• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.1-18
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• 2005

인삼(Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer)은 가공방법fl 따라 크게 백삼과 홍삼으로 분류된다. 가공 공정 면에서 홍삼은 생 인삼(수삼)을 그대로 건조한 백삼과는 다르게 일정한 온도조건 하에서 수증기로 쪄서 건조 한 인삼으로 두 종류의 인삼간에는 열처리 공정에 차이점이 있다. 품질 안정성 면에서 홍삼은 열처리과정에서 효소의 불 활성화와 자체 항산화 물질의 증가로 저장성이 양호하고, 호화전분이 되어 끓일 때 내용성분이 잘 우러나오고 소화 흡수도 양호한 것으로 여겨진다. 성분 면에서 홍삼제조 시 열처리(steaming처리)와 가수분해 반응에 의해 화학성분의 구조적 변환이 일어나 홍삼특유의 암세포증식억제 활성 성분인 $ginsenosides-Rh_2,\;-Rh_4,\;-Rs_3,\;-Rs_4,\;-Rg_5$, 암세포 전이 억제 및 혈관확장 효과 등을 나타내는 $ginsenoside-Rg_3$ 등이 생성된다는 것이 밝혀졌다. 또한 비사포닌계 생리활성물질로 암세포 증식억제 활성을 가진 polyacetylenic alcobol의 구조적 변환에 의해 panaxytriol 등이 생성되고, 그리고 maillard 반응 생성물로 항산화 활성 성분인 maltol과 당과 아미노산이 결합된 아미노산 유도체인 arginyl-fructsyl-glucose등이 생성된다. 한편 홍삼과 백삼 및 이들 제품의 수출과 관련하여 각 수출 대상국의 진세노사이드 수준의 품질관리기준에 대한 충분한 분석화학적 정보의 확보가 필요하며, 금후 이에 적합한 품질기준의 설정 보완이 필요할 것이다. 특히 홍삼의 경우 찌는 온도와 시간의 장단에 따라, 또는 그 농축액 제조 시 추출 및 농축 조건(온도와 시간)에 따라 인삼의 품질 지표 성분으로 이용되고 있는 ginsenosides를 비롯한 상당한 성분의 변환이 일어날 수 있으므로 이를 고려한 품질관리방법의 고안이 필요할 것으로 사료된다. 효능 면에서 홍삼과 백삼의 차별성에 대해서는 in vitro 혹은 in vivo 시험에서 노화억제효과와 관련된 항산화 활성을 비롯해서 혈액순환개선 효과, 암 발생 억제력 등의 약리 활성이 홍삼이 백삼보다 상대적으로 우수한 것으로 보고되었다. 아울러 한방의학에서 일반적으로 허를 보 하는 힘은 홍삼이 강한 것으로 인식되고 있다. 그러나 아직 실제 임상실험에 의한 비교 평가는 미흡한 실정이며, 특히 경구투여 후 체내 동태측면에서 그 효과의 차별성에 대한 연구는 거의 이루어지지 않았다. 금후 홍삼과 백삼의 효과 우열의 측면이 아닌 그 용도와 적응증에 차이가 있는지에 초점을 맞추어 보다 과학적 평가가 이루어져야 할 것이다. 결론적으로 가능한 동일한 재배조건에서 생산된 원료수삼으로 제조된 홍삼과 백삼의 원 생약과 그 추출 분획물, 또는 성분을 시료로 하여 화학성분 조성을 비교하고 이와 연계한 실험적 효능연구의 확충과 특히 임상적 효능 비교연구를 통해 과연 그 적응증에 차이가 있는지에 대한 보다 많은 과학적 검토가 이루어져야 할 것이다.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.97-106
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• 2010

Aim of the study: An alternative source of adult stem cells that could be obtained in large quantities, under local anesthesia, with minimal discomfort would be advantageous. Adipose tissue could be processed to obtain a fibroblast-like population of cells or adipose tissue-derived stromal cells (ATSCs). This study was performed to confirm the availability of ATSCs in bone tissue engineering. Materials amp; Methods: In this study, adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cell was extracted from the liposuctioned abdominal fat of 24-old human and cultivated, and the stem cell surface markers of CD 105 and SCF-R were confirmed by immunofluorescent staining. The proliferation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell and ATSCs were compared, and evaluated the osteogenic differentiation of ATSCs in a specific osteogenic induction medium. Osteogenic differentiation was assessed by von Kossa and alkaline phosphatase staining. Expression of osteocyte specific BMP-2, ALP, Cbfa-1, Osteopontin and osteocalcin were confirmed by RT-PCR. With differentiation of ATSCs, calcium concentration was assayed, and osteocalcin was evaluated by ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay). The bone formation by 5-week implantation of HA/TCP block loaded with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and ATSCs in the subcutaneous pocket of nude mouse was evaluated by histologic analysis. Results: ATSCs incubated in the osteogenic medium were stained positively for von Kossa and alkaline phosphatase staining. Expression of osteocyte specific genes was also detected. ATSCs could be easily identified through fluorescence microscopy, and bone formation in vivo was confirmed by using ATSC-loaded HA/TCP scaffold. Conclusions: The present results show that ATSCs have an ability to differentiate into osteoblasts and formed bone in vitro and in vivo. So ATSCs may be an ideal source for further experiments on stem cell biology and bone tissue engineering.

