• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.47-55
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• 1983

The authur surveyed the caries experience of 108 preschool children and collected their five-day dietary data, and evaluated the cariogenicity applied to their diets and discussed the relationship between their caries experience and their diet. The results were as follows: 1. As a frequency of consumption of cariogenic foods by degree of retentiveness, highly retentive foods like sugars and dried fruits had been taken once every 3 days, next highly retentive foods like confections and breads had been taken once everyday, slightly retentive foods like ice-creams and fermented milk also had been taken once everyday, and low retentive foods like soft drinks had been taken once every 6 days. 2. The highest caries experienced children ingested more frequently retentive foods like ice-creams, fermented milk and sugars than the lowest caries experienced children. 3. As a potential cariogenicity, the mean number of cariogenic ingestions in a day was 2.26, the mean retentiveness in a day was 5.93, and the mean cariogenicity score per ingestion in a day was 2.51. 4. The highest caries experienced children had higher values in the mean cariogenic ingestions, the mean retentiveness, and the mean cariogenicity score than the lowest caries experienced children.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.203-209
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• 1982

시판(市販) Carton 및 Cone 형 아이스크림에 대한 화학성분(化學成分) 분석(分析) 및 지방성분(脂肪成分)의 이화학적(理化學的) 성질(性質)을 조사(調査)하고, 또한 선발(選拔) 및 훈련(訓練)된 파넬에 의해 관능적(官能的) 품질(品質) 평가시험(評價試驗)을 실시하여 다음과 같은 결과(結果)를 얻었다. 가. 시판(市販)아이스크림 중의 지방(脂肪), 총고형분(總固形分), 총단백질(總蛋白質), 무지유고형분(無脂乳固形分), 유당(乳糖) 및 조회분(粗灰分)함량은 제조회사별(製造會社別)로 큰 차이가 없었으며 , 그들의 평균함량은 각각 Carton형이 8.53%, 34,18%, 3.43%, 11.02%, 6.17% 및 0.84%이었고 Cone형이 6.54%, 34.02%, 3.29%, 10.40%, 5.84% 및 0.77%이었다. 나. 추출(抽出)된 아이스크림 지방(脂肪)의 산가(酸價), 감화가, 요오드가(價) 및 Reichert-Meissl가(價)는 제조회사별(製造會社別)로 다소간의 큰 차이를 나타내었으며, 그들의 평균값은 각각 Carton형이 0.58, 221.88, 19.63 및 29.04이었고 Cone형이 0.65, 219.45, 18.64 및 28.82이었다. 다. 시판(市販) 4개회사(個會社) 제품(製品)의 아이스크림을 시료(試料)로 하여 3점시험법(點試驗法), 순위시헙법(順位試驗法) 및 채점시험법(採點試驗法)에 의한 관능적품질(官能的品質) 평가시험(評價試驗)을 실시한 결과(結果) 거의 5% 수준(水準)이상에서 제조회사별(製造會社別)로 유의적(有意的)인 차이(差異)가 인정(認定)되었으여, Carton 및 Cone험 모두가 C 및 D 회사(會社) 제품(製品)의 아이스크림이 A 및 B회사제품(會社製品)의 것보다 우수하게 평가(評價)되었다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제47권5호
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• pp.867-876
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• 2005

