• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.111-126
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• 2002

The chemistry of secondary products from Acanthopanax species and their pharmacological activities were reviewed. A nitrogenous compound, a furan compound, a quinoid, benzoids, coumarins, phenylpropanoids, lignans, flavonoids, terpenoids, phytosterols, polyacetylenes, a pyrimidine, cyclitols, monosaccharides and an aliphatic alcohol have been isolated from Acanthopanax species and have been shown to have various levels of activities such as anti-bacterial, anti-cancer, anti-gout, anti-hepatitis, anti-hyperglycemic, anti-inflammatory, anti-leishmanicidic, anti-oxidant, anti-pyretic, anti-xanthine oxidase, choleretic, hemostatic, hypocholesterolemic, immunostimulatory and radioprotectant effects, etc.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.632-637
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• 2014

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effect of red pericarp glutinous rice rich in polyphenols (Jakwangchalbyeo, red rice) on serum and hepatic levels of cholesterol and hepatic protein expression linked to synthesis and degradation of cholesterol in a hypercholesterolemic mice diet as compared with brown rice. MATERIALS/METHODS: C57BL/6 male mice were randomly divided into four groups (n = 5 each), which were fed different diets for a period of 12 weeks: American Institute of Nutrition (AIN)-93G diet, AIN-93G diet with 2% cholesterol, brown rice with 2% cholesterol, or red rice with 2% cholesterol. RESULT: Consumption of red rice resulted in a significant decrease in serum level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and hepatic levels of triglyceride and total-cholesterol. Expression of acyl-coenzyme A cholesterol acyltransferase-2 (ACAT-2), sterol regulatory element binding protein-2 (SREBP-2), and 3-hydroxyl-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase was decreased, while expression of phosphorylated adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (p-AMPK)/AMPK ratio, cholesterol 7-${\alpha}$-hydroxylase (CYP7a1), and sterol 12-${\alpha}$-hydroxylase (CYP8b1) was increased in mice fed red rice. Brown rice had similar effects on cholesterol metabolism, but the effect of red rice was significantly greater than that of brown rice. CONCLUSIONS: The current study suggested that red rice had a hypocholesterolemic effect by lowering hepatic cholesterol synthesis through ACAT-2, HMG-CoA reductase, and SREBP-2, and by enhancing hepatic cholesterol degradation through CYP7a1 and CYP8b1 in mice fed a hypercholesterolemic diet.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.13-25
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• 2004

High concentration of cholesterol in the blood streams of humans has been recognized as a risk factor in the coronary heart disease. Recently, lactobacilli having high bile salt hydrolase activity have been claimed to decrease the concentration of the blood stream cholesterol in humans. In particular, many studies have been reported on the hypocholesterolemic effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus, a normal component of the microflora of the small intestine. Bile salts are excreted as bile into duodenum in the form of N-acyl compounds conjugated with glyine or taurine. Bile excretion is the major route of eliminating cholesterol from the body as well as one of the important pathways of cholesterol metabolism. Since conjugated bile salts are necessary to emulsify cholesterol, deconjugation of bile salts by lactobacilli could decrease intestinal absorption of cholesterol. Free bile salts as well as cholesterol are less soluble than the conjugated bile salts. Therefore, few free bile salts and cholesterol are absorbed through the enterohepatic circulation and most of them are easily excreted via feces. Thus, serum cholesterol could be removed from the body pool by synthesizing new conjugated bile salts to replace the excreted ones.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.134-140
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• 2018

Chylomicron retention disease, also known as Anderson's disease, is a rare hereditary hypocholesterolemic disorder, recessive inherited, characterized by nonspecific symptoms as abdominal distension, steatorrhea, and vomiting associated with failure to thrive. We describe a patient with failure to thrive, chronic diarrhea and steatorrhea who the diagnosis of chylomicron retention disease was established after several months of disease progression. The genetic study confirmed a homozygosity mutation in SAR1B gene, identifying a mutation never previous described [c.83_84delTG(p.Leu28Argfs*7)]. With this case report the authors aim to highlight for this very rare cause of failure to thrive and for the importance of an attempting diagnosis, in order to start adequate management with low fat diet supplemented with fat-soluble vitamins, reverting the state of malnutrition and avoiding possible irreversible and desvantating complications.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.747-751
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• 2004

The effect of yogurt containing Hamcho (Salicornia herbacea) extract (Hamcho yogurt: HY) on the lipid concentrations in male Sprague-Dawley rats fed a cholesterol diet were studied. Rats were assigned three groups in the experiment; cholesterol diet (the CHOL group), cholesterol diet plus yogurt by lactic acid bacteria (the Y group) or cholesterol diet plus yogurt supplemented Hamcho extract by lactic acid bacteria (the HY group). Fermented milk with or without Hamcho extract in the diet supplemented at the levels 5.0% for 3 weeks. The concentrations of total cholesterol and bile acid in serum was significantly lower in the HY group than the CHOL group. This effect was also observed in rats fed a diet supplemented fermented milk. This cholesterol-lowering effect was more pronounced in the HY group compared to the Y group. The atherogenic index was significantly lower in the HY or Y groups than the CHOL group. The concentration of non esterified fatty acid in serum was significantly lower in the HY group than the CHOL and the Y groups. These results suggested that Hamcho yogurt exert the hypocholesterolemic effect in cholesterol fed rats.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.701-707
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• 2013