• 원예과학기술지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.480-489
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• 2017

본 연구는 참지네고사리의 기내 포자발아, 전엽체 증식 및 포자체 형성에 적합한 배지 및 배양토를 구명하고 균일묘를 생산하고자 수행되었다. 포자는 배지의 종류와 농도에 관계없이 모든 처리구에서 발아율이 우수하였다. 그 중 Knop배지에서는 MS 계열 배지에 비해 전엽체로의 발달이 빠르게 진행되었다. 포자를 발아시켜 획득한 전엽체를 재료로 배지의 구성물질을 달리하여 배양하였다. 전엽체의 증식율은 Knop배지에 비해 낮았으나, 장정기 등 생식기관의 형성이 활발한 1MS배지가 전엽체 증식용 배지로 적합한 것으로 생각되었다. 또한 MS배지의 sucrose 농도는 2%, 총 질소급원의 농도는 60mM, $NH_4{^+}$와 $NO_3{^-}$의 비율을 20:40mM로 조절하는 것이 전엽체의 생육 및 형태형성에 효과적이었다. 포자체 형성에 적합한 배양토를 선발하기 위하여 믹서기로 분쇄한 전엽체를 인공토양(원예상토, 피트모스, 펄라이트, 마사토)을 단용 또는 혼용한 토양에 분주하여 14주간 재배하였다. 그 결과, 원예상토를 사용한 처리구에서 포자체의 형성 및 생육이 우수하였으며, 특히 원예상토와 마사토를 2:1(v:v)로 혼용하였을 때 포자체의 형성(0.83개/$cm^2$)이 가장 왕성하였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권10호
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• pp.1510-1516
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• 2007

These experiments were carried out to optimize the parameters of electrical activation, methods of parthenogenetic activation and embryo culture in vitro and meanwhile to isolate embryonic stem cells-like (ESCs) derived from porcine parthenogenetic blastocysts (pPBs). These results showed that, as the electric field strength increased from 1.0 to 2.7 kV/cm, the cleavage rate of parthenogenetic embryos increased gradually but the rate of oocyte lysis was significantly increased when using 2.7 kV/cm field strength. The rate of cleavage in 2.2 and 2.7 kV/cm groups was significantly increased in comparison with that of the 1.0 kV/cm group. A voltage field strength of 2.2 kV/cm DC was used to investigate blastocyst development following activation with a single pulse of 30 or $60-{\mu}sec$ pulse duration. The optimum pulse duration was 30-${\mu}sec$, with a blastocyst rate of 20.7%. Multiple pulses were inferior to a single pulse for blastocyst yield (8.0% vs. 29.9) (p<0.05). For porcine oocyte parthenogenetic activation methods, the rates of cleavage (79.0% vs. 59.8%) and blastocysts (19.4% vs. 3.4%) were significantly increased in electrical activation in contrast to chemical activation with ionomycin/6-DMAP (p<0.05). Rates of cleavage and blastocyst formation in NCSU-23 and PZM-3 embryo media were higher than those of G1.3/G2.3 serial culture media, but there was no significant difference among the three groups. The total cell number of blastocysts in PZM-3 embryo culture media containing $5{\mu}g/ml$ insulin was significantly higher than that of the control (no insulin) ($44.3{\pm}9.1$ vs. $33.9{\pm}11.7$). For isolation of PESCs-like, the rates of porcine blastocysts attached to feeder layers and ICM colony formation in Method B (nude embryo culture) were better than those in Method A (intact embryo culture).

