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http://dx.doi.org/10.5142/JGR.2005.29.1.001

The Comparative Understanding between Red Ginseng and White Ginsengs, Processed Ginsengs (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) 홍삼과 백삼의 비교 고찰

Nam, Ki-Yeul (Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information)

Publication Information

Journal of Ginseng Research / v.29, no.1, 2005 , pp. 1-18 More about this Journal

Abstract

Ginseng Radix, the root of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer has been used in Eastern Asia for 2000 years as a tonic and restorative, promoting health and longevity. Two varieties are commercially available: white ginseng(Ginseng Radix Alba) is produced by air-drying the root, while red ginseng(Ginseng Radix Rubra) is produced by steaming the root followed by drying. These two varieties of different processing have somewhat differences by heat processing between them. During the heat processing for preparing red ginseng, it has been found to exhibit inactivation of catabolic enzymes, thereby preventing deterioration of ginseng quality and the increased antioxidant-like substances which inhibit lipid peroxide formation, and also good gastro-intestinal absorption by gelatinization of starch. Moreover, studies of changes in ginsenosides composition due to different processing of ginseng roots have been undertaken. The results obtained showed that red ginseng differ from white ginseng due to the lack of acidic malonyl-ginsenosides. The heating procedure in red ginseng was proved to degrade the thermally unstable malonyl-ginsenoside into corresponding netural ginsenosides. Also the steaming process of red ginseng causes degradation or transformation of neutral ginsenosides. Ginsenosides $Rh_2,\;Rh_4,\;Rs_3,\;Rs_4\;and\;Rg_5$ , found only in red ginseng, have been known to be hydrolyzed products derived from original saponin by heat processing, responsible for inhibitory effects on the growth of cancer cells through the induction of apoptosis. 20(S)-ginsenoside $Rg_3$ was also formed in red ginseng and was shown to exhibit vasorelaxation properties, antimetastatic activities, and anti-platelet aggregation activity. Recently, steamed red ginseng at high temperature was shown to provide enhance the yield of ginsenosides $Rg_3\;and\;Rg_5$ characteristic of red ginseng Additionally, one of non-saponin constituents, panaxytriol, was found to be structually transformed from polyacetylenic alcohol(panaxydol) showing cytotoxicity during the preparation of red ginseng and also maltol, antioxidant maillard product, from maltose and arginyl-fructosyl-glucose, amino acid derivative, from arginine and maltose. In regard to the in vitro and in vivo comparative biological activities, red ginseng was reported to show more potent activities on the antioxidant effect, anticarcinogenic effect and ameliorative effect on blood circulation than those of white ginseng. In oriental medicine, the ability of red ginseng to supplement the vacancy(허) was known to be relatively stronger than that of white ginseng, but very few are known on its comparative clinical studies. Further investigation on the preclinical and clinical experiments are needed to show the differences of indications and efficacies between red and white ginsengs on the basis of oriental medicines.