아이스크림의 미생물학적 안전성, 보존성 및 위생성 향상을 위한 연구의 일환으로 시판 중인 아이스크림 제품류 및 다른 향을 가진 아이스크림의 미생물 분포도 및 감마선 조사효과를 알아보았다. 또한 시판 아이스크림에서 Listeria spp., E. coli 및 Salmonella spp.의 오염 여부를 알아보았다. 시판 중인 아이스크림 제품류 중 빙과류, 아이스크림류, 아이스밀크류 및 비유지방 아이스크림류의 미생물 분포도 결과 모든 제품에서 효모 및 곰팡이는 검출되지 않았으나 약 1-2 Log CFU/g의 일반 호기성 미생물이 검출되었으며 대장균군은 1-1.5 Log CFU/g이 검출되었다. 대부분의 제품에서 3 kGy의 감마선 조사로 미생물이 검출되지 않았으나 일부 제품에서 3 kGy 조사로 1 Log CFU/g이 생존하여 좀 더 높은 선량이 요구되었다. 서로 다른 향을 첨가한 아이스크림의 미생물 분포도 결과 바닐라, 쵸코 및 딸기 아이스크림의 일반 호기성 미생물의 경우 각각 2.30, 2.90 및 3.32 Log CFU/g이 검출되었으며 효모 및 곰팡이의 경우 바닐라 아이스크림은 검출되지 않았으나 쵸코 및 딸기는 각각 2.30 및 2.70 Log CFU/g이 검출되었다. 대장균군의 경우 바닐라 아이스크림이 1.70 Log CFU/g으로 가장 낮게 검출되었으며 쵸코 및 딸기 아이스크림은 2.23 및 2.40 Log CFU/g이 검출되었다. 감마선 조사에 따라 미생물의 수는 감소하였으며 5 kGy로 조사하였을 때는 검출되지 않았다. －20℃에서 4주간 저장 기간에 따른 미생물 수의 변화는 큰 차이가 없는 것으로 확인되었다. 또한 서로 다른 회사 제품으로 병원성 미생물 검출 결과 L. inocua 및 E. coli는 각각 3종씩 검출되었으나 Salmonella는 검출되지 않았다. 그러므로 아이스크림 제조 및 유통과정 시 위생관리가 철저히 요구되며 아이스크림의 미생물학적 안전성 확보를 위해 5 kGy 이하의 감마선 조사 기술을 적용하면 효과적이라 생각된다.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.61-72
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• 2007

In order to study milk preference and intake pattern of adolescents, the questionnaire survey was conducted with 929 middle and high school students residing in Chungnam cities through October and November 2004. Of the subjects, 56.3% liked milk or liked very much. They preferred chocolate and fruit-tasted milk to plain milk. Reasons for liking milk were for health and its taste, while the reasons of disliking were unpleasant smell and stomach upset. However those who disliked milk did like milk products such as ice-cream, yogurt or cheese. Of the students 35.1% drank milk 2 times or more a day, while 11.8% drank milk less than 2-3 times a month. As a whole they drank milk 8.6$\pm$6.7 times a week, of which 4.3$\pm$3.1 times for plain milk. Daily intake amount was estimated as 308$\pm$315mL. Middle-school students and boys drank more milk than high-school students and girls, respectively. Among the students 64.3% used to drink 1 cup of milk at a time, and 58.3% drank only milk without other foods. It was shown that 51.8% took milk school-serviced and their milk intake frequencies were higher than those of who were not given school milk service. Also milk intake frequencies was higher in students whose mother were housewives than in students whose mother had jobs. Milk preference, intake frequency, and one portion size showed significant and positive correlations each other. In conclusion, milk intake level of the subjects was insufficient and unpleasant smell and stomach upset were the main reasons which decreased milk preference and consumption. Students with low milk preference should be guided with how to drink milk deliciously, how to choose milk type and its products. It is also effective to go into school milk service and to provide milk at home anytime. As students like much fruit-tasted and chocolate milk, the milk processing industries should take their nutritional and health benefits into considerations importantly.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.488-495
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• 2018

Objectives: This study examined the milk intake patterns with lactose and milk fat in Korean male adults using the following variables: milk intake level, awareness of lactose, and milk fat, health problems, and necessity of milk intake. In addition, the factors affecting milk intake were analyzed by multiple regression analysis. Methods: The subjects were 532 males aged 20 years or older among the nationwide milk purchasing group. The subjects were 223 (41.9%) in the 20-29 year age group, 188 (35.3%) in the 30-49 year age group and 121(22.7%) in the over 50 year age group. The survey was conducted using ANOVA and multiple comparative analysis to examine the differences in age and multiple regression analysis was performed to investigate the factors affecting the intake of milk. Results: The intake of milk in the subjects was $538.14{\pm}494.23ml$ per week. There were statistically significant differences in the subjects' age according to processed milk, low fat, nonfat milk, cheese, and ice cream. The perception of milk and lactose and milk fat was recognized as a good food for skeletal health when milk was consumed. Among the milk nutrients, lactose was highly recognized at the age of 20-29, and milk fat was recognized in those over 50 years. In addition to lactose and milk fat, calcium was the most highly recognized among the milk nutrients. Health problems associated with milk were skeletal health, obesity, and lactose intolerance. The perception of lactose intolerance was related to lactose intolerance and fatness, and the dietary behavior was unaffected. Conclusions: This study examined the milk intake patterns of adult Korean males. Many variables were found to be related to the intake of milk. In this study, the milk intake was high when there was no problem with the perception and dietary behaviors of milk nutrition (lactose and milk fat). This study focused on lactose and milk fat, which are major nutrients in milk, and it is a new perspective study among milk-related research.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.1235-1240
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• 1999

