• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.145-153
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• 2022

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the Electromyography (EMG) of the upper limb during reaching tasks according to two heights in the sitting position. Design: Cross sectional design Methods: Fifteen hemiplegia, fifteen elderly, and fifteen healthy subjects have participated in this study. The targets (90% length of the subject's arm) were located at the two heights (the eye and xiphoid process). We have recorded EMG signals of seven upper limb muscles (anterior deltoid (AD), posterior deltoid (PD), pectoralis major (Pec), infraspinatus (Inf), supraspinatus (Sup), biceps brachii (Bi), triceps brachii (Tri)). The dependent variables were movement time(s), modulation ratio, working ratio, and the co-contraction ratio of the hemiplegia, elderly, and healthy at the reaching task. Two-way repeated-measures ANOVA (2-heights) was analyzed with the LSD post hoc test. Results: The study results were as follows: (1) The movement time to the target during reaching movement was significantly longer for the hemiplegia and elderly groups compared to the healthy group. (2) The modulation rate was significantly higher at eye height than the xiphoid height in AD, PD, Pec, Inf, Bi muscles, and the hemiplegia group and elderly group were significantly lower than the healthy group. Additionally, the modulation ratio showed a significant interaction between heights and groups. Conclusions: It is expected that the variables using the muscle contraction characteristics, the evaluation method of this study, can be used as an electromyography-based feedback method that can be objectively evaluated and quantified in clinical practice.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.77-83
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• 2022

Purpose: This study aims to find the impact of international trade cooperation and distribution on foreign direct investment (FDI). The study also tests the impact of lag variables of trade cooperation and distribution on FDI in the future. Research design, data, and methodology: Autoregressive Distributed Lag model is applied to analyze the impact of chosen variables such as total trade (TRADE), trade openness (OPEN), the exchange rate (EXR), inflation (INF), and gross domestic growth (GDP) on FDI. Quarterly data is collected from Vietnam General Statistic Office, Vietnam General Department of Customs, International Monetary Fund, and The World Bank from 2006 to 2020. Stata 14 software is used to analyze the regression and test variables. Results: The findings indicate that TRADE, OPEN, INF, GDP, and their lags affect both positively and negatively on FDI in different periods. While OPEN still expresses an unclear impact on FDI. Moreover, this study proves that the FDI of a nation is influenced by international cooperation. Conclusions: This study indicates the importance of international trade cooperation and distribution in not only attracting foreign investment sources but also developing the economy. Findings are necessary bases for governments or authorities in signing international trade agreements in the future.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.568-575
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• 2000

Background : Cytokines are chemical mediators that control and modulate many inflammatory processes. They work in different fashions in a variety of diseases. Discriminating between malignant effusion, tuberculous effusion, and parapneumonic effusion are crucial from the clinical view-point in Korea. In the current study, interferon-gamma (IFN-${\gamma}$), soluble interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) were measured for this purpose. Methods : Pleural fluids from patients with malignant disease, tuberculosis, parapneumonic effusion and lung empysema were collected and gauged using commercial ELISA kits. Results : 34 patients were enrolled in this study. Among these 15 cases were malignant effusions, 12 were tuberculosis pleurisy and 7 were parapneumonic effusion and lung empyema. The levels of cytokines measured in this study were as follows, in order of frequency, malignant effusion, tuberculous effusion, parapneumonic effusion and lung empyema. The levels of INF-${\gamma}$ were higher in tuberculous effusion than in malignant or parapneumonic effusion ($295.5{\pm}585.5$ vs. $16.7{\pm}50$ vs. $10.0{\pm}0$ pg/ml, p>0.05). The levels of IL-2R were higher in tuberculous effusion than in malignant or parapneumoruc effusion ($7423.5{\pm}3752.8$ vs. $3247.4{\pm}1713.3$ vs. $3790.2{\pm}3201.1$ pg/ml, p<0.05). No significant differences were found in the levels of IL-6 between the groups ($600{\pm}12.8$ pg/ml in malignant effusion, $556.4{\pm}161.7$ pg/ml in tuberculous effusion, $514.4{\pm}224.8$ pg/ml in parapneumoruc effusion). IL-10 levels were higher in parapneumoruc effusion than in malignant or tuberculous effusions ($98.4{\pm}141.7$ vs. $28.2{\pm}55.5$ vs. $11.3{\pm}11.7$ pg/ml, p<0.05). Conclusion : These results suggest that the measurement of IL-2R levels in pleural fluids may be a useful means of differentiating between tuberculous effusion and pleural effusions of other origins, and that the measurement of IL-10 levels in pleural fluids may be useful to differentiate between parapneumonic effusion and pleural effusions of other origins.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.46-61
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• 2009