인삼(Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer)은 가공방법fl 따라 크게 백삼과 홍삼으로 분류된다. 가공 공정 면에서 홍삼은 생 인삼(수삼)을 그대로 건조한 백삼과는 다르게 일정한 온도조건 하에서 수증기로 쪄서 건조 한 인삼으로 두 종류의 인삼간에는 열처리 공정에 차이점이 있다. 품질 안정성 면에서 홍삼은 열처리과정에서 효소의 불 활성화와 자체 항산화 물질의 증가로 저장성이 양호하고, 호화전분이 되어 끓일 때 내용성분이 잘 우러나오고 소화 흡수도 양호한 것으로 여겨진다. 성분 면에서 홍삼제조 시 열처리(steaming처리)와 가수분해 반응에 의해 화학성분의 구조적 변환이 일어나 홍삼특유의 암세포증식억제 활성 성분인 $ginsenosides-Rh_2,\;-Rh_4,\;-Rs_3,\;-Rs_4,\;-Rg_5$ , 암세포 전이 억제 및 혈관확장 효과 등을 나타내는 $ginsenoside-Rg_3$ 등이 생성된다는 것이 밝혀졌다. 또한 비사포닌계 생리활성물질로 암세포 증식억제 활성을 가진 polyacetylenic alcobol의 구조적 변환에 의해 panaxytriol 등이 생성되고, 그리고 maillard 반응 생성물로 항산화 활성 성분인 maltol과 당과 아미노산이 결합된 아미노산 유도체인 arginyl-fructsyl-glucose등이 생성된다. 한편 홍삼과 백삼 및 이들 제품의 수출과 관련하여 각 수출 대상국의 진세노사이드 수준의 품질관리기준에 대한 충분한 분석화학적 정보의 확보가 필요하며, 금후 이에 적합한 품질기준의 설정 보완이 필요할 것이다. 특히 홍삼의 경우 찌는 온도와 시간의 장단에 따라, 또는 그 농축액 제조 시 추출 및 농축 조건(온도와 시간)에 따라 인삼의 품질 지표 성분으로 이용되고 있는 ginsenosides를 비롯한 상당한 성분의 변환이 일어날 수 있으므로 이를 고려한 품질관리방법의 고안이 필요할 것으로 사료된다. 효능 면에서 홍삼과 백삼의 차별성에 대해서는 in vitro 혹은 in vivo 시험에서 노화억제효과와 관련된 항산화 활성을 비롯해서 혈액순환개선 효과, 암 발생 억제력 등의 약리 활성이 홍삼이 백삼보다 상대적으로 우수한 것으로 보고되었다. 아울러 한방의학에서 일반적으로 허를 보 하는 힘은 홍삼이 강한 것으로 인식되고 있다. 그러나 아직 실제 임상실험에 의한 비교 평가는 미흡한 실정이며, 특히 경구투여 후 체내 동태측면에서 그 효과의 차별성에 대한 연구는 거의 이루어지지 않았다. 금후 홍삼과 백삼의 효과 우열의 측면이 아닌 그 용도와 적응증에 차이가 있는지에 초점을 맞추어 보다 과학적 평가가 이루어져야 할 것이다. 결론적으로 가능한 동일한 재배조건에서 생산된 원료수삼으로 제조된 홍삼과 백삼의 원 생약과 그 추출 분획물, 또는 성분을 시료로 하여 화학성분 조성을 비교하고 이와 연계한 실험적 효능연구의 확충과 특히 임상적 효능 비교연구를 통해 과연 그 적응증에 차이가 있는지에 대한 보다 많은 과학적 검토가 이루어져야 할 것이다.

Keywords

Panax ginseng; red ginseng; white ginseng; ginsenosides; heat processing;

Citations & Related Records

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Reference
Cited By KSCI

1	Saponin Analysis and Red Ginseng Production using the Simplified Method of Korean Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A.Meyer) / [In Jun-Gyo;Kim Eun-Jeong;Lee Bum-Soo;Park Myung-Han;Yang Deok-Chun;] / Korean Journal of Plant Resources
2	Characteristics of Ginseng Extract and Its Effects on Sensory Properties of Pork Sausage / [Park, Kyoung-Mi;Hwang, In-Ho;] / Food Science of Animal Resources
3	Increase of Functional Saponin by Acidic Treatemnt and Temperature of Red Ginseng Extract / [In Jun-Gyo;Lee Bum-Soo;Kim Eun-Jeong;Park Myung-Han;Yang Deok-Chun;] / Korean Journal of Plant Resources
4	Conversion of Ginsenosides by 9 Repetitive Steamings and Dryings Process of Korean Ginseng Root and Its Inhibition of BACE-1 Activity / [Kim, Do-Wan;Kim, Yu-Jin;Lee, Yun-Jin;Min, Jin-Woo;Kim, Se-Young;Yang, Deok-Chun;] / Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
5	Changes in Physicochemical Compounds with Heating Treatment of Ginseng / [Yoon, Sung-Ran;Lee, Myung-Hee;Park, Jung-Hyun;Lee, In-Seon;Kwon, Joong-Ho;Lee, Gee-Dong;] / Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
