• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.352-359
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• 2009

Panax ginseng roots produce triterpene saponins called ginsenosides, which are high value secondary metabolites and has been used as drugs, detergents, sweeteners, and cosmetics. In the recent years plant cell, tissue and organ cultures have developed as important alternative sources for the saponin production in Panax ginseng. Adventitious roots and hairy roots have been successfully induced and cultured for the improvement of saponin contents. Genetic and metabolic engineering to regulate saponin biosynthesis in P. ginseng might be important way to improve the medicinal values of P. ginseng. Here we introduced the protocol of genetic transformation and recent progress of functional characterization of genes involved in saponin biosynthesis in P. ginseng.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.170-180
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• 2018

Background: To obtain useful cosmetic resources, this study aimed to determine the non-saponin fatty acid and inhibitory activities of collagenase and elastase by treatment of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in supercritical fluid extracted oil of the adventitious root culture of wild mountain ginseng. Methods and Results: We performed supercritical fluid extraction at various conditions such as pressure, temperature, time, and use of co-solvents, unlike the n-hexane extraction for the adventitious roots culture of wild mountain ginseng. The non-saponin-fatty acid obtained from the oil of the adventitious roots culture was incresed by treatment with S. cerevisiae. The supercritical fluid extraction was conducted using gas chromatography. Non-saponin-fatty acid content, in the oil of adventitious roots culture of wild mountain ginseng treated with S. cerevisiae for 2 days were three times higher than that in the control. In addition, the oil of the adventitious roots culture treated with S. cerevisiae was investigated for the anti-wrinkle effect by using collagenase and elastase. The oil of adventitious roots culture treated with S. cerevisiae exhibited higher collagenase and elastase inhibitory activities than those in the control. Conclusions: Supercritical fluid extracted oil of the adventitious roots culture of wild mountain ginseng treated with S. cerevisiae was found to have decreased ratio of saturated fatty acids and incresed ratio and content of unsaturated fatty acids increased. Furthermore, it showed anti-wrinkle effects in vitro.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.17-22
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• 2014

Ginsenosides of roots in Panax ginseng were analyzed by metabolic-targeting HPLC using the partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and compared depending on sowing methods between direct seeding and transplanting method. Score plots derived from PLS-DA could identify the sowing method between the direct seeding and transplanting method in P. ginseng roots. The ginsenoside compounds were assigned as Rg1, Re, Rf, Rg2, Rb1, Rc, Rb2, Rb3, and Rd. Contents of Re, Rf, Rg2, Rb1, Rc, Rb3, and Rd of main roots produced from the transplanting method were relatively higher than those of samples produced from direct seeding method. Also, contents of Rg1, Re, Rf, Rg2, Rb1, Rc, Rb2, Rb3, and Rd of lateral roots from the transplanted samples were relatively higher than those of samples produced from direct seeding method. Therefore, HPLC with PLS-DA analysis can be a straightforward tool for identification of ginsenosides in main or lateral roots of P. ginseng obtained from two different seeding methods between direct and transplanting methods.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.504-508
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• 1983

To define the effects of synthetic auxins on rooting from the ginseng stern cutting and the root growth in diameter after the rooting of the cuttings, stern cuttings with palmate leaves obtained from seedlings and 2-year old ginseng plants were planted in rooting media treated with solutions of the synthetic auxins. All the roots induced from the cuttings were adventitious fibrous roots at first, but a few adventitious roots of the cutting were thickened in diameter to over 2 to 3mm at 120 days after cutting and the rest of them disappeared. IBA was the most effective auxin for rooting and root growth in diameter after rooting from the cuttings. The shape of the roots that thickened in diameter could be divided into two types. Both types of thickened roots were fully lignified at 120 days after cutting and those thickened roots did not dry up or die by July of the next year, however no rhyzomes or shoot primodia were induced from them.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.218-232
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• 1986

In this review quality improvement, new products and processing of ginseng are discussed. Ginseng products are generally classified into two types; the dried product without significant change in original shape of fresh ginseng and various processed ginseng products in liquid or solid types prepared by addition of either ginseng extract of ground powder. The dried ginsengs are generally made 4 years old fresh ginseng roots for production of white ginseng and 6 years old ones for red ginseng. The processed ginseng products, such as ginseng drinks, extracts, teas, powders, capsules or tablets are prepared by addition of extract or powder of the ginseng roots which contain relatively high amount of saponin. At present, more than 200 items of 40 types of products are commercially available in over 70 countries in the world, Since consummers preference on the quality of ginseng products as an health food differs with their cultural background of each country, new products development and quality improvement should be investigated with concerning the particular preference of the consummers of various country. It has been generally found that the Orientals has higher product acceptance on strong ginseng flavor while the Westerners generally prefers the products having mild ginseng odor and taste. Recently consummers are asking for supplemented type of ginseng products with various medical herbs and vital materials instead of ginseng alone. Therefore future work on product development should be emphasized to meet the consummers demand and preference.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.332-340
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• 2020

