• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.29-38
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• 1971

A survey on 4,117 (Boys:2,004, Girls:2,113) High School students in an urban area was conducted for assessing their physical growth, development and nutritional status from may throuth june 1971, and the following results were obtained. 1. Physical Growth and Development. a) Maximum growth was seen during the period from 12 to 16 years of age. b) The Maximum annual growth rates were as follows; Height: Boys-8.1cm from 14 to 15 years of age Girls-4.7cm from 13 to 14 Weight: Boys-8.0kg from 14 to 15 Girls-4.5kg from 13 to 14 Chest Girth: Boys-6.1cm from 14 to 15 Girls-4.2cm from 13 to 14 Sitting Height: Boys-4.6cm from 14 to 15 Girls-2.5cm from 13 to 14 c) The greatest individual differences in growth and development were observed during 12-15 years of age. d) Korean students were shorter than Japanese in 12-16 years of age group but after 17, Korean students become taller than Japanese. e) The standards of growth of rescent urban korean students show much improved than that of 1955. 2. Various Indices about Physical Growth and Development. a) Relative body weight was increased steadily annually and the crossing point of boys and girls appeared at age 11 at which girls surpassed boys and at 14, boys surpassed girls. b) Relative chestgirth showed narrow chest style in boys from 11 to 15 and from 11 to 14 in girls. c) The average relative sitting height was 54.0 in both sexes. d) The $R\ddot{o}hrer$ index was 1.1 in boys and 1.2-1.3 in girls. e) The Kaup index was lower than 2.0 in boys from 11 to 16 and in girls from 11 to 14. It becomes higher than 2.0 after 17 in boys but in girls after 15.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.147-156
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• 2014

Objectives The purpose of this study is to evaluate the current growth via Growth indices, Obesity indices, Metabolic risk factors of Multicultural Families' Children in Dae-jeon area. Methods 5 to 12 year old children from 56 multicultural families were enrolled in this study, and were examined their bone age and body composition, and have received blood tests. Results 1. In Growth indices, average height percentile was $53.64{\pm}25.59%$. The AHP and MPH respectively, were converted into 20 years old adult height percentile, AHP of a girls was 40 percentile and MPH was 19 percentile, AHP of boys was 57 percentile and MPH was 21 percentile. 2. In Obesity indices, average of BMI pecentile was $44.16{\pm}29.52$; low-weight group (6 boys, 4 girls), normal-weight group (20 boys, 18 girls), over-weight group (8 girls). Average PWH was $100.51{\pm}15.66%$; low-weight group (9 boys, 5 girls), normal-weight group (14 boys, 15 girls), over-weight group (3 boys, 5 girls), obesity group (5 girls). 3. The results of the relationship between Growth indices and Obesity indices, 1) As RH percentile in boys was increased, skeletal maturity, AHP and AHP-MPH were also increased. Similarly, as RH percentile in girls was increased, skeletal maturity, AHP and AHP-MPH were also increased. 2) As skeletal maturity in boys was increased, BMI percentile was also increased. As skeletal maturity in girls was increased, AHP-MPH was decreased but had no significant differences. Conclusions Current growth of children in multicultural families was above the average when compared to that of average children in the same age. It was predicted that the boys' height were still above the average adult height, but the girls' height were below the average. Also this study showed that girls were more prone to be overweight than boys, thus requiring more intensive management and training in regards to eating habits and exercise.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.459-468
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate dietary habits, dietary attitudes, perceptions for nutritional importance, nutritional knowledge and frequency of food intake to get the basic data of effective nutritional knowledge to form desirable dietary habits of students. This study was carried out through a questionnaire. The subjects were 362 teenagers (boys 161, girls 201) in some farming and fishing regions of Jeonnam. The most desirable dietary habit was that both boys and girls never skipped their lunch, the undesirable dietary habit was that boys ate too fast and girls had too many snacks. While boys ate faster than girls (p < 0.01), girls skipped dinner more frequently than boys (p < 0.01). In terms of dietary attitudes, boys had more desirable attitudes than girls in that they "choose nutritious food" (p < 0.01), "enjoyed healthy food more than favorite food" (p < 0.01), "think about basic food groups when having something" (p < 0.01) while girls had more desirable attitudes than boys in that they "only have favorite food" (p < 0.01). In nutritional knowledge, girls showed a percentage of more correct answers than boys in "is likely to suffer anemia without enough iron" (p < 0.05), and "it doesn't need to eat fat, which causes obesity" (p < 0.05). In general, girls had higher nutritional knowledge than boys. For frequency of food intake, boys ate more fried and broiled food than girls (p < 0.05). In general, boys had nutritional unbalanced diets more than girls. As a result, girls had higher levels of nutritional knowledge and boys had more desirable dietary habits and attitudes. We should have systematic and repetitive education about nutrition so that teenagers could practice their nutritional knowledge in diets. Moreover, it is necessary to develop proper education for their genders.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.147-161
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• 1991