6	Conversion of Brown Materials, Crude Lipids, Crude Proteins and Aromatic Compounds of Changed Ginseng by 9 Repetitive Steaming and Drying Process / [Kim, Do-Wan;Lee, Yun-Jin;Min, Jin-Woo;Lee, Bum-Soo;In, Jun-Gyo;Yang, Deok-Chun;] / Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
7	Conversion of Ginsenosides by 9 Repetitive Steamings and Dryings Process of Korean Ginseng Root and Its Inhibition of BACE-1 Activity / [Kim, Do-Wan;Kim, Yu-Jin;Lee, Yun-Jin;Min, Jin-Woo;Kim, Se-Young;Yang, Deok-Chun;] / Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
8	Comparison of Red Ginseng Ratio and Saponin Contents from Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer and Panax quinquefolium L. / [Chung, Chan-Moon;Lee, Yi;] / Korean Journal of Breeding Science
9	Analysis of Benzo(a)pyrene in Red Ginseng Beverage / [Hu, Soo-Jung;Jin, Sun-Hee;Choi, Dong-Mi;] / Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
10	Effects of High-Hydrostatic Pressure on Ginsenoside Concentrations in Korean Red Ginseng / [Kim, Sun-Ok;Park, Chan-Woong;Moon, Sang-Young;Lee, Hyun-A;Kim, Byong-Ki;Lee, Dong-Un;Lee, Jae-Ho;Park, Ji-Yong;] / Food Science and Biotechnology
11	In vitro and Cellular Antioxidant Activity of Arginyl-fructose and Arginyl-fructosyl-glucose / [Lee, Jung-Sook;Kim, Gyo-Nam;Lee, Sang-Hyun;Kim, Eui-Su;Ha, Kyoung-Soo;Kwon, Young-In;Jeong, Heon-Sang;Jang, Hae-Dong;] / Food Science and Biotechnology
12	Sensory Evaluation and Bioavailability of Red Ginseng Extract(Rg1, Rb1) by Complexation with ${\gamma}$ -Cyclodextrin / [Lee, Seung-Hyun;Park, Ji-Ho;Cho, Nam-Suk;Yu, Heui-Jong;You, Sung-Kyun;Cho, Cheong-Weon;Kim, Dong-Chool;Kim, Young-Heui;Kim, Ki-Ho;] / Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
13	Preparation of Black Panax ginseng Leaf and Evaluation of its Antioxidative Effect / [Kim, Sang-Kyum;Kim, Eui-Keom;Lee, Jee-Hyun;Cho, Soo-Hyun;Shen, Gui-Nan;Guo, Jin-Long;Oh, Jung-Min;Myung, Chang-Seon;Oh, Han-Jin;Kim, Dong-Hee;Yun, Mi-Young;Yun, Jae-Don;Roh, Seong-Soo;Park, Yong-Jin;Seo, Young-Bae;Song, Gyu-Yong;] / Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
14	Anti-platelet Activity of Tissue-cultured Mountain Ginseng Adventitious Roots in Human Whole Blood / [Jeon, Won-Kyung;Yoo, Bo-Kyung;Kim, Yeong-Eun;Park, Sun-Ok;Hahn, Eun-Joo;Paek, Kee-Yoeup;Ko, Byoung-Seob;] / Food Science and Biotechnology
15	Changes in Effective Components of Ginseng by Puffing / [Kim, Ji-Hye;Ahn, Soon-Cheol;Choi, Sung-Won;Hur, Nam-Youn;Kim, Byung-Yong;Baik, Moo-Yeol;] / Applied Biological Chemistry
16	Physico-Chemical Characteristics of White, Fermented and Red Ginseng Extracts / [Kong, Byoung-Man;Park, Min-Ju;Min, Jin-Woo;Kim, Ho-Bin;Kim, Se-Hwa;Kim, Se-Young;Yang, Deok-Chun;] / Journal of Ginseng Research
17	Effects of Non-saponin Red Ginseng Components on the Function of Brain Cells / [Sohn, Eun-Hwa;Do, Hang;Kang, Nam-Sung;Jang, Seon-A;Park, Sul-Kyung;Lee, Hye-Rim;Rhee, Dong-Kwon;Pyo, Suhk-Neung;] / Journal of Ginseng Research
