• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.169-181
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• 1993

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of weaning behavior on infants' health status. 294 mothers who had infants, aged 4 to 12 months in Seoul, were selected by cluster sampling and answered by the special questionnaires. Result were as follows : 55.1% of mothers had commenced weaning by 3 months of age. Infants eatten commercial weaning food except for infant eatten only home made weaning food were 88.8%. The case that mothers couldn't make weaning food at the home were 56.6% because they didn't know how to cook of weaning food. Cereals were used frequently as infant foods while meat and fish were lesser used. The higher mother's education level had, the higher nutritional knowledge had. Nutritional knowledge was not influenced on selecting the kinds of weaning food. But the higher nutritional knowledge had, the more desirable weaning behavior mother tended to be had. The more desirable weaning behavior mother had, the more infant's health status tended to be improved. Therefore, for the desirable weaning behaviors of mothers and the improvement of infants' health status, nutritional education program including cook method and development of infant food is need.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.199-206
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• 2016

Purpose: This study was conducted to monitor the development of Korean premature infant at six-month age and to explore factors related to developmental status of the premature infants. Methods: Participants were 58 premature infants whose corrected age was six-months old and their mothers. The developmental states of infants were followed-up with the Korean Prescreening Developmental Questionnaire (KPDQ-II). Clinical characteristics of the infants were identified from the medical records. Other characteristics including Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, husband's support, social support, and mother-infant attachment were assessed using self-report questionnaires from the mothers. Results: Forty three percent of the infants were in the group of questionable status of development on the KPDQ-II. There were significant differences between the premature infants with normal developmental status and those with questionable developmental status depending on gender ($x^2$=5.03, p=.034), gestational age (t=2.59, p=.012), hospital stay (p=.013), revised Neurobiologic Risk Score (p=.005) and mother-infant attachment score (t=2.12, p=.040). Conclusion: Mother-infant attachment, as well as physiological state of premature infants, is an important variable in early development. Therefore, early monitoring for the development has to be done for physiologically vulnerable premature groups. Also, providing proper nursing support to improve maternal attachment needs to be considered.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.5
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• pp.53-64
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• 1984

The purpose of this research was to supplement the preceding study and to examine the feasibility of standardizing the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID) for Korean infants. The subjects of this research were 93 healthy infants at 1-12 months of age living in Seoul. Seventy were the same infants as the subjects of the preceding research. Statistical analysis of the results was done by Item analysis and scalogram analysis using Green's method. The scalability of the BSID for Korean infants was .78 on the mental scale and .8l on the motor scale. Item order by counting positive responses was slightly different from the original BSID item order. On the feasibility of standardization of the BSID in Korea, the results showed that: 1) The BSID is scalable for Korean infant development, and 2) The BSID needs correction in item rank order.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.9
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• pp.279-291
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• 2016

The objective of this study is to determine the structural relationships among the infant's temperament, father's involvement in child-rearing, and the infant's social and emotional behavior. To this end, research was conducted with 330 parents of infants aged 1 and 2 in 55 day care centers located in J city and I city, Jeollabukdo. Frequency analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and structural model equation analysis were conducted using SPSS 21.0 and AMOS 21.0. First, the results of the structural model equation analysis showed that the infant's temperament had a negative correlation with leisure and guidance, while it had a positive correlation with activity and impulsivity, which are external manifestations of their social and emotional behavior. Father's involvement in child-rearing had a negative correlation with the adaptability and mood aspects of the child's temperament, and also with general anxiety, an internal aspect of his or her social and emotional behavior. Social and emotional behavior had a positive correlation with the approach avoidance aspect of the infant's temperament. Second, according to the results of the analysis of the route between the variables, infant temperament was found to be a significant route, having a statistically negative correlation with father's involvement in child-rearing. The results of this study showed that infant's temperament and father's involvement in child-rearing had effects on the infant's social and emotional behavior, and suggested the importance of having a proper understanding of the educational implications of the father's involvement in child-rearing, in terms of its effects on the infant's social and emotional behavior.

