Background : The origin of P300 was still on debate nbut thought to be in the frontal, temporal or parietal lobe. As the transcranial doppler ultrasonography(TCD) gives us and opportunity to observe hemodynamic chaged dynamically and the middle cerebral artery feeds these ares of the hemisphere, we observed the change of mean flow velocity of MCA during the event related potential test(ERP) to determine the role of these structures in P300 generation. Method : Twenty normal subjects(male : 13, age : 24-29 years) performed ERP. An auditory oddball pardigm was used to elicit the ERPs. TCD examination was performed with 2-MHz probe monitoring the left MCA(Transscan, EME). After signal identification and adjustments to maximize the Doppler signal strength, the probe was mechanically locked during the monitoring. The changes of blood flow velocity of the left middle cerebral artery(MCA) induced by cognitive demands were monitored. The measurement of the meal flow velocities(MFV) of MCA were made while the subjects were prior to, during, and after ERP. We recorded the MFVs during ERP. Statistical analysis was performed using t-tests with SPSS-PC for windows release 6.0. Results : All subjects showed a relative increase in MFV of MCA during the task. The mean rise was about 3.2-4.2%(p <0.05). Although TCD does not measure absolute values of regional cerebral blood flow(rCBF) or absolute rCBF changes, changes of flow velocity can reflect relative rCBF changes. Conclusions : The generation site of P300 still remains unclear but the neocortical, thalamic and limbic region and temporal-parietal cortex have been proposed. The MCA supplies these anatomical structures. The Changes of flow veolocity of MCA during the ERP test suggest that the some part of the brain fed y the MCA activate of the temporal lobe or parietal lobes, we can deduce that some parts of brain fed by the MCA participate in the generation of P300.
KIPS Transactions on Computer and Communication Systems
/
v.7
no.2
/
pp.49-58
/
2018
A certificate is a means to certify users by conducting the identification of the users, the prevention of forgery and alteration, and non-repudiation. Most people use an accredited certificate when they perform a task using online banking, and it is often used for the purpose of proving one's identity in issuing various certificates and making electronic payments in addition to online banking. At this time, the issued certificate exists in a file form on the disk, and it is possible to use the certificate issued in an existing device in a new device only if one copies it from the existing device. However, most certificate duplication methods are a method of duplication, entering an 8-16 digit verification code. This is inconvenient because one should enter the verification code and has a weakness that it is vulnerable to security issues. To solve this weakness, this study proposes a method for enhancing security certificate duplication in a multi-channel using TCP and BLE. The proposed method: 1) shares data can be mutually authenticated, using BLE Advertising data; and 2) encrypts the certificate with a symmetric key algorithm and delivers it after the certification of the device through an ECC-based electronic signature algorithm. As a result of the implementation of the proposed method in a mobile environment, it could defend against sniffing attacks, the area of security vulnerabilities in the existing methods and it was proven that it could increase security strength about $10^{41}$ times in an attempt of decoding through the method of substitution of brute force attack existing method.
Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
/
v.19
no.8
/
pp.37-43
/
2018
A developer solves problems with isolating failures if faults are detected when inspecting missiles using the missile assembly test set (MATS) and then resumes the testing. In order to identify faults, it is necessary to analyze the data coming from the equipment, but the information received may not be sufficient, depending on the inspection environment. In this case, the developer repeats the test until the problem is reproduced or checks the performance of each piece of equipment that is related to the fault. When this task is added, schedule management becomes problematic, and development costs rise. To solve this problem, we need to design a MATS in a systematic way to increase fault coverage while satisfying the required reliability. By designing the necessary processes for each procedure, it is possible to reduce the fault identification time when a fault is detected during operations. But it is not possible to guarantee 100% fault coverage, so we provide another method by comparing costs and effects. This paper describes a development method to enhance the reliability of the missile assembly test set; it describes the expected effects when it is adapted, and describes the limitations of this method.
Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
/
v.35
no.4
/
pp.691-707
/
2015
This study aims to develop biology teachers' education program based on argumentation activity about core concepts of evolution and to analyze the characteristics of core concepts of evolution learned during the program. The eight core concepts of evolution in this study were variation, heritability of variation, competition, natural selection, adaptation, differential reproductive rate of individuals, changes in genetic pool within a population, and macroevolution. The performances of teachers participating in the program were compared before and after argumentation activities; consisting of seven sessions on the eight core concepts of evolution. The process of the program was specially designed by learning cycle model for teacher education, consisting of seven phases: identification of the task, production of a tentative argument, small group's written argument, share arguments with the other groups, reflective discussion, final written argument, and organization by an instructor. Participants in the study were two pre-service biology teachers and four in-service biology teachers. The results suggest that biology teachers reduced the teleological explanation for biological evolution and improve its adequacy after the intervention. Teachers lacked the opportunity to discuss variation, heritability of variation, competition, and macroevolution because science textbooks lack information on the concepts of biological evolution. The results of this study suggest that because the argumentation program developed for teachers helps to improve understanding the concepts of evolution and to reduce inadequate conceptions in biology, teacher education programs using argumentation activity and eight core concepts of evolution will play a role for efficient evolution education for biology teachers.
Negative repetition effect (NRE) refers to the phenomenon that the accuracy of report is impaired when a target was flanked by the same distractor than when by alternative distractor. To probe the nature of NRE, this study introduced attention window(s) indicating the positions where a target might be presented, and non-attention window(s) where a target could not be presented. Attention windows are supposed to help participants detect targets readily. Two among three positions are indicated by attention windows in Exp. 1, and a single large attention window encompassing central two positions among four positions was used in Exp. 2, and either large or small attention window was used depending on the number of target candidates in Exp. 3. In the result of three experiments, NREs were consistently observed when both positions of a target and a distractor were indicated by previous attention windows. However, NREs (including its tendency) and its opposite, PREs were observed when a distractor was presented in the non-attention position, depending on its distance from the target and the size of attention window. It seems that this pattern of repetition effects is hard to be explained by repetition blindness hypothesis (Kanwisher, 1991), positional uncertainty hypothesis (Keren & Boer, 1985), and inhibitory attention capture hypothesis (Kwak et al., 1993). Instead it was proposed that shifting of spatial attention should be considered accordingly with the structure of stimulus display. The promising role of this task was discussed in studying the relation of attention and perception.
In order to achieve an efficient urban regeneration of the nation, it is required to determine the extent of decline nation-wide and the declined areas for each district and also to evaluate the potentials of the concerned areas. For this task to be accomplished, a construction of a comprehensive diagnostic system based on spatial information considering diversity and complexity is required. In this study, a total information system architecture for urban regeneration is designed as part of the construction of such a diagnostic system. In order to develop the system, a city and district level unit decline diagnostic indicators has been constructed and a decline diagnostic system has been developed. Also, a scheme to promote the advancement of the system is proposed. The DB construction is based on the city and district level nation-wide and metadata for the concerned level is constructed as well. The system is based on the Open API and designed to be flexible for extension. Also, an RIA-based intuitive UI has been implemented. Main features of the system consist of the management of the indicators, diagnostic analysis (city and district level decline diagnosis), related information, etc. As for methods for the advancement, an information model in consideration of the spation relations of the urban regeneration DB has been designed and application methods of semantic webs. Also, for improvement methods for district unit analytical model, district level analysis models, GIS based spatial analysis platforms and linked utiliation of KOPSS analysis modules are suggested. A use of a total information system for urban regeneration is anticipated to facilitate concerned policy making through the identification of the status of city declines to identify and the understanding of the demands for regeneration.
Kim, Chan-Lan;Kim, Min Su;Kim, Namtea;Jeon, Ik Soo;Kim, Sung Woo
Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
/
v.40
no.3
/
pp.201-208
/
2017
BVDV causes significant infections in ruminants, resulting in reproductive disorders, diarrhea, reduced milk production and enormous damage to farms. In particular, identification and culling of persistent infectious calf is an important task to eliminate infectious nidus in cattle households. However, studies on physiological characteristics of PI bull are still insufficient to understand reproductive effects of BVDV. In this study, one PI bull was confirmed in herd and complete blood analysis was performed. The lymphocyte count of PI at age 4 was below the normal range and the number of WBCs was also in the lower level of normal range in blood. The sperm number produced by PI male becomes lower and the viability of fresh sperm comes to poor with ages (P<0.05). The sperm abnormality was also increased, especially in nuclear vacuoles of head and droplets of midpeace (P<0.05). The PI male becomes infertile due to poor semen quality at age 4. With these results, we concluded that BVDV in PI bull cause decreased sperm cell and abnormality in semen so causes infertility. However, it appears that BVDV could not be transmitted by indirect contact of PI bull, because there was no evidence of BVDV infection in the herd, when regular vaccination program was applied.