18	Immunomodulatory Effects of Non-saponin Red Ginseng Components on Innate Immune Cells / [Sohn, Eun-Hwa;Kim, Ji-Hye;Choi, Hye-Sook;Park, Hye-Jin;Kim, Byung-Oh;Rhee, Dong-Kwon;Pyo, Suhk-Neung;] / Journal of Ginseng Research
19	Changes on Physicochemical Properties of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer during Repeated Steaming Process / [Hong, Hee-Do;Kim, Young-Chan;Rho, Jeong-Hae;Kim, Kyung-Tack;Lee, Young-Chul;] / Journal of Ginseng Research
20	Quality Characteristics and Shelf-life of Red Ginseng Wet Noodles Prepared with Gums / [Kim, Eun-Mi;] / Korean journal of food and cookery science
21	Effects of Steam- and Dry-processing Temperatures on the Benzo(a)pyrene Content of Black and Red Ginseng / [Jo, Eun-Jung;Kang, Shin-Jung;Kim, Ae-Jung;] / The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
22	The Chemopreventive Potential and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Korean Black Ginseng in Colon26-M3.1 Carcinoma Cells and Macrophages / [Kim, Ae-Jung;Kang, Shin-Jyung;Lee, Kyung-Hee;Lee, Myung-Sook;Ha, Sang-Do;Cha, Youn-Soo;Kim, Sun-Yeou;] / Applied Biological Chemistry
23	Changes in the Chemical Components of Red and White Ginseng after Puffing / [Kim, Sang-Tae;Jang, Ji-Hyun;Kwon, Joong-Ho;Moon, Kwang-Deog;] / Food Science and Preservation
24	High Pressure Extraction Process of Low Quality Fresh Ginseng for Enhancing Anticancer Activities / [Ha, Ji-Hye;Kim, Young;Jeong, Seung-Seop;Jeong, Myoung-Hoon;Jeong, Heon-Sang;Jeong, Jae-Hyun;Yu, Kwang-Wan;Lee, Hyeon-Yong;] / Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
25	Effects of Black Ginseng (9 Times-Steaming Ginseng) on Hypoglycemic Action and Changes in the Composition of Ginsenosides on the Steaming Process / [Kim, Suong-Nuen;Kang, Shin-Jyung;] / Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
26	Effects of Non-Saponin Red Ginseng Components (NSRG) on Functions of Macrophages Isolated from Young and Aged Mice / [Kim, Kyung-Ho;Jang, Seon-A;Kim, Kyung-Suk;Park, Sul-Kyoung;Park, Hye-Jin;Lee, Soo-Jin;Pyo, Suh-Kneung;Sohn, Eun-Hwa;] / Journal of Ginseng Research
27	Characteristics of Acid Pre-treated Red Ginseng and Its Decoction / [Kim, Mi-Hyun;Lee, Young-Chul;Choi, Sang-Yoon;Cho, Chang-Won;Rho, Jeong-Hae;] / Journal of Ginseng Research
28	A Literature Survey of the Modern Techniques Used for the Processing of Herbal Medicines / [Oh, Ju-Hee;Sin, Jae-Seok;Ahn, Eun-Seok;Lee, Seong-Jun;Lee, Jong-chul;Lim, Jun-hong;Hong, Sea-kap;Hong, Jun-ki;Lee, Young-Joo;] / Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
29	Heat Processing Decreases Amadori Products and Increases Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of Korean Red Ginseng / [Kim, Gyo-Nam;Lee, Jung-Sook;Song, Ji-Hye;Oh, Chang-Ho;Kwon, Young-In;Jang, Hae-Dong;] / Journal of Medicinal Food
30	The comparative study of anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory effects by fermented red ginseng and red ginseng / [Park, Hye-Jin;Jung, Da-Hye;Joo, Hae-Mi;Kang, Nam-Sung;Jang, Seon-A;Lee, Jae-Geun;Sohn, Eun-Hwa;] / Korean Journal of Plant Resources
