• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.86-90
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• 2013

Objectives The aim of this study was to find out the psychological changes associated with internet addiction between before and after the military drill among the young male army recruits. Methods All 1091 participants were army recruits aged from 19 to 22 years who participated in the 5-week military drill. They were assessed with some self-reported questionnaires [Sociodemographic questionnaires, Young's Internet Addiction Scale (IAS), the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS), the Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Self-Rated Scale (ASRS)]. They were divided into two groups, One is the internet addiction tendency group and the other is non-addiction group according to the IAS score. And the severity of the internet addiction tendency, depression, anxiety and impulsiveness were evaluated by the IAS, the STAI, the BDI, the BIS, the ASRS before and after military drill. Results The result of the paired t-test shows that the IAS, the STAI, the BDI, the BIS, the ASRS scores decreased after military drill in both non-addiction group and internet addiction tendency group. The result of the repeated measures ANOVA shows that there is an interaction effect between the changes of ASRS-hyperactivity (F = 23.437, p < 0.001), ASRS-impulsiveness (F = 4.896, p = 0.027), BIS-total (F = 4.057, p = 0.044), BIS-motor impulsiveness (F = 13.609, p < 0.001) scores and groups. The result of the generalized estimating equation shows that internet addiction tendency is associated with ASRS-inattention (${\beta}=0.075$, p < 0.001), ASRS-hyperactivity (${\beta}=0.092$, p = 0.002), STAI-trait anxiety (${\beta}=0.046$, p < 0.001), BIS-motor impulsiveness (${\beta}=0.119$, p = 0.028). Conclusions The results show that psychopathologies such as internet addiction tendency, depression, anxiety, impulsiveness may improve after military drill regardless of the groups. Internet addiction tendency may be related to the ASRS-inattention, ASRS-hyperactivity, STAI-trait anxiety, motor-impulsiveness. So these findings may be considered in the treatment of internet addiction in terms of the impulsiveness control.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.153-160
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• 2019

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the addiction to highly caffeinated drinks among university students, and we investigated the relationships between smartphone addiction, depression, anxiety, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), burnout, self-esteem, impulsiveness in high caffeine drink addiction risk group (high caffeine group). We also compared these mental health factors differences between the high caffeine group and the control group; and, investigated the relative risk between the independent variables of the high caffeine group. Methods: This study was conducted in Korea, from June 2015 to July 2016. A set of questionnaires was administered on 511 college students. Results: The participants who belonged to the high caffeine group were more likely to demonstrate the symptoms of ADHD and higher levels of burnout and impulsiveness. Further, the results of logistic regression analysis confirmed the association between the high caffeine group and burnout. Conclusion: These behaviors among university students addicted to highly caffeinated drinks suggests the need for timely and effective interventions for those at risk of addiction.

• The Journal of Korean Society for School & Community Health Education
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.1-15
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• 2015

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the state of ADHD disposition among college students and the impact of their self-esteem on ADHD in an effort to provide useful information on the prevention of ADHD in adults. Methods: A survey was conducted from April 4 to June 30, 2015, on 264 selected students at two different universities that were respectively located in the Daegu and Gyeongsan city. As for data analysis, a statistical package SPSS WIN 18.0 was employed. Results: The findings of the study were as follows: There were significant differences in overall ADHD disposition according to academic year, religion and academic standing, and self-esteem varied with gender, presence or absence of a friend of the opposite gender, academic year and academic standing. There were differences in inattention-memory problems scores, one of the sub factors of adult ADHD, according to presence or absence of a friend of the opposite gender, academic year and academic standing. Self-esteem had a negative correlation with inattention-memory (r=-0.463), hyperactivity(r=-0.269) and impulsiveness(r=-0.233). When a regression analysis was made to determine influential factors for inattention-memory, religion(${\beta}=0.121$), academic standing(${\beta}=-0.153$) and self-esteem(${\beta}=-0.422$) were influential. Conclusions: Adult ADHD disposition and self-esteem of college students seems to be relationship. There was a positive correlation among inattention-memory, hyperactivity and impulsiveness that were three subfactors of adult ADHD.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.61-71
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• 2008

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, impulsiveness and problems in other higher cognitive processes such as executive function deficits. Currently, there are many treatment modalities, of which pharmacotherapy is the most strongly supported by scientific and clinical evidence. Stimulants, which are first choice in the pharmacological treatment of ADHD, block dopamine reuptake by binding the dopamine transporter and so increasing the concentration of dopamine in synaptic clefts. Stimulants are effective in improving core ADHD symptoms, as well as the nonspecific symptoms, such as aggressiveness and oppositional behavior. Frequently reported short-term adverse effects are decreased appetite, sleep disturbance, headache, dizziness and irritability. Although questions have been raised about the long-term side effects of stimulants, including growth suppression, cardiovascular events, and abuse potential, there is no clear evidence to support these concerns.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.312-319
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• 2008

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsiveness. Current estimates suggest that 4-12% of school age children are affected by ADHD, which hampers proper social relationship and achievements in school. Even though the exact etiology of the disorder is still in the middle of active investigation, the availability of pharmacological treatments for the disorder suggest that at least the symptoms of ADHD are manageable. To develop drugs with higher efficacy and fewer side effects, it is essential to have appropriate animal models for in vivo drug screening processes. Good animal models can also provide the chances to improve our understanding of the disease processes as well as the underlying etiology of the disorder. In this review, we summarized current animal models used for ADHD research and discussed the point of concerns about using specific animal models.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.155-163
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• 2002