본 실험은 콩비린내의 주요 생성효소인 LOX가 결핍된 콩의 가공시 특성을 살펴봄으로 식품학적 이용 가능성을 검토해 보고자 실시하였다. 몇가지 가공상태의 콩의 LOX 활성을 측정한 결과 전지콩분말, 탈지콩분말, 콩단백의 순으로 LOX의 활성이 감소되는 것으로 나타났는데 특히 탈지와 콩단백 제조시 황금콩의 활성 저하가 가장 현저하였다. 콩나물 재배 시에는 황금콩과 진품콩의 자엽 부분에서 LOX 활성이 상당히 나타났다. 두유 제조시에는 진품콩과 진품콩 2호로 만든 경우 황금콩 두유 보다 콩비린내가 적게 난다고 평가되었으며, 콩나물에서는 진품콩 2호가 배축 신장율과 수율은 떨어졌으나 콩나물 비린내는 적은 것으로 평가되었다. 아이스크림 제조 시에는 황금콩 탈지분을 이용한 경우 탈지분으로 만든 대조군 아이스크림에 비하여 콩비린내가 많이 나는 것으로 감지되었으나 진품콩 2호 탈지분을 이용한 경우에는 콩비린내를 거의 감지하지 못하였다. 이상에서 LOX 결핍 콩은 가공시비린내 개선의 효과를 나타내어 가공식품으로서의 이용 가능성을 나타내 주었다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.16-24
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• 1976

To determine patterns of preference for and consumption of milk and milk products in Seoul city, a study was conducted of 724 girls and 587 boys ranging in age from elementary school to collage level, from July to August, 1974. Findings are summarized as follows: In general, milk and milk products were liked by both children and adults. A contrasting low tendency to purchase such products was due to socioeconomics, habitual, and educational factors, as well as a lack of adequate nutritional information, especially with regard to milk. Knowledge of the value of milk as a source of calcium was lacking, especially among boys. The majority of homemakers understood that milk was nutritious, but not specifically as the best source of calcium for their families. Milk, especially in beverage form, was commonly regarded as food for the infant and small child. Grandparents would not drink it. Such a beliefe is similar to that found in under-developed or developing nations. The need for nutrition education must be emphasized. Milk and milk products are expensive foods, particularly for the low income family; but even in higher income levels, consumption was limited. Milk was consumed mostly by the younger family members, less by the older. Among the children, preference, knowledge, and concern with the nutritional value of milk increased with age of subjects. It is presumed that awareness improved with increasing length of school education. Greater frequency of milk intolerance was found with decreasing age of respondents: about 10 percent had some form of milk intolerance. This percentage will be found to be much higher in villages where milk is less familiar. This study indicated that respondents liked ice cream best of all the milk products. For beverage, they preferred cider and cola in summer, coffee and milk in winter. Smaller families consumed more milk than larger families. Household consumption of condensed milk was very low, mostly as coffeemate. Among households interviewed, as many had regular as irregular delivery of dairy milk. Average consumption ranged 0.5 to 1.5 Hop. Engel indices of these families ranged 20 to 60. Use of milk at home was very simple. Not many methods of preparation were found. The milk was used mostly as beverage. In order to improve the nutritional level of Korean children and adults who especially need additional calcium, milk and milk products are recommended as the best source of calcium. Nutrition education of children and their parents should receive greater emphasis.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.1225-1237
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• 2023