Background: The valuable medicinal plant Panax ginseng has high pharmaceutical efficacy because it produces ginsenosides. However, its yields decline because of a root-rot disease caused by Ilyonectria mors-panacis. Because species within Ilyonectria showed variable aggressiveness by altering ginsenoside concentrations in inoculated plants, we investigated how such infections might regulate the biosynthesis of ginsenosides and their related signaling molecules. Methods: Two-year-old ginseng seedlings were treated with I. mors-panacis and I. robusta. Roots from infected and pathogen-free plants were harvested at 4 and 16 days after inoculation. We then examined levels or/and expression of genes of ginsenosides, salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), and reactive oxygen species (ROS). We also checked the susceptibility of those pathogens to ROS. Results: Ginsenoside biosynthesis was significantly suppressed and increased in response to infection by I. mors-panacis and I. robusta, respectively. Regulation of JA was significantly higher in I. robusta-infected roots, while levels of SA and ROS were significantly higher in I. mors-panacis-infected roots. Catalase activity was significantly higher in I. robusta-infected roots followed in order by mock roots and those infected by I. mors-panacis. Moreover, I. mors-panacis was resistant to ROS compared with I. robusta. Conclusion: Infection by the weakly aggressive I. robusta led to the upregulation of ginsenoside production and biosynthesis, probably because only a low level of ROS was induced. In contrast, the more aggressive I. mors-panacis suppressed ginsenoside biosynthesis, probably because of higher ROS levels and subsequent induction of programmed cell death pathways. Furthermore, I. mors-panacis may have increased its virulence by resisting the cytotoxicity of ROS.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.67-71
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• 1995

For the quality management of ginseng root extracts and their products, the effective constituents contents, physical properties (pH, turbidity, viscosity, optical density) and color intenties of the extracts from white ginseng roots of different cultivating years. The sugar contents, lightness and yellow intensity of extracts from white ginseng roots increased with increased their cultivating years. The crude ash contents turbidity and optical density of extracts from white ginseng roots decreased with increased their cultivating years. Therefore, the extracts from white ginseng root of 5 or 6 cultivated years showed higher quality than the extracts from ginseng root of 4 cultivated years.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.270-276
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• 2012

This study was performed to enhance contents of low molecular weight ginsenoside Rh2 and Rg3 using an ultra high pressure and steaming process in wild cultured-Root in wild ginseng. For selective increase in contents of Rg3 and Rh2 in cultured wild ginseng roots, an ultra high extraction was applied at 500MPa for 20 min which was followed by steaming process at $90^{\circ}C$ for 12 hr. It was revealed that contents of ginsenosides, Rb1, Rb2, Rc and Rd, were decreased with the complex process described above, whereas contents of ginsenoside Rh2 and Rg3 were increased up to 4.918 mg/g and 6.115 mg/g, respectively. In addition, concentration of benzo[${\alpha}$]pyrene in extracts of the cultured wild ginseng roots treated by the complex process was 0.64 ppm but it was 0.78 ppm when it was treated with the steaming process. From the results, it was strongly suggested that low molecular weight ginsenosides, Rh2 and Rg3, are converted from Rb1, Rb2, Rc, and Rd which are easily broken down by an ultra high pressure and steaming process. This results indicate that an ultra high pressure and steaming process can selectively increase in contents of Rg3 and Rh2 in cultured wild ginseng roots and this process might enhance the utilization and values of cultured wild ginseng roots.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.24-30
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• 1992

Extracts of Panax ginseng root significantly induced tolerance of Fusarium oxysporum to heavy metal, mecury, as the fungal mycelial growth was less inhibited by mercury chloride on potato dextrose medium(PDA) amended with ginseng root than on the PDA with no ginseng amendment. The most favorable concentration of ginseng root powder in detoxification of mercury chloride was 1%. The induced tolerance of F. oxysporum to mercury chloride appeared to be rather due to absorption of ginseng components, and was not related to stimulation of mycelial growth of the fungus per so by ginseng treatment. Ginseng components responsible for inducing tolerance of the fungus to mercury were involved in the water fraction of the ginseng root extract, although the water fraction had no effect on enhancement of the mycelial growth on the medium without mercury chloride. The hexane fraction of ginseng root extract, by which the mycelial growth was stimulated, was not related to the inducement of the tolerance to mercury chloride. However, more tolerance to mercury chloride was noted in PDA with both the water and hexane fractions combined than with either of the two fractions. Six-year-old ginseng roots were more effective in detoxification of mercury chloride than 4-year-old ginsng roots, and American ginseng (P quinquifolium) had no or little effect on inducing tolerance of the fungus to mercury chloride. This method may be used to screen other natural materials for test in the detoxification of mercury chloride.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1974.09a
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• pp.59-64
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• 1974