• Korean Journal of Child Education & Care
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.53-76
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of child care type on infant's developmental outcomes assessed by K-ASQ, focusing on the child-centric role of nurture policy. For this, this study categorized child care type into types including home nurturing, child care center, and subtypes of each category. The findings of multiple regression analysis using the first-third wave data of Panel Study of Korean Children(PSKC) are as follows. First, the child care center experience had rather positive effect on the development of all abilities in the infants comparing to home nurturing. Second, the time of attending child care center was differently related to the development of motor, communication, and personal-social skill in infanthood. Finally, the accreditation of child care showed a difference only in terms of social development of infants. In conclusion, even if the experience of using child care center has positive impact on infant's developmental level, it is still in need of improving service quality such as reinforcing accreditation system.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.671-679
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• 2012

Purpose: This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of a mother/infant-toddler health program developed to enhance parenting knowledge, behavior and confidence in low income mothers and home environment. Methods: A one-group pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design was used. Sixty-nine dyads of mothers and infant-toddlers (aged 0-36 months) were provided with weekly intervention for seven session. Each session consisted of three parts; first, educating to increase integrated knowledge related to the development of the infant/toddler including nutrition, first aid and home environment; second, counseling to share parenting experience among the mothers and to increase their nurturing confidence; third, playing with the infant/toddler to facilitate attachment-based parenting behavior for the mothers. Results: Following the programs, there were significant increases in parenting knowledge on nutrition and first aid. A significant improvement was found in attachment-based parenting behavior, but not in home safety practice. Nurturing confidence was not significantly increased. The program led to more positive home environment for infant/toddler's health and development. Conclusion: The findings provide evidence for mother-infant/toddler health program to improve parenting knowledge, attachment-based parenting behavior and better home environment in low income mothers. Study of the long term effectiveness of this program is recommended for future research.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.59-77
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to extend our understanding of the developmental antecedents of delay of gratification in infancy. The first goal was to examine direct effects of one feature of an infants’ temperament and of positive and negative parenting assumed at age one on children’s delay of gratification six months later. The second goal of the study was to test the interactive effect of early infant temperament and parenting on children’s delay of gratification. It was hypothesized that 1) less negative infants at 12 months would delay gratification longer six months later, 2) children of parents who provided more positive and sensitive feedback would delay gratification longer than children with parents who were more negative and less sensitive, and 3) there would be differential prediction of parenting for children who scored high and low in negative emotionality as infants. Toward this end, 81 infants were observed interacting at one year of age with their mothers and fathers during laboratory assessments to obtain measures of parenting and infant negative emotionality. At 18 months of age, the child’s capacity to delay touching attractive objects was measured. The main effects of infant negative emotionality and of mothering on children’s delay of gratification were not detected at standard levels of significance. Differential effects of parenting on children’s delay of gratification for infants with low or high negative emotionality, too, were not detected. However, the anticipated effect of fathering on delay of gratification was found in some analyses, indicating that the more positive fathering children received, the longer they could delay gratification in the laboratory six months later.

• Journal of Korean Academic Society of Home Health Care Nursing
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.5-24
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to develop a parenting intervention program and determine the efficacy of the program with low-birth weight infants and their mothers. Nine dyads for the experimental group and twelve dyads for the control group discharged from the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of a University Hospital in Seoul were recruited for the study. For the intervention group, programmed education and support which focused on the maternal sensitivity of the infant's behavior. rearing environment. motherinfant interaction and infant care were given to each subject. Individual counseling and home visits were provided at discharge, one week after discharge. and one and three months of corrected age in every infant. Structured questionaires were administered and feeding interactions were videotaped and coded by a blinded certified observer. A Quasi-experimental design was conducted for this study. Postpartum depression, maternal self esteem. infant care burden, HOME. mother-infant interaction, and infant development were measured. Results were in favor of the intervention versus the control group. On the Beck depression inventory, intervention mothers showed decreasing trends in depressive symptom vs control mothers although, there were statistically no significant differences between the two groups at each time. The mean score of experimental group was 11.55(mild depression state) at discharge and became 8,6(normal state) at 1 month of corrected age. On the other hand, the mean score of the control group was 13.92(mild depression state) at discharge and became 14.0. Maternal self esteem in both groups improved over time. Infant care burden in both groups was also shown to increase over time. There was a significant difference between the two groups in HOME(p=.0340) at 3 months of corrected age. HOME scores of the experimental group and the control's were 31.10 and 25.58, respectively. Mothers' emotional and language responses were significantly high in the intervention group compared with the control group(p=.0155). Intervention group (53.33) showed a significantly high quality of motherinfant interaction compared with the in control group (42.80)(p =.0340). Intervention group mothers appeared have a better quality of mother-infant interaction behaviors. On the other hand, there was no statistical difference in the infant part between groups. Intervention group infants had higher trends in a general developmental quotient: although, there was no statistical difference between groups. The general developmental quotient of intervention infants was 102.56 and control's was 91.28. However, the developmental quotient of the domain of 'individuality-sociality' was higher in the intervention group infants compared with the control's(p=.0155). The concerns identified by parents revealed two domains of an infants' health management -knowledge and skills in caregiving of lowbirthweight-infants, characteristics of lowbirthweight infants, identifying a developmental milestone, coping with emergency situations and relaxation strategies of mothers from the infant care burden. Interview data with the mothers of low-birth weight infants can be used to develop intervention program contents. Limited intervention time and frequency due to time and cost limitations of this study should be modified. The intervention should be continuously implemented when low-birth weight infants become three years old. An NNNS demonstration appeared to be a very effective intervention for the mothers to improve the quality of mother-infant interactions. Therefore intervening in the mothers of low-birth weight infants as early after delivery as possible is desirable. This study has shown that home visit interventions are worthwhile for mothers only beyond the approach as an essential factor in ability of facilitating a growth fostering environment. In conclusion. the intervention program of this study was very effective in enhancing the parenting for the mothers of low-birth weight infants, resulting in health promotion of low-birth weight infants. The home-visit outreach intervention program of this study will contribute to the health delivery system in this country where there is a lack of continuous follow-up programs for low-birth weight infants after discharge from NICU, if it is activated as part of the home visit programs in community health systems.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.12
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• pp.485-493
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• 2017