31	Changes of Chemical Compositions and Ginsenoside Contents of Different Root Parts of Ginsengs with Processing Method / [Choi, Jae-Eul;Nam, Ki-Yeul;Li, Xiangguo;Kim, Bok-Young;Cho, Hang-Sik;Hwang, Kuang-Bo;] / Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
32	Ginsenoside Changes in Red Ginseng Manufactured by Acid Impregnation Treatment / [Kim, Mi-Hyun;Hong, Hee-Do;Kim, Young-Chan;Rhee, Young-Kyoung;Kim, Kyung-Tack;Rho, Jeong-Hae;] / Journal of Ginseng Research
33	Inhibitory Effects of Ginseng Extracts on Histamine-release from Rat's Mast Cell / [Park, Kwang-Hyun;Kim, Young-Seon;Jeong, Jae-Hun;] / Korean Journal of Plant Resources
34	Component analysis of cultivated ginseng and mountain ginseng to the change of ginsenoside components in the process of heating and fermentation. / [Cha, Bae-Cheon;Yoon, Hye-Chul;Lee, Dae-Ho;Park, Jae-Seuk;Kwon, Ki-Rok;] / Journal of Pharmacopuncture
35	Anti-apoptotic Effects of Red Ginseng on Oxidative Stress Induced by Hydrogen Peroxide in SK-N-SH Cells / [Kim, Eun-Hye;Lee, Mi-Jeong;Kim, In-Hye;Pyo, Suhk-Neung;Choi, Kwang-Tae;Rhee, Dong-Kwon;] / Journal of Ginseng Research
36	Ginsenoside Changes in Red Ginseng Manufactured by Acid Impregnation Treatment / [Kim, Mi-Hyun;Hong, Hee-Do;Kim, Young-Chan;Rhee, Young-Kyoung;Kim, Kyung-Tack;Rho, Jeong-Hae;] / Journal of Ginseng Research
37	Effect of White, Taegeuk, and Red Ginseng Root Extracts on Insulin-Stimulated Glucose Uptake in Muscle Cells and Proliferation of β-cells / [Cha, Ji-Young;Park, Eun-Young;Kim, Ha-Jung;Park, Sang-Un;Nam, Ki-Yeul;Choi, Jae-Eul;Jun, Hee-Sook;] / Journal of Ginseng Research
38	Quality Characteristics of Ginseng Coffee Treated by Coating of White Ginseng Extract / [Kim, Kyung-Tack;Lee, Young-Chul;Cho, Chang-Won;Rhee, Young-Kyoung;Bae, Hye-Min;] / Journal of Ginseng Research
39	Isolation of 20(S)-Ginsenoside Rg₃ and Rg₅ from the Puffed Red Ginseng / [An, Young-Eun;Cho, Jin-Gyeong;Baik, Nam-In;Choi, Sung-Won;Hur, Nam-Yoon;Park, Seok-Jun;Kim, Byung-Yong;Baik, Moo-Yeol;] / Food Engineering Progress
40	Effects of Extraction Temperature and Time on Ginsenoside Content and Quality in Ginseng (Panax ginseng) Flower Water Extract / [Lee, Nu-Ri;Han, Jin-Soo;Kim, Jung-Sun;Choi, Jae-Eul;] / Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
41	Korean Red Ginseng Up-regulates C21-Steroid Hormone Metabolism via Cyp11a1 Gene in Senescent Rat Testes / [Kim, In-Hye;Kim, Si-Kwan;Kim, Eun-Hye;Kim, Sung-Won;Sohn, Sang-Hyun;Lee, Soo-Cheol;Choi, Sang-Dun;Pyo, Suhk-Neung;Rhee, Dong-Kwon;] / Journal of Ginseng Research
42	Study on the Qualitative Discrimination of White, Red, and Black Ginseng Extract / [Lee, Young-Sang;Im, Deok-Ho;Yang, Jin-Chul;Noh, Deok-Soo;Kim, Kwang-Il;Oh, Soo-Kyo;Choi, Kyo-Chan;Cha, Yun-Hwan;] / The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
