green ginseng berries has not reported elsewhere. Methods: Ginsenosides of new green berry cultivar K-1 (GK-1) were identified by HPLC-QTOF/MS. Ginsenosides bioconversion in GK-1 by bgp1 enzyme was confirmed with HPLC and TLC. Then, mechanisms of GK-1 and β-glucosidase (bgp1) biotransformed GK-1 (BGK-1) were determined by Quantitative Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction and Western blot. Results: GK-1 possesses highest ginsenosides especially ginsenoside-Re amongst seven ginseng cultivars including (Chunpoong, Huangsuk, Kumpoong, K-1, Honkaejong, Gopoong, and Yunpoong). Ginseng root's biomass is not affected with the harvest of GK-1 at 3 weeks after flowering period. Then, Re is bioconverted into a promising pharmaceutical effect of Rg2 via bgp1. According to the results of cell assays, BGK-1 shows decrease of tyrosinase and melanin content in α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone challenged-murine melanoma B16 cells. BGK-1 which is comparatively more effective than GK-1 extract shows significant suppression of the nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation and inflammatory target genes, in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Conclusion: These results reported effective whitening and anti-inflammatory of BGK-1 as compared to GK-1.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.29-39
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• 2022

Objective : This study is aimed to evaluate the protective effects of Rehmanniae Radix, Mori Folium, and Liriopie Tuber mixture (RML) on lung injury of Particulate matter less than 10 um in diameter and diesel exhaust particles (PM10D) mice model. Methods : To investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of RML, PM10D was diluted in aluminum hydroxide (Alum) in 7-week-old male mice and induced by Intra-Nazal-Tracheal (INT) injection method. Animal experiments were divided into 5 groups. Nor (normal mice), CTL (PM10D-induced mice with the administration of distilled water), DEXA (PM10D-induced mice with the administration of 3 mg/kg Dexamethasone), RML 100 (PM10D-induced mice treated with RML 100 mg/kg weight), and RML 200 (PM10D-induced mice treated with RML 200 mg/kg body weight). After 11 days administration, mice were sacrificed and inflammation-related immune cells in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were analyzed. Inflammation-related biomarkers were also analyzed in blood and lungs. Lung tissue was observed through histological examination. Results : In the PM10D induced model, the PML showed decreases in CXCL-1 and IL-17A in BALF. Expression of inflammatory cytokines and cough-related mRNA genes was significantly decreased in serum and lung tissue. The mixture treatment of RML significantly improved the immune related cells in the serum. In addition, histological observations showed a tendency to decrease the severity of lung injury. Conclusions : Overall, these results confirmed the respiratory protective effect of the RML mixture in a model of lung injury induced by air pollution (PM10+DEP), suggesting that it is a potential treatment for respiratory damage.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.453-463
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• 2022

This study aimed to investigate the biological activities, including polyphenolic content, flavonoid content, and antioxidant activities, of various cultivars of Korean perilla leaves. The results indicated that among nine cultivars (Namcheon dlggae, Saedora, Nulbora, Donggel 1, Donggell 2, Soim, Sangyeop, Somirang, and Saebom) of perilla leaves, the total polyphenolic content (gallic acid equivalent mg/g, GAE) was the highest in "Nulbora," while it was lowest in Namcheon dlggae. Moreover, flavonoid content in the extracts of nine cultivars leaves was in the range of 132.93~268.50 mg catechin equivalent/g sample. The antioxidant effects of the perilla leaves were determined using two different in vitro bioassays measuring DPPH and ABTS radical-scavenging activities. The results revealed that antioxidant activity was also higher in "Nulbora" compared with other cultivars. Xanthin-oxidase-inhibition activity ranged from 65.65% to 80.58%, with "Nulbora" exhibiting the highest activity, although the difference with other cultivars was not significant. "Nulbora" extracts reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory genes and several cytokines, including IL-6 activation induced by LPS in macrophages in the range of 100-50 ㎍/mL. These results suggest that extracts from perilla leaves can be used as bioactive and functional materials that could be important in industrial applications in the future.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제32권9호
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• pp.712-720
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• 2022