Background and Objectives : Allergic Contact Dermatitis is the disease affected by industrialization. The more industrialization advanced, the more materials that could induce the allergic contact dermatitis have been increased. Therefore in oriental medicine, various studies have been performed. The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of Naetakchunkeum-san on the Allergic Contact Dermatitis induced by 2,4-dinitro-chlorobezene(DNCB). Meterial and Methods : Twenty eight mice were divided into four groups ; normal, control, experimental group A and B. Control and experimental group were induced allergic contact dermatitis by DNCB. Experimental group A was orally administered the Naetakchunkeum-san and experimental group B was orally administered the prednisolone. In this study, ear thickness measurement, observation auricle microphotograph, Myeloperoxidase(MPO) activity measurement, Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) analysis of the mRNA level of $TNF-\alpha$, $IL-1\beta$, $INF-\gamma$ were performed on these four groups. In addition, the effect of Naetakchunkeum-san on cell viability and the effect of Naetakchunkeum-san on the compound 48/80-induced histamine release from HMC and RPMC were measured, Results : 1. In contact hypersensitivity assay, experimental group A and B showed decreased ear thickness compared with control group, 2. In experimental group A, pathological lesion of dermatitis were alleviated. In addition, the numbers of infiltrated cells were reduced, and cleft was not shown compared with control group, In experimental group B, similar results were shown. 3. There was a significant increase in MPO activity in control group compared with normal group, Experimental group A and B significantly inhibited the increase in MPO activity compared with control group. 4, The level of expression of $TNF-\alpha$, $IL-1\beta$, $INF-\gamma$ in experimental group A and B were significantly lower than those in control group. As the internal control, cyclophilin mRNA was also reverse-transcribed and amplified. 5, In MTT assay, there were no statistically significant differences in 100 ${\mu}g/ml$, 200 ${\mu}g/ml$, 500 ${\mu}g/ml$, 1000 ${\mu}g/ml$ Naetakchunkeum-san treated group from 0 ${\mu}g/ml$ Naetakchunkeum-san treated group as determined by the Tukey test. 6. Naetakchunkeum-san dose-dependently inhibited the compound 48/80-induced histamine release from both HMC and RPMC. Conclusions : According to above experiments, Naetakchunkeum-san may be applied to allergic contact dermatitis.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.269-276
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• 2002

Let E be a real Banach space. Let T : E longrightarrow E be a map with F(T) : = { x $\in$ E : Tx = x} $\neq$ 0 and satisfying the accretive-type condition $\lambda\$\mid$x-Tx\$\mid$^2$, for all $x\inE,\;x^*\inf(T)\;and\;\lambda >0$. We prove some necessary and sufficient conditions for the convergence of the Mann iterative sequence to a fixed point of T.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1991.10a
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• pp.248-251
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• 1991

A robust monitor AGC(Automatic Gauge Control) system for a hot strip mill plant of POSCO Is designed by minimizing the H.inf. norm of a so called mixed sensitivity function. In order to solve the mininizatlon problem, a polynomial approach proposed by Kwakernaak[5] is used. The controller performance is tested by a computer simulation under various circumstances.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.87-89
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• 1984

Let X be a Banach space, and let B(X) (resp. CB(X), K(X), CV(X)) denote the family of all nonvoid (resp. closed bounded, compact, convex) subsets of X. The Kuratowski measure of noncompactness is defined by the mapping .alpha.$_{k}$: B(X).rarw. $R_{+}$ with .alpha.$_{k}$(A) = inf {r>0 vertical bar A can be covered by a finite number of sets with diameter less than r}.an r}.

• Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.159-171
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• 1999

We formulate and study a finite element method for a linearized steady state, compressible, viscous Navier-Stokes equations in 2D, based on the discontinuous Galerkin method. Dislike the standard discontinuous galerkin method, we do not assume that the triangle sides be bounded away from the characteristic direction. the unique stability follows from the inf-sup condition established on the finite dimensional spaces for the (incompressible) Stokes problem. An error analysis having a jump discontinuity for pressure is shown.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1996.10b
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• pp.556-559
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• 1996

In this paper, we suggest a H center .inf. generalized predictive control(H center GPC) which guarantees $H_{\infty}$-norm bounds. THe suggested control is obtained by solving the min-max problem in nonrecursive forms. The stability conditions of the suggested control are derived in a somewhat simple form and it is not required for the derived solution to be a saddle point solution. It is also shown that the suggested control guarantees the $H_{\infty}$-norm bounds under the same conditions of stability.

• Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.1083-1112
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• 2019

In this paper, we present and analyze a cell-centered collocated finite volume scheme for incompressible flows to compute solutions simultaneous to Stokes and Darcy equations by applying a pressure jump stabilization term to avoid locking. We prove that the new stabilized FV formulation satisfies a discrete inf-sup condition and error estimates for both problems. Finally, we present some numerical examples confirming this analysis.