43	Anti-inflammatory Effect of Fermented Red Ginseng Via Regulation of NF- ${\kappa}$ B Signal Transduction / [Hwang, Sung-In;Ju, Hyeon-Jeong;Kim, Hyo-Dong;Kwak, Tae-Won;Yoo, Byung-Hong;Kim, Sung-Gu;Lee, Chul-Won;Hwang, Tae-Ho;An, Won-Gun;] / Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
44	The Changes of Ginsenoside Patterns in Red Ginseng Processed by Organic Acid Impregnation Pretreatment / [Kim, Mi-Hyun;Lee, Young-Chul;Choi, Sang-Yoon;Cho, Chang-Won;Rho, Jeong-Hae;Lee, Kwang-Won;] / Journal of Ginseng Research
45	Effects of Korean Red Ginseng Extract for the Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis-Like Skin Lesions in Mice / [Sohn, Eun-Hwa;Jang, Seon-A;Lee, Chul-Hoon;Jang, Ki-Hyo;Kang, Se-Chan;Park, Hye-Jin;Pyo, Suhk-Neung;] / Journal of Ginseng Research
46	Improvement of Cognitive Deficit in Alzheimer's Disease Patients by Long Term Treatment with Korean Red Ginseng / [Heo, Jae-Hyeok;Lee, Soon-Tae;Oh, Min-Jung;Park, Hyun-Jung;Shim, Ji-Young;Chu, Kon;Kim, Man-Ho;] / Journal of Ginseng Research
47	Ethyl Acetate Extract from Tissue-Cultured Mountain Ginseng Adventitious Roots Inhibits In Vitro Platelet Aggregation in Whole Human Blood and Augments Peripheral Blood Flow in Mice / [Lee, In-Sun;Kim, Seul-Ki;Jeon, Min-Hwa;Jeon, Won-Kyung;] / Journal of Ginseng Research
48	Phytochemical Characteristics of Coffee Bean Treated by Coating of Ginseng Extract / [Choi, Sang-Yoon;Hong, Hee-Do;Bae, Hye-Min;Choi, Chang-Sun;Kim, Kyung-Tack;] / Journal of Ginseng Research
49	Effects of Red Ginseng Extract on Zearalenone Induced Spermatogenesis Impairment in Rat / [Cho, Eun-Sang;Ryu, Si-Yun;Jung, Ju-Young;Park, Bae-Keun;Son, Hwa-Young;] / Journal of Ginseng Research
50	Up-regulation of Heme Oxygenase-1 by Korean Red Ginseng Water Extract as a Cytoprotective Effect in Human Endothelial Cells / [Yang, Ha-Na;Lee, Seung-Eun;Jeong, Seong-Il;Park, Cheung-Seog;Jin, Young-Ho;Park, Yong-Seek;] / Journal of Ginseng Research
51	Immunomodulating Effects of Red Ginseng on the Regulation of Cytokine Release in vivo / [Sohn, Eun-Hwa;Yoon, Jae Woong;Koo, Hyun Jung;Park, Dae Won;Jeong, Yong Joon;NamKoong, Seung;Han, Hyo-Sang;Kang, Se Chan;] / Korean Journal of Plant Resources
52	Enhancement of Antioxidative Activity of Codonopsis lanceolata by Stepwise Steaming Process / [Song, Chi-Ho;Seo, Yong-Chang;Choi, Woon-Yong;Lee, Choon-Geun;Kim, Do-Un;Chung, Jae-Youn;Chung, Hee-Chul;Park, Dong-Sik;Ma, Choong-Je;Lee, Hyeon-Yong;] / Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
53	Evidence of hydrolyzed traditional Korean red ginseng by malted barley on activation of receptor interacting proteins 2 and IkappaB kinase-beta in mouse peritoneal macrophages / [Rim, Hong-Kun;Kim, Kyu-Yeob;Moon, Phil-Dong;] / CELLMED
54	Anti-inflammatory Effect of Red Ginseng through Regulation of MAPK in Lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 / [Shin, Ji-Su;Kim, Jong-Myoung;An, Won-Gun;] / Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