비록 PM_2.5 노출과 다양한 안구 표면 질환과 관련성이 많은 선행 연구에서 알려졌지만, PM_2.5 가 각막에 미치는 세포 독성에 대한 연구는 거의 수행되지 않았다. 본 연구의 목적은 PM에 의한 각막 상피세포의 유해성을 평가하기 위한 in vitro 모델로서 쥐의 각막유래 상피세포(primary rat corneal epithelial cells, RCE cells)의 효능을 조사하는 것이다. 이를 위하여 쥐의 눈에서 분리한 1차 배양 세포가 각막 상피세포임을 pan-cytokeratin 염색을 통하여 확인하였으며, PM_2.처리에 의한 각막 상피세포의 형태학적 변화를 동반한 생존율의 억제는 세포사멸 유도와 관련이 있었다. 또한 PM_2.가 처리된 각막 상피세포에서는 ROS의 생성이 증가되었으며, 이는 미토콘드리아 기능 장애와 연관성이 있었다. 이와 함께 PM_2.는 각막 상피세포에서 NO, TNF-α, IL-1β 및 IL-6를 포함한 염증 매개인자 및 사이토카인의 생성을 증가시켰다. 아울러 heatmap 분석을 통해 BLNK, IL-1RA, Itga2b, ABCb1a 및 Ptgs2가 미세먼지 유도 안구 질환의 임상 치료를 위한 잠재적인 표적 유전자로서 제시하였다. 결론적으로 본 연구의 결과는 1차 쥐의 각막 상피세포가 PM_2.에 의한 각막 상피세포 병리기전 연구에 유용한 모델일 수 있으며, 산화적 및 염증성 반응이 PM_2.유발 안구 표면 장애 유도에 핵심적인 역할을 함을 알 수 있었다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.241-248
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• 2022

NF-κB는 염증과 선천성 면역에 중요한 전사인자이며 anti-apoptotic gene을 유도하여 세포의 생존과 발암에도 깊이 연관되어 있으며 많은 신호전달분자 및 신호전달회로와 연결되어있다. 한편, Hsp90는 NF-κB의 활성을 조절한다는 보고가 이루어졌으나 그 구체적인 기전은 알려져 있지 않다. 본 연구에서는 IKK compelx를 구성하는 인자들의 발현 plasmid를 이용하여 NF-κB의 활성조절에서 Hsp90와 IKKγ의 연관성 및 역할을 연구하였다. 그 결과 Hsp90는 IκBα의 인산화와 분해를 촉진하여 NF-κB를 활성화시켰고, NIK과 LPS에 의한 NF-κB의 활성화는 Hsp90에 의해 더욱 활성이 증가하였다. IKKγ는 Hsp90에 의해 증가된 IκBα의 인산화와 분해를 더욱 촉진함으로써 Hsp90의 NF-κB 활성화 작용을 상승시켰다. 이러한 Hsp90와 IKKγ에 의한 NF-κB의 활성화 현상은 항상 활성화 된 상태를 유지하는 IKKβ-EE mutant를 이용한 검토에서도 입증되었다. 또한 IKKγ의 deletion mutant를 이용한 검토에서 IKKγ의 N-말단에 위치하는 IKKβ 결합부위와 C-말단에 위치하는 leucine zipper 및 zinc finger 부위는 IKKγ와 Hsp90의 NF-κB에 대한 상호협력적 촉진작용에 필요하지 않았다. 또한 Hsp90에 의해 촉진된 세포내 pro-inflammatory cytokine들의 발현은 IKKγ에 의해 더욱 상승하였다. 이러한 결과로부터 Hsp90와 IKKγ의 상호작용을 차단한다면 NF-κB의 과다활성으로 인한 질병의 예방과 치료에 도움을 줄 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제20권8호
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• pp.1221-1229
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• 2010

정상세포뿐 만 아니라 형질 전환된 세포의 증식조절에 중요한 역할을 하는 것으로 알려진 COX-2는 전사조절인자인 NF-${\kappa}B$에 의해서 조절되며, 염증반응에 있어서 중요한 역할을 하는 PGE2의 생성에 관여하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 U937 인체혈구세포에서 염증유발인자인 PMA에 의해서 유발되는 염증반응에 있어서 중요한 역할을 하는 COX-2 및 COX-2의 산물인 PGE2와 COX-2의 발현에 영향을 미치는 전사조절인자인 NF-${\kappa}B$의 발현에 협죽도 잎 및 줄기의 에탄올 추출물인 ENIL 및 ENIS가 어떠한 영향을 미치는 지를 조사하였다. PMA가 처리된 U937 세포에서 COX-1의 발현에는 아무런 영향을 미치지 못하였지만 COX-2의 발현 증가가 유도되었고 이에 따른 PGE2의 생성이 증가되었다. PMA에 의해서 증가된 COX-2의 발현이 ENIS 선처리에 의하여 거의 완벽하게 억제되었고 그에 따른 PGE2의 생성도 현저하게 감소되었다. ENIS에 의한 COX-2의 발현 및 PGE2의 생성억제가 전사조절인자인 NF-${\kappa}B$와 상관성이 있는지를 조사한 결과, 핵 내로의 NF-${\kappa}B$ 이동이 ENIS 선처리에 의하여 억제되는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 ENIS가 NF-${\kappa}B$의 활성 억제를 통하여 COX-2의 발현 및 PGE2의 생성을 효과적으로 억제함으로서 항염증 효능을 가진다는 것을 의미하는 결과이다. 하지만 ENIL의 경우에는 이상에서와 같은 이러한 변화들이 매우 약하게 나타나는 것으로 조사되어 ENIS와 비교해서 항염증 효능이 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구 결과는 협죽도의 항염증기전에 대한 생화학적 해석 및 이를 활용한 향후 지속적인 연구를 위한 귀중한 자료가 될 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.263-271
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• 2016