In the current information-based society, information and communication technology(ICT) is very important for an individual, a society, and a nation. Especially, for a nation, ICT-related industries are forming an important part of a nation's economy. Also, unlike other industries, ICT-related industries do not require various infrastructures, and have an advantage of being developed with a few talented persons in a short period of time. In this sense, identification and education of gifted children in IT become an essential task of a nation's future. In the past, selection of the gifted children was based on paper tests. However, paper tests incurred various side effects such as private education. Since 2013, observation-recommendation system instead of paper tests has been fully adopted. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the validity of observation-recommendation admission system of the gifted children in IT. For this research purpose, the gifted children in gifted science education center attached in a university at Seoul become the focus of the samples. Their entrance score ranking and graduation record raking are compared for analysis of validity of admission system. After statistical analysis, there is a meaningful correlation between entrance score ranking and graduation record ranking for the gifted children in IT. It means that the higher entrance score ranking, the higher graduation record ranking. The analysis results are expected to be valuable baseline data for deciding usefulness of observation-recommendation admission system.
Hussain, SM Abdul Mannan;Sekhar, Dr.T.Seshadri;Fatima, Asra
Journal of Construction Engineering and Project Management
/
v.5
no.2
/
pp.11-15
/
2015
The Last PlannerSystem (LPS) has been implemented on construction projects to increase work flow reliability, a precondition for project performance againstproductivity and progress targets. The LPS encompasses four tiers of planning processes:master scheduling, phase scheduling, lookahead planning, and commitment / weeklywork planning. This research highlights deficiencies in the current implementation of LPS including poor lookahead planning which results in poor linkage between weeklywork plans and the master schedule. This poor linkage undetermines the ability of theweekly work planning process to select for execution tasks that are critical to projectsuccess. As a result, percent plan complete (PPC) becomes a weak indicator of project progress. The purpose of this research is to improve lookahead planning (the bridgebetween weekly work planning and master scheduling), improve PPC, and improve theselection of tasks that are critical to project success by increasing the link betweenShould, Can, Will, and Did (components of the LPS), thereby rendering PPC a betterindicator of project progress. The research employs the case study research method to describe deficiencies inthe current implementation of the LPS and suggest guidelines for a better application ofLPS in general and lookahead planning in particular. It then introduces an analyticalsimulation model to analyze the lookahead planning process. This is done by examining the impact on PPC of increasing two lookahead planning performance metrics: tasksanticipated (TA) and tasks made ready (TMR). Finally, the research investigates theimportance of the lookahead planning functions: identification and removal ofconstraints, task breakdown, and operations design.The research findings confirm the positive impact of improving lookaheadplanning (i.e., TA and TMR) on PPC. It also recognizes the need to perform lookaheadplanning differently for three types of work involving different levels of uncertainty:stable work, medium uncertainty work, and highly emergent work.The research confirms the LPS rules for practice and specifically the need to planin greater detail as time gets closer to performing the work. It highlights the role of LPSas a production system that incorporates deliberate planning (predetermined andoptimized) and situated planning (flexible and adaptive). Finally, the research presents recommendations for production planningimprovements in three areas: process related, (suggesting guidelines for practice),technical, (highlighting issues with current software programs and advocating theinclusion of collaborative planning capability), and organizational improvements(suggesting transitional steps when applying the LPS).
Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
/
v.19
no.1
/
pp.146-158
/
1999
Since 1960' s. aims of science education have changed from attainment of scientific concepts. principles and laws to improvement of science process(or inquiry) skills. According to the science education philosophy like this. our nation has adopted improvement and evaluation of science process(or inquiry) skills in science education. The purpose of this study was to examine the performance of high school students on 4 types of multiple choice items used to access students ability to identify independent and dependent variables. Stimulus materials were either a question focusing on the relationship between two variables. a hypothesis. a description of an experiment. or a description of results of an experiment. Student performance on these item types was compared to this performance on a standard Piagetian interview task of variable identification. The results of the study included: (1) the "hypothesis" type was the most difficult, while the "question" type appeared to be the easiest; (2) the "procedure" item type had a higher correlation with the total interview than any other item type. Among conclusions reached in this study was that although all four item types operated similarly. they did not correlate very highly with the performance assessment by interview.
본 웹사이트에 게시된 이메일 주소가 전자우편 수집 프로그램이나
그 밖의 기술적 장치를 이용하여 무단으로 수집되는 것을 거부하며,
이를 위반시 정보통신망법에 의해 형사 처벌됨을 유념하시기 바랍니다.