55	Effects of Extrusion Conditions on the Physicochemical Properties of Extruded Red Ginseng / [Gui, Ying;Gil, Sun-Kuk;Ryu, Gi-Hyung;] / Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
56	Changes of Ginsenosides and Color from Black Ginsengs Prepared by Steaming-Drying Cycles / [Nam, Ki-Yeul;Lee, Nu-Ri;Moon, Byung-Doo;Song, Gyu-Yong;Shin, Ho-Sang;Choi, Jae-Eul;] / Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
57	Toxicity of red Liriope platyphylla manufactured by steaming process on liver and kidney organs of ICR mice / [Choi, Sun-Il;Kim, Ji-Eun;Hwang, In-Sik;Lee, Hye-Ryun;Lee, Young-Ju;Kwak, Moon-Hwa;Son, Hong-Joo;Lee, Hee-Seob;Lee3, Jong-Sub;Kang, Byeong-Cheol;Hwang, Dae-Youn;] / Laboraroty Animal Research
58	Effect of Extrusion Process on the Change of Components in Ginseng / [Ryu, Byung-Hee;Choi, Mi-Jung;Chung, Koo-Chun;Lee, Si-Kyung;] / Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
59	Ameliorative Effect of Black Ginseng on Diabetic Complications in C57BLKS/J-db/db Mice / [Kim, Ae-Jung;Yoo, Hyun-Sook;Kang, Shin-Jung;] / The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
60	Fermenting Red Ginseng Enhances Its Safety and Efficacy as a Novel Skin Care Anti-Aging Ingredient: In Vitro and Animal Study / [Lee, Hyun-Sun;Kim, Mi-Ryung;Park, Yooheon;Park, Hyo Jung;Chang, Un Jae;Kim, Sun Young;Suh, Hyung Joo;] / Journal of Medicinal Food
61	Transformation Techniques for the Large Scale Production of Ginsenoside Rg3 / [Nam, Ki Yeul;Choi, Jae Eul;Park, Jong Dae;] / Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
62	Change of Neutral Ginsenoside Contents in Red and Fresh Ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) by Hydrolysis / [Han, Jin Soo;Lee, Gang Seon;Tak, Hyun Seong;Kim, Jung-Sun;Ra, Jeong Woo;Choi, Jae Eul;] / Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
63	Dietary effect of red ginseng extracts mixed with torilis fructus and corni fructus on the epidermal levels of ceramides and ceramide related enzyme proteins in uv-induced hairless mice / [Lee, Yun-Ju;Oh, Inn-Gyung;Cho, Yun-Hi;] / Journal of Nutrition and Health
64	The effect of extrusion conditions on the acidic polysaccharide, ginsenoside contents and antioxidant properties of extruded Korean red ginseng / [Gui, Ying;Ryu, Gi Hyung;] / Journal of Ginseng Research
65	Screening of Skin Whitening Activity of Codonopsis lanceolata Extract by Complex Steaming Process / [Kim, Ji Seon;Kim, Ji Woong;Kwon, Hee Seok;Lim, Hye Won;Lee, Hyeon Yong;] / Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
66	Enhancement of Cosmeceutical Activity from Codonopsis lanceolata Extracts by Stepwise Steaming Process / [Kim, Ji Seon;Choi, Woo Seok;Chung, Jae Youn;Chung, Hee Chul;Lee, Hyeon Yong;] / Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