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제41권5호
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• pp.362-368
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• 2008

항진균성 활성을 가지는 저영양세균을 분리하기 위하여 토양시료는 경북 영양, 충북 제천, 충북 음성, 충북 괴산, 충남 논산 등지의 고추 밭에서 수집하였고 R2A배지를 이용하여 평판희석법으로 9,354여 균주의 저영양세균을 분리하였다. 분리된 저영양세균중 고추역병에 강한 활성을 가지는 1A 균주를 선발 하였으며 16S rDNA 와 표준균주(B. vallismortis, B. mojavensis)를 이용한 생리, 생화학적 실험으로 B. vallismortis로 최종동정 되었다. 1A균주는 Magnaporthe 균을 제외하고 Phytophthora, Collectotrichum, Botrytis, Fusarium 균등에서 폭넓게 강한 활성을 나타내었다. 고추 유묘검정에서 대조구가 89%정도의 발병율을 보인 반면에 1A 처리구에서는 29%의 발병율을 나타내어 고추역병의 길항균으로써의 미생물제제 가능성이 있는 것으로 판단된다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.77-92
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• 1990

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of 6 cavity liners in vitro. Human fibroblasts were cultured in ${\alpha}$-MEM and each liner was manually mixed and filled in glass ring cylinder ($8{\times}8mm$ in diameter, in height). The cylinders filled with the liners were placed in the center of the dish (35mm in diameter) containing 3ml of ${\alpha}$-MEM. Millipore filters (pore size $0.22{\mu}m$) to simulate dentin barrier were also placed between the bottom of cylinder and the dish. Then the culture dishes were stored in 5% $CO_2$ containing incubator for 5 and 10 days at the temperature of $36.6^{\circ}C$. The results of the experiments were analyzed by counting the cells in the period of 5 and 10 days respectively, and were assessed by calculating the cell multiplication rate and the relative growth rate. The experiemntal groups and the control group were compared statistically. The results of the study were summarized as follows: 1. The cell number of Zinc oxide-eugenol was $(4.13{\pm}1.31){\times}10^4$ cells/ml at 5 days and $(4.32{\pm}1.61){\times}10^4$ cells/ml at 10 days. 2. The cell number of Cavitec was ($8.35{\pm}2.87{\times}10^4$ cells/ml and $(10.08{\pm}5.10){\times}10^4$ cells/ml at 5 and 10 days respectively. 3. The cell number of Dycal was $(13.56{\pm}3.89){\times}10^4$ cells/ml at 5 days and $(34.75{\pm}8.85){\times}10^4$ cells/ml at 10 days. 4. The cell number of life was $(11.46{\pm}3.32){\times}10^4$ cells/ml and $(21.92{\pm}6.18){\times}10^4$ cells/ml at 5 and 10 days. 5. The cell number of Base cement was $(13.73{\pm}3.73){\times}10^4$ cells/ml and $(36.68{\pm}5.20){\times}10^4$ cells/ml at 5 and 10 days. 6. The cell number of Dentin cement was $(13.58{\pm}3.90){\times}10$ cells/ml and $(66.95{\pm}24.09){\times}10$ cells/ml at 5 and 10 days. 7. The cell multiplication rate of zinc oxide-eugenol cements was significantly less than that of the calcium hydroxide and glass ionomer cement. (P < 0.05)

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.367-376
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• 2011

치아우식증의 조기 발견은 외과적 삭제를 피하면서, 적절한 치료를 할 수 있는 좋은 기회를 제공한다. 광간섭단층촬영술은 최근 각광받기 시작한 3차원 이미지 기술로서, 안과에서 광학적 생검의 목적으로 빈번히 이용되는 것을 필두로 다양한 의학 분야에 적용되어 왔고, 최근 초기 우식증의 발견에 전도유망하여 다양한 연구가 진행 중이다. 이 기술은 저 상관도 간섭계의 원리에 근거하고 있으며, 장점으로는 비침습적이고, 방사선을 사용하지 않으며, 3차원 이미지 구축이 가능하다는 점이다. 본 연구에서는 광간섭단층촬영술의 원리와 개략적인 개발 과정에 대한 기술과 함께 치아우식증에 관한 연구들에 대하여 고찰해 보았고, 이를 통해 이 기술의 응용 가능성을 확인하였다. 그럼에도 불구하고, 임상적인 유용성을 입증하기 위해서는 몇 가지 기술적 문제를 해결해야 하고, 보다 많은 생체 내 실험이 뒷받침되어야 할 것이다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.315-324
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• 2016