[게시일 2004년 10월 1일]
이용약관
제 1 장 총칙
제 1 조 (목적)
이 이용약관은 KoreaScience 홈페이지(이하 “당 사이트”)에서 제공하는 인터넷 서비스(이하 '서비스')의 가입조건 및 이용에 관한 제반 사항과 기타 필요한 사항을 구체적으로 규정함을 목적으로 합니다.
제 2 조 (용어의 정의)
① "이용자"라 함은 당 사이트에 접속하여 이 약관에 따라 당 사이트가 제공하는 서비스를 받는 회원 및 비회원을
말합니다.
② "회원"이라 함은 서비스를 이용하기 위하여 당 사이트에 개인정보를 제공하여 아이디(ID)와 비밀번호를 부여
받은 자를 말합니다.
③ "회원 아이디(ID)"라 함은 회원의 식별 및 서비스 이용을 위하여 자신이 선정한 문자 및 숫자의 조합을
말합니다.
④ "비밀번호(패스워드)"라 함은 회원이 자신의 비밀보호를 위하여 선정한 문자 및 숫자의 조합을 말합니다.
제 3 조 (이용약관의 효력 및 변경)
① 이 약관은 당 사이트에 게시하거나 기타의 방법으로 회원에게 공지함으로써 효력이 발생합니다.
② 당 사이트는 이 약관을 개정할 경우에 적용일자 및 개정사유를 명시하여 현행 약관과 함께 당 사이트의
초기화면에 그 적용일자 7일 이전부터 적용일자 전일까지 공지합니다. 다만, 회원에게 불리하게 약관내용을
변경하는 경우에는 최소한 30일 이상의 사전 유예기간을 두고 공지합니다. 이 경우 당 사이트는 개정 전
내용과 개정 후 내용을 명확하게 비교하여 이용자가 알기 쉽도록 표시합니다.
제 4 조(약관 외 준칙)
① 이 약관은 당 사이트가 제공하는 서비스에 관한 이용안내와 함께 적용됩니다.
② 이 약관에 명시되지 아니한 사항은 관계법령의 규정이 적용됩니다.
제 2 장 이용계약의 체결
제 5 조 (이용계약의 성립 등)
① 이용계약은 이용고객이 당 사이트가 정한 약관에 「동의합니다」를 선택하고, 당 사이트가 정한
온라인신청양식을 작성하여 서비스 이용을 신청한 후, 당 사이트가 이를 승낙함으로써 성립합니다.
② 제1항의 승낙은 당 사이트가 제공하는 과학기술정보검색, 맞춤정보, 서지정보 등 다른 서비스의 이용승낙을
포함합니다.
제 6 조 (회원가입)
서비스를 이용하고자 하는 고객은 당 사이트에서 정한 회원가입양식에 개인정보를 기재하여 가입을 하여야 합니다.
제 7 조 (개인정보의 보호 및 사용)
당 사이트는 관계법령이 정하는 바에 따라 회원 등록정보를 포함한 회원의 개인정보를 보호하기 위해 노력합니다. 회원 개인정보의 보호 및 사용에 대해서는 관련법령 및 당 사이트의 개인정보 보호정책이 적용됩니다.
제 8 조 (이용 신청의 승낙과 제한)
① 당 사이트는 제6조의 규정에 의한 이용신청고객에 대하여 서비스 이용을 승낙합니다.
② 당 사이트는 아래사항에 해당하는 경우에 대해서 승낙하지 아니 합니다.
- 이용계약 신청서의 내용을 허위로 기재한 경우
- 기타 규정한 제반사항을 위반하며 신청하는 경우
제 9 조 (회원 ID 부여 및 변경 등)
① 당 사이트는 이용고객에 대하여 약관에 정하는 바에 따라 자신이 선정한 회원 ID를 부여합니다.
② 회원 ID는 원칙적으로 변경이 불가하며 부득이한 사유로 인하여 변경 하고자 하는 경우에는 해당 ID를
해지하고 재가입해야 합니다.
③ 기타 회원 개인정보 관리 및 변경 등에 관한 사항은 서비스별 안내에 정하는 바에 의합니다.
제 3 장 계약 당사자의 의무
제 10 조 (KISTI의 의무)
① 당 사이트는 이용고객이 희망한 서비스 제공 개시일에 특별한 사정이 없는 한 서비스를 이용할 수 있도록
하여야 합니다.
② 당 사이트는 개인정보 보호를 위해 보안시스템을 구축하며 개인정보 보호정책을 공시하고 준수합니다.
③ 당 사이트는 회원으로부터 제기되는 의견이나 불만이 정당하다고 객관적으로 인정될 경우에는 적절한 절차를
거쳐 즉시 처리하여야 합니다. 다만, 즉시 처리가 곤란한 경우는 회원에게 그 사유와 처리일정을 통보하여야
합니다.