Rearing knowledge is a significant factor of relevance for rearing practice, and assessment of rearing knowledge and practice is important for infant parents. The author adopted the Child Rearing Knowledge Scale (CRKS) and Child Rearing Practice Scale (CRPS) that were developed and validated by Saramma & Thomas. According to the international linguistic validation process, pilot testing was done based on 20 infant's mothers in one Oketani massage center and one public health center. Descriptive statistic methods and Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test were employed to evaluate the level and compare the mean score according to general characteristics of subjects of the tools. Reliability and validity were tested by Cronbach's alpha and Spearman Correlations. The mean age of the subjects was 33.94 (${\pm}2.99$) years and the mean age of babies was 3.35 (${\pm}0.58$) months. The understanding level of the Korean version of the CRKS and CRPS was 1.80 (${\pm}0.65$) and 1.33 (${\pm}0.54$), respectively. In addition, the CRKS and CRPS were relatively easy to use. The mean score of the CRKS was 22.50 (${\pm}4.89$), which was a moderate score, while the mean score of the CRPS was 30.75 (${\pm}2.04$), which was high. The Cronbach's alpha values of the CRPS were as follows: feeding, 0.71; growth and development, 0.64; cleaning and protection 0.68; infant stimulation, 0.77. There was a significant correlation between infant stimulation of the CRPS and growth and development of the CRKS (r=0.530, p=0.016). The CRKS score of medical staff was significantly higher than that of non-medical staff (p=0.04). The CRKS and CRPS are expected to be used in clinical or community care practice as easy-to-use tools that are easy to respond to.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.5-27
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• 1995

One of the important tasks for new parents, especially mothers, is to establish warm, mutually affirming interpersonal relationships with the new baby in the family, with the purpose of promoting the health development of the child and the well-being of the whole family. Nurses assess the quality of the behavioral characteristics of the maternal-infant interaction. The purpose of this longitudinal descriptive correlational study is to investigate the changes of the mother - infant interactions from postpartum 1 day to postpartum 8weeks of the transition to parenthood. The aim was to contribute to the development of theoretical under standing on which to base care toward promoting the quality of maternal - infant interaction. Data were collect ed directly by the investigator and at rained from Jul, 1, 1990 to Jun 8, 1991, Subjects were a random sample of 44 mothers, 44 who had a normal delivery (but with out other perinatal complications) at four general hospitals in Seoul. Instruments used were the Stainton Parent-infant Interaction Scale (1981). The first observations were made in the delivery room, followed by day 1, day 2, day 3 and 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 6 weeks and 8 weeks after, birth, for a total of 8 contacts. Observations in the hospital were made during the hour prior to scheduled feedings. The infant was placed beside the mother. Later contacts were made at home. Data analysis was don by computer using as SPSS program and included, Paired t-test, t-test and Pearson Correlation coefficient ; the results were as follows. 1. The daily maternal-infant interaction score for the initial contact ofter birth to 8 weeks postpartum had the lowest average score 5.21 and the highest 8.02(in a range of 0-10). This subject group of mothers needed Extra nursing supporting to promote their maternal-infant interaction. 2. The daily scores for the maternal-infant interaction tended to rise, showing a gradual improvement over the period of eight weeks. However, there were significantly different increases in maternal-infant interaction only from the first to second day (p=0.000) and from the fourth to sixth weeks ofter birth.(p=0.000) 3. When the seven items of maternal-infant interaction were evaluated items of maternal-infant inter action were evaluated separately, "Care taking for the baby" had the highest average score, 1.60(in a range of 0-2) and "Speaks to baby" the lowest, 0.8. All items, suggested the subjects' need of nursing intervention to promote maternal-infant interaction 4. There were positive correlations between certain general characteristics, namely, both a higher economic status (p=0.027) and breast feeding (p=0.021) and maternal-infant interaction.