The purpose of this study was to investigate the following contents： 1. Relationship between clothing behavior(modesty, conformity, importance) and clothing regulations of school girls. 2. The differences between middle school girls and high school girls in clothing behavior and in attitude toward clothing regulations. 3. The differences between students herself norms and subiective norms(the students thoughts which would be parents opinions and teachers opinions) in attitude toward clothing regulations. Questionnaires were designed and administered to 300 middle school girls and 302 high school girls in Inchon. The obtained data were statistically analyzed by Pearson’s correlation coefficients, t-test, F-test, and Duncan test. The results of the study were summarized as follows： 1. As tho the differences in responses between school levels, the high school girls showed higher interest in conformity. But there is no differences in Modesty and Importance by school levels. 2. As tho the differences in responses between school levels, there were no differences in attitude toward clothing regulations. But according by types of clothing regulations, high school girls showed higher desire in shoes and sack. 3. In correlation coefficients between the variables on clothing behaviors and the attitudes toward clothing regulations of school girls, modesty is the most related toward clothing regulations of school girls and conformity, importance the next. The higher the school girls are in modesty, the more follow the clothing regulations. And the higher the school girls are in conformity and importance, the lower follow the clothing regulations. 4. The differences between students herself norms and subjective norms(the students thoughts which would be parents opinions and teachers opinions), students and parents showed lower scores than teachers. That is tho say, teachers put more restrictions on students clothing than parents do.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.9
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• pp.4267-4272
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• 2012

Purpose: The aim of this study was to identify the opinions of Turkish adolesecent girls and their parents about HPV vaccination and the consistency. Methods: This descriptive study covered 301 girls and their parents. Questionnares were developed by the researchers based on findings within the literature and applied for data collection. Results: The mean age was 19.4 for girls, 44.2 for mothers and 47.9 for fathers. It was found that 43.5 percent of girls and 31.9 percent of mothers wish to be vaccinated against HPV. Also, 45.5 percent of mothers and 44.9 percent of fathers wish for their daughters to be vaccinated against HPV. A moderate consistency was found between mothers and fathers; a low consistency was found between fathers and girls, and between mothers and girls. Conclusions: The study indicates that an appropriate background has been partially provided about the acceptability of the vaccine between parents and their daughters in Turkey. However, the vast majority of adolescent girls and parents are indecisive or reluctant about HPV vaccination. This study also showed that the decisions of adolescents about vaccination may be affected by the opinions of the parents.

• Journal of Korean Clinical Health Science
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.33-37
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• 2013

Purpose. In this study, we divided elementary school students into two investigated groups. The A group is the lower graders(boys 9, girls 18), and the B group is the higher graders(boys 10, girls 13). The myopia progression has been compared with to each group and it has been investigated for variable terms. Methods. We have analyzed the refraction inspection record of 50 students(boys 19, girls 31) who visited optical shops and more than two times in one year. Results. The subject of study were 50 students(boys 19, girls 31). 1. The distribution of spherical equivalent power with ages : boys A group -2.42D, girls A group -2.53D, boys B group -2.63D, girls B group -2.78D. boys B group -2.63D, girls B group -2.78D. 2. The monthly variation of spherical equivalent power : -0.055D(A), -0.04D(B) in boys, and -0.065D(A), -0.07D(B) in girls. Conclusions. Considering monthly variations and Supposing that the time of changing spectacles degrees were the time of refracting inspection. The result : 3.8 month for A group, 4.5 month for B group in boys, and 3.5 month for A group, 5.2 month for B group in girls.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.602-613
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• 2009