제 11 조 (회원의 의무)
① 이용자는 회원가입 신청 또는 회원정보 변경 시 실명으로 모든 사항을 사실에 근거하여 작성하여야 하며,
허위 또는 타인의 정보를 등록할 경우 일체의 권리를 주장할 수 없습니다.
② 당 사이트가 관계법령 및 개인정보 보호정책에 의거하여 그 책임을 지는 경우를 제외하고 회원에게 부여된
ID의 비밀번호 관리소홀, 부정사용에 의하여 발생하는 모든 결과에 대한 책임은 회원에게 있습니다.
③ 회원은 당 사이트 및 제 3자의 지적 재산권을 침해해서는 안 됩니다.
제 4 장 서비스의 이용
제 12 조 (서비스 이용 시간)
① 서비스 이용은 당 사이트의 업무상 또는 기술상 특별한 지장이 없는 한 연중무휴, 1일 24시간 운영을
원칙으로 합니다. 단, 당 사이트는 시스템 정기점검, 증설 및 교체를 위해 당 사이트가 정한 날이나 시간에
서비스를 일시 중단할 수 있으며, 예정되어 있는 작업으로 인한 서비스 일시중단은 당 사이트 홈페이지를
통해 사전에 공지합니다.
② 당 사이트는 서비스를 특정범위로 분할하여 각 범위별로 이용가능시간을 별도로 지정할 수 있습니다. 다만
이 경우 그 내용을 공지합니다.
제 13 조 (홈페이지 저작권)
① NDSL에서 제공하는 모든 저작물의 저작권은 원저작자에게 있으며, KISTI는 복제/배포/전송권을 확보하고
있습니다.
② NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 상업적 및 기타 영리목적으로 복제/배포/전송할 경우 사전에 KISTI의 허락을
받아야 합니다.
③ NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 보도, 비평, 교육, 연구 등을 위하여 정당한 범위 안에서 공정한 관행에
합치되게 인용할 수 있습니다.
④ NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 무단 복제, 전송, 배포 기타 저작권법에 위반되는 방법으로 이용할 경우
저작권법 제136조에 따라 5년 이하의 징역 또는 5천만 원 이하의 벌금에 처해질 수 있습니다.
제 14 조 (유료서비스)
① 당 사이트 및 협력기관이 정한 유료서비스(원문복사 등)는 별도로 정해진 바에 따르며, 변경사항은 시행 전에
당 사이트 홈페이지를 통하여 회원에게 공지합니다.
② 유료서비스를 이용하려는 회원은 정해진 요금체계에 따라 요금을 납부해야 합니다.
제 5 장 계약 해지 및 이용 제한
제 15 조 (계약 해지)
회원이 이용계약을 해지하고자 하는 때에는 [가입해지] 메뉴를 이용해 직접 해지해야 합니다.
제 16 조 (서비스 이용제한)
① 당 사이트는 회원이 서비스 이용내용에 있어서 본 약관 제 11조 내용을 위반하거나, 다음 각 호에 해당하는
경우 서비스 이용을 제한할 수 있습니다.
- 2년 이상 서비스를 이용한 적이 없는 경우
- 기타 정상적인 서비스 운영에 방해가 될 경우
② 상기 이용제한 규정에 따라 서비스를 이용하는 회원에게 서비스 이용에 대하여 별도 공지 없이 서비스 이용의
일시정지, 이용계약 해지 할 수 있습니다.
제 17 조 (전자우편주소 수집 금지)
회원은 전자우편주소 추출기 등을 이용하여 전자우편주소를 수집 또는 제3자에게 제공할 수 없습니다.
제 6 장 손해배상 및 기타사항
제 18 조 (손해배상)
당 사이트는 무료로 제공되는 서비스와 관련하여 회원에게 어떠한 손해가 발생하더라도 당 사이트가 고의 또는 과실로 인한 손해발생을 제외하고는 이에 대하여 책임을 부담하지 아니합니다.
제 19 조 (관할 법원)
서비스 이용으로 발생한 분쟁에 대해 소송이 제기되는 경우 민사 소송법상의 관할 법원에 제기합니다.
[부 칙]
1. (시행일) 이 약관은 2016년 9월 5일부터 적용되며, 종전 약관은 본 약관으로 대체되며, 개정된 약관의 적용일 이전 가입자도 개정된 약관의 적용을 받습니다.