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Unhealthy dietary behaviors constitute one of risk the factors for chronic and cardiovascular diseases, which are prevalent in middle-aged and older populations. Milk and dairy products are high-quality foods and important sources of calcium. Calcium protects against osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease. Therefore, this study investigated the association of milk and dairy product consumption with cardio-cerebrovascular disease incidence in middle-aged and older Korean adults. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Data were derived from the Ansan-Anseong cohort study, and a total of 8,009 individuals aged 40-69 years were selected and followed up biennially. Cox proportional hazard models were used to examine the association of milk and dairy product consumption with cardio-cerebrovascular disease incidence. RESULTS: During a mean follow-up period of 96.5 person-months, 552 new cases of cardio-cerebrovascular disease were documented. Milk consumers (< 1 serving/day) exhibited a 23% lower risk of cardio-cerebrovascular disease incidence than non-milk consumers (hazard ratio [HR], 0.77; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.61-0.97; P for trend = 0.842). High yogurt consumption was associated with a 29% lower incidence risk (≥ 0.5 servings/day vs. none: HR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.53-0.96; P for trend = 0.049), whereas high ice cream consumption was associated with a 70% higher risk of cardio-cerebrovascular disease incidence (≥ 0.5 servings/day vs. none: HR, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.01-2.88; P for trend = 0.070). CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that less than one serving of milk and high yogurt consumption are associated with a lower cardio-cerebrovascular disease risk in the middle-aged and older populations.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.164-179
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• 2002

A survey was conducted to examine the food intake of 285 Korean female students attending a secondary school in Seoul. Food intake was assessed using a food frequency based on the Korean Food Tower which consists of five food groups, i.e., grain products, vegetables and fruits, meat, milk, and fats and sweets. To describe food intake descriptive statistics were obtained using SPSS. The food frequency analysis indicated that the participants ate rice, cabbage kimchi, radish, and soybean/red pepper paste most frequently along with milk, ice cream, tea, and seasonal fruits such as citrus fruits, apples, watermelon, and grapes for snacks. Distributions of the total standardized serving frequency for each food group indicated that approximately 84, 83, 45, 60, and 34%, respectively, of the respondents met the recommended serving frequency for grain products, vegetables and fruits, meat, milk, and fats and sweets groups(mean servings per day 5.5, 10.6, 5.5, 2.1, 3.5). Income was the only demographic factor that affected food intake, particularly with respect to meat, milk, and fats and sweets(p < .01). In Korea, these food groups are generally more expensive than the other ones. (J Community Nutrition 4(3) : 164∼179, 2002)

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.191-203
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• 2011

We conducted a study to investigate milk and dairy products consumption among elementary school students to identify ways to increase their intake of milk and dairy products. We asked 518 students in Seoul to fill out questionnaire. Only 55.6% of the subjects consumed milk daily, and 43.7% of them drank at least 1 cup per day. The frequency and quantity of milk consumption were higher in male students than female students. The majority of the subjects consumed whole milk, and most students(59.5%) preferred flavored milk to whole milk. The reasons given for drinking milk included 'wanting to be tall'(66.1%) and 'for good health'(47.1%), while the main reason given for not drinking milk was stomach pain (68.4%). Records of having an unpleasant experience and upset stomach after drinking milk occurred at a higher rate for those who did not drink milk(84.2%) than for those who did(53.3%). Of the students questioned, 36.9% consumed dairy products other than milk 3~4 times per week, and liquid-type yoghurt(43.8%) and ice cream(35.4%) were the preferred dairy products among students. The reasons given for consuming dairy products were 'good taste'(56.6%), 'good to eat'(46.6%), 'wanting to be tall'(32.4%), and 'for good health' (25.4%). Among those students who did not consumed dairy products, the major reason given was 'family does not eat at home'(33.3%). After consuming the dairy products, 71.4% of participants thought that dairy products did not result in physical improvement. Most students had experienced purchasing milk and dairy products by themselves. When they bought milk or dairy products, the reasons given for making a particular selection were 'shelf-life'(61.6%) for milk, and 'favorite dairy products'(54.1%) for dairy products. According to participants, the factors that need to be considered for milk and dairy product consumption among elementary school students are 'higher nutrition' (60.8%), 'better sanitation'(57.3%), and 'better quality and taste'(55.2%).