67	A Study on the Amendment Scheme of Ginsenoside Content Standard Regulation for Red Ginseng Products in Korea / [Kim, Ho Jin;Kwak, In Ae;Kim, Hyun Jung;Ahn, Jong Sung;Son, Young Bae;] / Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
68	Antioxidant Activity of Panax ginseng Flower-buds Fermented with Various Microorganisms / [Kim, Kyoung-Hee;Kim, Da-Mi;Byun, Myung-Woo;Yun, Young-Sik;Yook, Hong-Sun;] / Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
69	Characteristic study on the chemical components of Korean curved ginseng products / [Cho, Chang-Won;Kim, Young-Chan;Kang, Jin-Hee;Rhee, Young Kyoung;Choi, Sang Yoon;Kim, Kyung-Tack;Lee, Young-Chul;Hong, Hee-Do;] / Journal of Ginseng Research
70	A comparison of antioxidant activity of Korean White and Red Ginsengs on H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress in HepG2 hepatoma cells / [Sohn, Sang-Hyun;Kim, Si-Kwan;Kim, Young-Ock;Kim, Hyung-Don;Shin, Yu-Su;Yang, Seung-Ok;Kim, Seung-Yu;Lee, Sang-Won;] / Journal of Ginseng Research
71	Effects of extrusion cooking on physicochemical properties of white and red ginseng (powder) / [Gui, Ying;Ryu, Gi-Hyung;] / Journal of Ginseng Research
72	Korean Red Ginseng water extract inhibits COX-2 expression by suppressing p38 in acrolein-treated human endothelial cells / [Lee, Seung Eun;Park, Yong Seek;] / Journal of Ginseng Research
73	Cell migration and Anti-inflammatory Effect of Red Ginseng Extracts Fermented with Laetiporus Sulphureus / [Oh, Seong-Hwa;Choi, Soo-Yeon;Lee, Nu Rim;Lee, Jung No;Kim, Dong-Seok;Lee, Sang-Hwa;Park, Sung-Min;] / Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
74	Comparison of Cosmetical Activities of Curcuma longa L. Leaf Extracts Using Different Extraction Methods / [Kim, Nam Young;Lim, Hye Won;Lee, Hyeon Yong;] / Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
75	Effect of Drying Methods on the Saponin and Mineral Contents of Platycodon grandiflorum Radix / [Lee, Byung-Jin;Jeon, Seung-Ho;Lee, Shin-Woo;Chun, Hyun-Sik;Cho, Young-Son;] / Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
76	Comparative Study on Immuno-Enhancing Effects of Red Ginseng Fractions / [Hyun, Sun Hee;Kim, Eun Sun;Lee, Sang Min;Kyung, Jong Soo;Lee, Sang Myung;Lee, Jong Won;Kim, Mee Ree;Hong, Jin Tae;Kim, Young Sook;] / Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
77	Bioconversion of Puffed Red Ginseng Extract Using ${\beta}$ -Glucosidase-producing Lactic Acid Bacteria / [Shim, Kun-Sub;Park, Gwi-Gun;Park, Young-Seo;] / Food Engineering Progress
78	Immunological Activity of Ginseng Is Enhanced by Solid-State Culture with Ganoderma lucidum Mycelium / [Kim, Hoon;Suh, Hyung Joo;Kang, Choong-Min;Lee, Kyung-Haeng;Hwang, Jong-Hyun;Yu, Kwang-Won;] / Journal of Medicinal Food
79	Enhancement of Biological Activities of Fresh Ginseng by Balanced Low Pressure Drying Processes / [Kim, Ji Seon;Choi, Young Beom;Ko, Jung Rim;Lee, Hyeon Yong;] / Food Engineering Progress

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