This study aims to improve the fit of middle and high school girls' uniforms. This study researched on the sizing system reflecting their body figures. The results are as follows. First, to classify the middle and high school girls' figures, factor analysis, and cluster analysis were conducted. 4 factors were extracted for upper body of the middle school girls, and 5 factors were extracted for the highschool girls. For the lower body, 3 factors were extracted for both the middle and high school girls. The middle school girls were then divided into 4 groups for the upper body and 4 groups for the lower body. The high school girls were divided into 4 upper and lower body groups. Third, KS size intervals were used for frequency distribution of height and bust for the bodice, height and waist for the lower body. Sizing system of the uniform company and the frequency distribution of sizes were compared. As a result, sizing system of the uniform company and the frequency distribution overlapped very little. Fourth, sizing system considering body type distribution and high frequency distribution of sizes was suggested. As a result when 6 sizes were suggested 30% of the population was covered, and when 11 sizes were suggested 55% of the population was covered.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.31-48
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• 1987

The purpose of this study was to compare sex role typing in relation to self-concept in 6th graders by to their residential area. The subjects were 6th grade children: 126 boys and 127 girls. The sample included 85 (42 boys, 43 girls) from a farming area, 111 (62 boys, 49 girls) from Pohang City, and 57 (22 boys, 35 girls) from a fishing area. The instruments used in this study were Shimer's self-concept measure (Suh, 1980) and Bern Sex Role Inventory (Byun, 1979). Statistical analysis of obtained data was by $X^2$ test; 2 (sex) x 3 (residential area) x 4 (sex role category) ANOVA; and $Scheff\acute{e}$ test. The results were as follows: Girls from the fishing area were more masculine than girls from other areas. Androgynous children and urban children demonstrated a higher self-concept. There was no difference in level of self-concept between urban boys and girls, but boys in both farming and fishing areas demonstrated a higher level than girls. In all 3 areas, androgynous children evaluated themselves positively whereas undifferentiated children evaluated themselves negatively. There were significant differences in self-concept according to sex, living area, and sex role category. In the city, the feminine category was related to a negative self-concept while the masculine category was related to a negative self-concept in the fishing area. But in the farming area, feminine boys demonstrated a higher self-concept whereas feminine girls demonstrated a lower self-concept.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.153-164
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between appearance satisfaction clothing satisfaction body cathexis sociality and achievement motive and to examine how sociality and achievement motive was influenced by socio-economic level grade appearance satisfaction clothing satisfaction and body and body cathexis of middle school boys and girls. the subjects were 297 middle school students in Seoul :139 were boys and 158 girls. The results of the study were as follows: 1. There were significant positive relationships between appearance satisfaction clothing satisfaction body cathexis sociality and achievement motive in boys and girls. 2. Appearance satisfaction body cathexis and achievement motive were significantly higher in body than in girls. Sociality was significantly higher in girls than in boys. 3. In boys appearance satisfaction was influenced by socio-economic level grade, and clothing satisfaction, and the explanatory power by the one variable was 25.8% 4. Sociality was influenced by appearance satisfaction clothing satisfaction and socio-economic lecel in boys and girls. The explanatory powers by the 3 variables were 27.1% in boys and 16.5% in girls. Achievement motive was influenced by grade and appearance satisfaction in boys. The explanatory power by the 2 variables was 13.2% In girls achievement motive was influenced by clothing satisfaction and the explanatory power by the one variable was 10.4%.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.229-241
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• 2014

This study examined the effects of young children's effortful control and emotional regulation, teacher-child conflictual relationships on young children's overt and relational aggression. The subjects of this study were 372, 3-5 years old children and their teachers. Young children's aggression, effortful control, emotional regulation, and teacher-child relationships were assessed by a teacher's report. The collected data were analyzed by t -test, Pearson correlations, and pathway analysis. The results were as follows: first, the boys' overt aggression was found to be greater than that of the girls,' while, there was no difference in relational aggression between boys and girls. Second, the boys' and girls' effortful control was found to affect the young children's overt and relational aggression indirectly through emotional regulation, and teacher-child conflictual relationships. For the girls, effortful control was found to affect overt aggression directly. Third, teacher-child conflictual relationships and emotional regulation were found to affect boys' and girls' overt and relational aggression directly and to mediate between boys' and girls' effortful control and overt and relational aggression. Further, for girls, emotional regulation was found to mediate between teacher-child conflictual relationships and overt and relational aggression. Additionally, effortful control was found to be the most important variable predicting boys' and girls' overt aggression, while a teacher-child conflictual relationship was the most important variable for boys' and girls' relational aggression.