Background: Biocontrol agents are regarded as promising and environmental friendly approaches as agrochemicals for phytodiseases that cause serious environmental and health problems. Trichoderma species have been widely used in suppression of soil-borne pathogens. In this study, an endophytic fungus, Trichoderma gamsii YIM PH30019, from healthy Panax notoginseng root was investigated for its biocontrol potential. Methods: In vitro detached healthy roots, and pot and field experiments were used to investigate the pathogenicity and biocontrol efficacy of T. gamsii YIM PH30019 to the host plant. The antagonistic mechanisms against test phytopathogens were analyzed using dual culture, scanning electron microscopy, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Tolerance to chemical fertilizers was also tested in a series of concentrations. Results: The results indicated that T. gamsii YIM PH30019 was nonpathogenic to the host, presented appreciable biocontrol efficacy, and could tolerate chemical fertilizer concentrations of up to 20%. T. gamsii YIM PH30019 displayed antagonistic activities against the pathogenic fungi of P. notoginseng via production of VOCs. On the basis of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, VOCs were identified as dimethyl disulfide, dibenzofuran, methanethiol, ketones, etc., which are effective ingredients for antagonistic activity. T. gamsii YIM PH30019 was able to improve the seedlings' emergence and protect P. notoginseng plants from soil-borne disease in the continuous cropping field tests. Conclusion: The results suggest that the endophytic fungus T. gamsii YIM PH30019 may have a good potential as a biological control agent against notoginseng phytodiseases and can provide a clue to further illuminate the interactions between Trichoderma and phytopathogens.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.37-46
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• 2018

Objectives : Liver disease is an inflammatory reaction caused by oxidative stress, viral, alcohol, and drug properties. Inflammatory reaction causes hepatitis and chronic hepatitis is persistent, it progresses to liver fibrogenesis and liver cancer. The aim of this study was to confirm the hepatoprotective effect of Tongyuhwalhyeol-tang(Tongqiaohuoxue Decoction) (TH) and Gamtongyuhawlhyeol-tang(GTH) in TAA-induced liver injury animal model. Methods : The antioxidant activities were evaluated through in vitro experiments, such as 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2, 2'-azinobis-3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging assays, total polyphenol and total flavonoid content measurement. To confirm the liver protective effect, induced by Thioacetamide (TAA) for 3 days injection at 200 mg/kg rats. TH and GTH were treated 3 days at 200 mg/kg/day. The changes of reactive oxygen species (ROS), peroxynitrite ($ONOO^-$), alanine aminotransferanse (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in serum were analyzed after experiment. Also, expression of anti-inflammation, anti-oxidant related proteins were investigated by western blot analysis. Results : TH was inhibited the antioxidant activities. In the TAA-induced rat, TH decreased ROS, $ONOO^-$, ALT, AST level in serum. Inflammation related protein expressions increased in TAA-induced rat compared to normal rat. However, TH group inhibited the down expression of these proteins. Also, anti-oxidant related protein expressions increased in TH group compared TAA-induced rat. Conclusion : Therefor, these results suggested that TH provided hepatoprotective effects on the hepatic injury leading to the reduction of inflammatory response. In addition, the effect of TH was superior to that of GTH.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제65권1호
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• pp.244-257
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• 2023

The study aimed to investigate the effect of low-frequency oscillations on the cow udder, milk parameters, and animal welfare during the automated milking process. The study's objective was to investigate the impact of low-frequency oscillations on the udder and teats' blood circulation by creating a mathematical model of mammary glands, using milkers and vibrators to analyze the theoretical dynamics of oscillations. The mechanical vibration device developed and tested in the study was mounted on a DeLaval automatic milking machine, which excited the udder with low-frequency oscillations, allowing the analysis of input parameters (temperature, oscillation amplitude) and using feedback data, changing the device parameters such as vibration frequency and duration. The experimental study was performed using an artificial cow's udder model with and without milk and a DeLaval milking machine, exciting the model with low-frequency harmonic oscillations (frequency range 15-60 Hz, vibration amplitude 2-5 mm). The investigation in vitro applying low-frequency of the vibration system's first-order frequencies in lateral (X) direction showed the low-frequency values of 23.5-26.5 Hz (effective frequency of the simulation analysis was 25.0 Hz). The tested values of the first-order frequency of the vibration system in the vertical (Y) direction were 37.5-41.5 Hz (effective frequency of the simulation analysis was 41.0 Hz), with higher amplitude and lower vibration damping. During in vivo experiments, while milking, the vibrator was inducing mechanical milking-similar vibrations in the udder. The vibrations were spreading to the entire udder and caused physiotherapeutic effects such as activated physiological processes and increased udder base temperature by 0.57℃ (p < 0.001), thus increasing blood flow in the udder. Used low-frequency vibrations did not significantly affect milk yield, milk composition, milk quality indicators, and animal welfare. The investigation results showed that applying low-frequency vibration on a cow udder during automatic milking is a non-invasive, efficient method to stimulate blood circulation in the udder and improve teat and udder health without changing milk quality and production. Further studies will be carried out in the following research phase on clinical and subclinical mastitis cows.