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder(ADHD) is a childhood syndrome characterized by short attention span. impulsiveness, and hyperactivity, which often leadㄴ to learning disabilities and various behavioral problems. For the treatment of ADHD, medication and cognitive-behavior therapy is applied in recent yearn Although psycho-stimulant medication has been widely used for many rears. current findings suggest that, as the sole treatment for ADHD, it is an inadequate form of intervention in that parents don't want their child to use drug and the effects are limited to the period in which the drugs are physiologically active. On the other hand, EEG biofeedback treatment studies for ADHD have reported promising results not only in significant reductions in hyperactive, inattentive, and disruptive behaviors, but also improvements in academic performance and IQ scores. However it is too boring for children to finish the whole treatment. The recent increase in computer usage in medicine and rehabilitation has changed the way health care is delivered. Virtual Reality technology provides specific stimuli that can be used in removing distractions and providing environments that get the subjects'attention and increasing their ability to concentrate. VR technology can hold a patient's attention for a longer period of time than other methods can, because VR is immersive, interactive and imaginal. Based on these aspects, we developed Attention Enhancement System (AES) using VR technology, EEG biofeedback, and cognitive training method for enhancing attention and made a clinical trial to people who have attention difficulty and behavioral problems.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.129-136
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• 2018

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)-After School Checklist (ASK) by comparing the results of the Comprehensive Attention Test (CAT) and Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) Scale and then by calculating the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Methods: We performed correlation analyses on the ASK and CAT results and then the ASK and CGI-S results. We created a ROC curve and evaluated performance on the ASK as a diagnostic tool. We then analyzed the test results of 1348 subjects (male 56.8%), including 1201 subjects in the general population and 147 ADHD subjects, aged 6-15 years, from kindergarten to middle school in Seoul and Gyeonggi province, South Korea. Results: According to the correlation analyses, ASK scores and the Attention Quotient (AQ) of CAT scores showed a significant correlation of -0.20--0.29 (p<0.05). The t-test between ADHD scores and CGI-S also showed a significant correlation (t=-2.55, p<0.05). The area under the ROC curve was calculated as 0.81, indicating good efficacy of the ASK, and the cut-off score was calculated as 15.5. Conclusion: The ASK can be used as a valid tool not only to evaluate functional impairment of ADHD children and adolescents but also to screen ADHD.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.47-53
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• 2018

Objectives: This study aimed to develop the attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)-After School Checklist (ASK) to evaluate the severity of ADHD symptoms and self-management ability in children and adolescents in South Korea. Additionally, we evaluated the reliability and validity of the scale. Methods: We developed the ASK to evaluate the effect of ADHD psychopathologies on self-management and interpersonal impulsivity. We investigated the reliability and validity of the scale with 1349 parents (male 56.9%; 1202 parents of non-ADHD children, 147 parents of children with ADHD) in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province, Korea. Results: According to the construct validity test using principal constant analysis with the varimax rotation method, two factors explained 60.7% of the cumulative variance in ASK scores. Cronbach's alpha for the whole scale was 0.71. There was no statistical difference between mean ASK scores at test and retest. Mean total ASK scores of the ADHD group were significantly higher than those of the non-ADHD group (p<0.001). Conclusion: The ASK can be used as a reliable and valid tool to evaluate not only self-management capability of children and adolescents with ADHD in their academic and everyday life, but also their impulsiveness in interpersonal relationships.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.179-191
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• 2013

Kleine-Levin syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of hypersomnia, hyperphagia, hypersexuality and delusion and hallucination with spontaneous recovery. A 17-year-old female suddenly showed hypersomnia, severe fatigue, and compulsive hyperphagia. She was diagnosed with suspected Kleine-Levin Syndrome. The precipitating factor was an upper respiratory tract infection that the patient had undergone 2 weeks prior. Past psychiatric history included somnambulism and ADHD; her symptoms of ADHD included attention deficit, impulsiveness, hyperactivity, and irritability. This was her third episode. Her hypersomnia was longer in duration but lower in frequency compared with usual KLS. Her low LF/HF ratio in heart rate variability measurement showed high parasympathetic nerve activity. A MMPI report showed some psychological problem. The patient was diagnosed of gastric fever by pattern identification. Her hypersomnia episode improved 6 weeks after onset. This is the first reported case of suspected Kleine-Levin Syndrome in the field of Oriental Medicine in Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.191-198
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• 2013

Objectives : The objective of this study is to find out the differences in psychopathology, temperament, and character factors between young adults with and without childhood attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms. Methods : The subjects consisted of 314 university students (male=72, female=242) in Gongju. They were divided into childhood ADHD group (N=54) and normal group (N=260) to the Wender-Utah Rating Scale. Participants were assessed using Korean Adult ADHD Scale, Beck Depression Inventory-II, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Kimberly Young's Internet Addiction Test, Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, Paranoia Scale, Korean-Schizotypal Ambivalence Scale, Lubben Social Network Scale, and Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised. Descriptive statistics, t-test, chi-square, spearman correlation, and stepwise multiple regression were applied to analyze the data. Results : Participants with childhood ADHD symptoms had high level of adult ADHD symptoms (p<.001), impulsiveness (p=.001), depression (p<.001), anxiety (p<.001), internet addiction (p<.001), paranoia tendency (p<.001) and low level of selfesteem (p<.001) compared to normal group. Self-directedness (p<.001) was lower, Harm avoidance (p=.001) and Self-transcendence (p=.029) were higher in the childhood ADHD group. In correlation and stepwise multiple regression, childhood ADHD symptoms were significantly associated with cooperativeness (r=-0.515 and ${\beta}$=-0.547, p<.001 respectively). Conclusion : This result showed that young adults with childhood ADHD symptoms had various forms of psychopathology and childhood ADHD symptoms were influenced by character such as cooperativeness. Therefore, more thorough evaluation regarding childhood ADHD symptoms is needed.