Background: Bone injury is common in many clinical situations, such as surgery or trauma. During surgery, excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production decreases the quality and quantity of osteoblasts. Remifentanil decreases ROS production, reducing oxidative stress and the inflammatory response. We investigated remifentanil's protective effects against $H_2O_2$-induced oxidative stress in osteoblasts. Methods: To investigate the effect of remifentanil on human fetal osteoblast (hFOB) cells, the cells were incubated with 1 ng/ml of remifentanil for 2 h before exposure to $H_2O_2$. For induction of oxidative stress, hFOB cells were then treated with $200{\mu}M$ $H_2O_2$ for 2 h. To evaluate the effect on autophagy, a separate group of cells were incubated with 1 mM 3-methyladenine (3-MA) before treatment with remifentanil and $H_2O_2$. Cell viability and apoptotic cell death were determined via MTT assay and Hoechst staining, respectively. Mineralized matrix formation was visualized using alizarin red S staining. Western blot analysis was used to determine the expression levels of bone-related genes. Results: Cell viability and mineralized matrix formation increased on remifentanil pretreatment before exposure to $H_2O_2$-induced oxidative stress. As determined via western blot analysis, remifentanil pretreatment increased the expression of bone-related genes (Col I, BMP-2, osterix, and $TGF-{\beta}$). However, pretreatment with 3-MA before exposure to remifentanil and $H_2O_2$ inhibited remifentanil's protective effects on hFOB cells during oxidative stress. Conclusions: We showed that remifentanil prevents oxidative damage in hFOB cells via a mechanism that may be highly related to autophagy. Further clinical studies are required to investigate its potential as a therapeutic agent.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.464-472
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• 2009

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Cheonghyul-san on the generation of peroxynitrite ($ONOO^-$), nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide anion radical ( ${\cdot}\;O_2^-$), and on the expression of NF-${\kappa}$B-dependent proinflammatory proteins in ob/ob mice. Mice were grouped and treated for 5 weeks as follows. Both the normal lean (C57BL/6J black mice) and control obese (ob/ob mice) groups have received the standard chow. The experimental groups were fed with a diet of chow supplemented with 7.5, 15 and 30 mg Cheonghyul-san per 1 kg of body weight for 14 days. For this study, the fluorescent probes, namely 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFDA), 4,5-diaminofluorescein-2 (DAF-2) and dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR 123) were used. Western blot was performed using anti-IKK-${\alpha}$, anti-phospho I${\kappa}$B-${\alpha}$, anti-NF-${\kappa}$B (p50, p65), anti-COX-2, anti-iNOS, anti-VCAM-1 antibodies, respectively. Cheonghyul-san prevented $H_2O_2$-induced cell death. Cheonghyul-san inhibited the generation of $ONOO^-$, NO and ${\cdot}\;O_2^-$ in the $H_2O_2$-treated LLC-$PK_1$ cells. The generation of $ONOO^-$, NO and ${\cdot}\;O_2^-$ were inhibited in the Cheonghyul-san-administered ob/ob mice groups. The GSH/GSSG ratio was decreased in the ob/ob mice, whereas the ratio was improved in the Cheonghyul-san-administered groups. Cheonghyul-san inhibited the protein expression levels of phospho-I${\kappa}$B-${\alpha}$, IKK-${\alpha}$, NF-${\kappa}$B (p50, p65), COX-2, iNOS and VCAM-1 genes. These results suggest that Cheonghyul-san is an effective scavenger of $ONOO^-$, ${\cdot}\;O_2^-$ and NO, and has an inhibitory effect on the expression of NF-${\kappa}$B-dependent inflammatory genes in ob/ob mice. Therefore, Cheonghyul-san might be used as a potential therapeutic drug against the diabetes- and obesity-related proinflammatory diseases.