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The Comparative Understanding between Red Ginseng and White Ginsengs, Processed Ginsengs (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer)

홍삼과 백삼의 비교 고찰

  • Nam, Ki-Yeul (Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information)
  • Published : 2005.03.01

Abstract

Ginseng Radix, the root of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer has been used in Eastern Asia for 2000 years as a tonic and restorative, promoting health and longevity. Two varieties are commercially available: white ginseng(Ginseng Radix Alba) is produced by air-drying the root, while red ginseng(Ginseng Radix Rubra) is produced by steaming the root followed by drying. These two varieties of different processing have somewhat differences by heat processing between them. During the heat processing for preparing red ginseng, it has been found to exhibit inactivation of catabolic enzymes, thereby preventing deterioration of ginseng quality and the increased antioxidant-like substances which inhibit lipid peroxide formation, and also good gastro-intestinal absorption by gelatinization of starch. Moreover, studies of changes in ginsenosides composition due to different processing of ginseng roots have been undertaken. The results obtained showed that red ginseng differ from white ginseng due to the lack of acidic malonyl-ginsenosides. The heating procedure in red ginseng was proved to degrade the thermally unstable malonyl-ginsenoside into corresponding netural ginsenosides. Also the steaming process of red ginseng causes degradation or transformation of neutral ginsenosides. Ginsenosides $Rh_2,\;Rh_4,\;Rs_3,\;Rs_4\;and\;Rg_5$, found only in red ginseng, have been known to be hydrolyzed products derived from original saponin by heat processing, responsible for inhibitory effects on the growth of cancer cells through the induction of apoptosis. 20(S)-ginsenoside $Rg_3$ was also formed in red ginseng and was shown to exhibit vasorelaxation properties, antimetastatic activities, and anti-platelet aggregation activity. Recently, steamed red ginseng at high temperature was shown to provide enhance the yield of ginsenosides $Rg_3\;and\;Rg_5$ characteristic of red ginseng Additionally, one of non-saponin constituents, panaxytriol, was found to be structually transformed from polyacetylenic alcohol(panaxydol) showing cytotoxicity during the preparation of red ginseng and also maltol, antioxidant maillard product, from maltose and arginyl-fructosyl-glucose, amino acid derivative, from arginine and maltose. In regard to the in vitro and in vivo comparative biological activities, red ginseng was reported to show more potent activities on the antioxidant effect, anticarcinogenic effect and ameliorative effect on blood circulation than those of white ginseng. In oriental medicine, the ability of red ginseng to supplement the vacancy(허) was known to be relatively stronger than that of white ginseng, but very few are known on its comparative clinical studies. Further investigation on the preclinical and clinical experiments are needed to show the differences of indications and efficacies between red and white ginsengs on the basis of oriental medicines.

인삼(Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer)은 가공방법fl 따라 크게 백삼과 홍삼으로 분류된다. 가공 공정 면에서 홍삼은 생 인삼(수삼)을 그대로 건조한 백삼과는 다르게 일정한 온도조건 하에서 수증기로 쪄서 건조 한 인삼으로 두 종류의 인삼간에는 열처리 공정에 차이점이 있다. 품질 안정성 면에서 홍삼은 열처리과정에서 효소의 불 활성화와 자체 항산화 물질의 증가로 저장성이 양호하고, 호화전분이 되어 끓일 때 내용성분이 잘 우러나오고 소화 흡수도 양호한 것으로 여겨진다. 성분 면에서 홍삼제조 시 열처리(steaming처리)와 가수분해 반응에 의해 화학성분의 구조적 변환이 일어나 홍삼특유의 암세포증식억제 활성 성분인 $ginsenosides-Rh_2,\;-Rh_4,\;-Rs_3,\;-Rs_4,\;-Rg_5$, 암세포 전이 억제 및 혈관확장 효과 등을 나타내는 $ginsenoside-Rg_3$ 등이 생성된다는 것이 밝혀졌다. 또한 비사포닌계 생리활성물질로 암세포 증식억제 활성을 가진 polyacetylenic alcobol의 구조적 변환에 의해 panaxytriol 등이 생성되고, 그리고 maillard 반응 생성물로 항산화 활성 성분인 maltol과 당과 아미노산이 결합된 아미노산 유도체인 arginyl-fructsyl-glucose등이 생성된다. 한편 홍삼과 백삼 및 이들 제품의 수출과 관련하여 각 수출 대상국의 진세노사이드 수준의 품질관리기준에 대한 충분한 분석화학적 정보의 확보가 필요하며, 금후 이에 적합한 품질기준의 설정 보완이 필요할 것이다. 특히 홍삼의 경우 찌는 온도와 시간의 장단에 따라, 또는 그 농축액 제조 시 추출 및 농축 조건(온도와 시간)에 따라 인삼의 품질 지표 성분으로 이용되고 있는 ginsenosides를 비롯한 상당한 성분의 변환이 일어날 수 있으므로 이를 고려한 품질관리방법의 고안이 필요할 것으로 사료된다. 효능 면에서 홍삼과 백삼의 차별성에 대해서는 in vitro 혹은 in vivo 시험에서 노화억제효과와 관련된 항산화 활성을 비롯해서 혈액순환개선 효과, 암 발생 억제력 등의 약리 활성이 홍삼이 백삼보다 상대적으로 우수한 것으로 보고되었다. 아울러 한방의학에서 일반적으로 허를 보 하는 힘은 홍삼이 강한 것으로 인식되고 있다. 그러나 아직 실제 임상실험에 의한 비교 평가는 미흡한 실정이며, 특히 경구투여 후 체내 동태측면에서 그 효과의 차별성에 대한 연구는 거의 이루어지지 않았다. 금후 홍삼과 백삼의 효과 우열의 측면이 아닌 그 용도와 적응증에 차이가 있는지에 초점을 맞추어 보다 과학적 평가가 이루어져야 할 것이다. 결론적으로 가능한 동일한 재배조건에서 생산된 원료수삼으로 제조된 홍삼과 백삼의 원 생약과 그 추출 분획물, 또는 성분을 시료로 하여 화학성분 조성을 비교하고 이와 연계한 실험적 효능연구의 확충과 특히 임상적 효능 비교연구를 통해 과연 그 적응증에 차이가 있는지에 대한 보다 많은 과학적 검토가 이루어져야 할 것이다.

Keywords

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