The present study was carried out to investigate the antiobesity and hypocholesterolemic effects of Bifidobacteria animalis DY-64 (B. animalis DY-64), a lactic acid bacterium isolated from the human intestine, in rats fed a high-fat/high-cholesterol diet for 4 weeks. Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups and fed either a normal (N) or high-fat/high-cholesterol (HFC) diet without or with oral administration of B. animalis DY-64 (N-BA, HFC-BA). The gain in body weight, and liver and adipose tissue weights of the HFC group were heavier than that of the HFC-BA group. Serum total cholesterol (TC), LDL-cholesterol, and leptin levels of the HFC group, which were significantly elevated compared to those of the N group, dropped by 19, 18, 21, and 13% in the HFC-BA group, respectively, whereas the serum HDL-cholesterol level markedly increased. However, serum TG, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, and leptin levels were not significantly different among the N groups (N, N-BA) with or without B. animalis DY-64 administration. TC and TG levels of the liver as well as the TG level of the adipose tissue were significantly reduced in the HFC-BA group. In addition, HR-LPL activity in adipose tissue was also lower in the HFC-BA group than in the HFC group. These results suggest that B. animalis DY-64 isolated from the human intestine exerts hypocholesterolemic effects by reducing serum and liver cholesterol levels and plays a role in the prevention of obesity induced by HFC diet.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.490-495
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• 1992

The effects of high levels of vitamin E and cholesterol feeding on the lipid composition of the plasma lipoproteins were tested between 4 experimental groups. The concentrations of vitamin E and cholesterol in the plasma lipoproteins were significantly increased with the feedings. But the concentrations of cholesterol and various lipid fractions showed significant low levels on the vitamin E feeding group, which vitamin E was fed after the cholesterol diet. Vitamin E showed the hypocholesterolemic effect when it was fed after the high cholesterol containing diet. But, vitamin E was less effective to decrease the content of cholesterol on the diet which contained the both vitamin E and 2% cholesterol. It also showed that vitamin E could stimulate the absorption of cholesterol and lipid when the both dietary factors were simultaneously fed. The vitamin E feeding also resulted in increase of the cholesterol concentration in HDL/LDL ratios.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.267-278
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• 2005

Postmenopausal women or ovariectomized rats are associated with increased cholesterol levels, which are risk factors of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases. Increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome after menopause might be associated with estradiol deficiency. Harmful effect of estradiol hampers the casual usage of hormone to prevent the metabolic syndrome. Soy protein has been reported to show several beneficial effects on health, however it is unclear which components of soy protein is responsible for anti-obesity and hypocholesterolemic effects. Soy isoflavones, gem-stein and daizein, are suggested to have anti-obesity and hypocholesterolemic effects but with inconsistency. The present study investigated the effect of supplementation of genistein (experiment I) and soy protein containing isoflavones (experiment II) to high fat diet on body weight gain, food intake, liver and fat tissue weight and the lipid levels in ovariectomized rats. Plasma and hepatic lipid contents and the mRNA levels of genes encoding lipid metabolism related proteins, such as CPT1 and HMGR were measured. Ovariectomy increased body weight, fat tissue weight and plasma and hepatic lipid levels which increase the risk of metabolic syndrome. Soy protein could improve plasma and hepatic lipids levels. Soy protein also increased hepatic CPT1 and HMGR mRNA levels. Plasma and hepatic lipids levels could not be decreased by dietary genistein alone. In contrast, lipids levels could be decreased by isoflavone-fortified soy protein, suggesting that the ingestion of soy protein enriched with isoflavone gives more benefit for protecting postmenopausal women from metabolic syndrome.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.430-434
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• 1989

Alfalfa saponin was isolated from the roots of alfalfa(Medicage sativa L.) and incoporated at the level of 0.2% and 0.4% cholesterol-free diets and cholesterol enriched-diets. Wistar male rats weighing approximately 80g were fed with for 21 days. The serum lipids and fecal excretion lipids of the rats were determined and the result obtained are as follows. 1. Alfalfa saponin contained 36.4% medicagenic acid. 2. The feeding of alfalfa saponin increased cholesterol excretion but not bile acid excretion. 3. Alfalfa saponin showed hypocholesterolemic activity at 0.4% level in both the diets with and without cholesterol but the effect was not observed at 0.2% level in a diet. 4. It was indicated that the hypocholesterolemic effect of alfalfa saponin was associated with the decreased absorption of cholesterol from alimentary canal.

• Mycobiology
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.187-193
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• 2011

Botryosphaeran, a water-soluble exopolysaccharide of the ${\beta}-(1{\rightarrow}3;1{\rightarrow}6)$-D-glucan type that has been isolated from the culture medium of Botryosphaeria rhodina MAMB-05 grown in submerged fermentation using glucose as the sole carbon source, was previously demonstrated to be non-genotoxic in peripheral blood and bone marrow, and exhibited strong anticlastogenic activity. In the present study, the effects of botryosphaeran were investigated in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats as well as in high-fat diet-fed hyperlipidemic Wistar rats. The plasma glucose level was reduced by 52% in the diabetic group of rats after administration of 12 mg botryosphaeran/kg body weight of the rats (b.w.)/day by gavage over 15 days. A reduction in the median ration intake was accompanied by an increase in the median body weight gain, as well as the efficiency of food conversion. These results demonstrate that botryosphaeran has protective effects by reducing the symptoms of cachexia in Diabetes mellitus. Botryosphaeran administered by gavage at a concentration of 12 mg botryosphaeran/kg b.w./day over 15 days also reduced the plasma levels of total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol by 18% and 27%, respectively, in hyperlipidemic rats. Based on these findings, we conclude that botryosphaeran possesses hypoglycemic and hypocholesterolemic properties in conditions of diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia, respectively, and may be used as an oral anti-diabetic agent.