Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.5010/JPB.2009.36.4.352

Metabolic engineering for production of ginsenosides in Panax ginseng  

Kim, Tae-Dong (Division of Forest Resources, College of Forest an Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University)
Kim, Yun-Soo (Division of Forest Resources, College of Forest an Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University)
Han, Jung-Yeon (Division of Forest Resources, College of Forest an Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University)
Lim, Soon (Division of Forest Resources, College of Forest an Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University)
Choi, Yong-Eui (Division of Forest Resources, College of Forest an Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University)
Publication Information
Journal of Plant Biotechnology / v.36, no.4, 2009 , pp. 352-359 More about this Journal
Abstract
Panax ginseng roots produce triterpene saponins called ginsenosides, which are high value secondary metabolites and has been used as drugs, detergents, sweeteners, and cosmetics. In the recent years plant cell, tissue and organ cultures have developed as important alternative sources for the saponin production in Panax ginseng. Adventitious roots and hairy roots have been successfully induced and cultured for the improvement of saponin contents. Genetic and metabolic engineering to regulate saponin biosynthesis in P. ginseng might be important way to improve the medicinal values of P. ginseng. Here we introduced the protocol of genetic transformation and recent progress of functional characterization of genes involved in saponin biosynthesis in P. ginseng.
Keywords
genetic transformation; isoprenoid pathway; Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer; saponin; triterpene;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 5  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Abe I, Rohmer M, Prestwich GD (1993) Enzymatic cyclization of squalene and oxidosqualene to sterols and triterpenes. Chem Rev 93:2189-2206   DOI   ScienceOn
2 Chang WC, Hsing YI (1980) Plant regeneration through somatic embryogenesis in root-derived callus of ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer). Theor Appl Genet 57:133-135   DOI   ScienceOn
3 Chilton MD, Tepfer D, Petit A, David C, Casse-Delbart F, Tempe J (1982) Agrobacterium rhizogenes inserts T-DNA into the genomes of host plant root cells. Nature 295:432-434   DOI
4 Cui JF, Eneroth P, Bruhn JC (1999) Gynostemma pentaphyllum: identification of major sapogenins and differentiation from Panax species. Eur J Pharm Sci 8:187-191   DOI   ScienceOn
5 Furuya T, Yoshikawa T, Orihara Y, Oda H (1984) Studies of the culture conditions for Panax ginseng cells in jar fermentors. J Nat Prod 47:70-75   DOI
6 Giri A, Narasu ML (2000) Transgenic hairy roots: recent trends and applications. Biotechnol Adv 18:1-22   DOI   ScienceOn
7 Han BH, Park MH, Wee JJ (1985) Studies on antioxidant components of Korean ginseng (V). The mechanism of antioxidant activity of maltol and phenolic acid. Korean Biochem J 18:337-340
8 Butenco RG, Brushwitzky IV, Slepyan LI (1968) Organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis in the tissue culture of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. Bot Zh 7:906-913
9 Choi YE, Soh WY (1997) Enhanced somatic single embryo formation by plasmolyzing pretreatment from cultured ginseng cotyledons. Plant Sci 130:197-206   DOI   ScienceOn
10 Choi YE, Yang DC, Choi KT (1998a) Induction of somatic embryos by macrosalt stress from mature zygotic embryos of Panax ginseng. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 52:177-182   DOI
11 Choi YE, Yang DC, Park JC, Soh WY, Choi KT (1998b) Regenerative ability of somatic single and multiple embryos from cotyledons of Korean ginseng on hormone-free medium. Plant Cell Rep 17:544-551   DOI   ScienceOn
12 Choi YE, Yang DC, Yoon ES, Choi KT (1998c) Plant regeneration via adventitious bud formation from cotyledon explants of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. Plant Cell Rep 17:731-736   DOI   ScienceOn
13 Choi YE, Yang DC, Yoon ES, Choi KT (1999b) Plant regeneration via direct embryo axis-like shoot and root formation from excised cotyledon explants of ginseng seedlings. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant 35:210-213   DOI
14 Choi DW, Jung JD, Ha YI, Park HW, In DS, Chung HJ, Liu JR (2005) Analysis of transcripts in methyl jasmonate-treated ginseng hairy roots to identify genes involved in the biosynthesis of ginsenosides and other secondary metabolites.Plant Cell Rep 23:557-566   DOI   ScienceOn
15 Hostettmann K, Marston A (1995) Chemistry and pharmacology of natrual products: Saponins. Cambridge Univ Press, NY
16 Hwang B, Ko KM, Hwang SJ, Kang YH (1991) Production of saponin by hairy root cultures of ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) transformed with A. rhizogenes. Kor J Bot 34:289-296   과학기술학회마을
17 Janick J (2007) The origins of horticultural technology and science. Acta Hort 759:41-60
18 Choi YE, Yang DC, Kusano T, Sano H (2001) Rapid and efficient Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation by plasmolyzing pretreatment of cotyledons in Panax ginseng. Plant Cell Rep 20:616-621   DOI   ScienceOn
19 Choi YE, Jeong JH, In JK, Yang DC (2003) Production of herbicide-resistant transgenic Panax ginseng through the introduction of phosphinotricin acetyl transferase gene and successful soil transfer. Plant Cell Rep 21:563-56
20 Coleman CI, Hebert JH, Reddy P (2003) The effects of Panax ginseng on quality of life. J Clin Pharm Ther 28:5-15   DOI   ScienceOn
21 Dey L, Xie JT, Wang A, Wu J, Maleckar SA, Yuan CS (2003) Anti-hyperglycemic effects of ginseng: comparison between root and berry. Phytomedicine 10:600-605   DOI   ScienceOn
22 Furuya T, Yoshikawa T, Ishii T, Kajii K (1983) Regulation of saponin production in callus cultures of Panax ginseng. Plant Med 47:200-204   DOI
23 Han JY, In JG, Kwon YS, Choi YE (2010) Regulation of ginsenoside and phytosterol biosynthesis by RNA interferences of squalene epoxidase gene in Panax ginseng. Phytochemistry 71:36-46   DOI   ScienceOn
24 Ko KM, Ahn JH, Hwang SJ, Kang YH, Hwang B (1993) Production of secondary metabolites from hairy root of Panax ginseng transformed by Agrobacterium rhizogenes. II. Improvement of saponin contents and mass cultures of ginseng hairy root. Korean J Plant Tissue Culture 20:41-46   과학기술학회마을
25 Kuribayashi T, Ohashi H (1971) Physiological and ecological studies in Panax ginseng. Ⅱ. Effects of various temperature and chemical control substances on the germination. Syoyakugaku Zasshi 25:95-101
26 Han JY, Kwon YS, Yang DC, Jung YR, Choi YE (2006) Expression and RNA interference-induced silencing of the dammarenediol synthase gene in Panax ginseng. Plant Cell Physiol 47:1653-1662   DOI   ScienceOn
27 Hahn EJ, Kim YS, Yu KW, Jeong CS, Paek KY (2004) Adventitious root cultures of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer and ginsenoside production through large-scale bioreactor system. J Plant Biotech 5:1-6   과학기술학회마을
28 Han JY, Kwon YS, Yang DC, Jung YR, Choi YE (2006) Expression and RNA interference-induced silencing of the dammarenediol synthase gene in Panax ginseng. Plant Cell Physiol 47:1653-1662   DOI   ScienceOn
29 Haralampidis K, Trojanowska M, Osbourn AE (2001) Biosynthesis of triterpenoid saponin in plants. Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol 75:31-49   DOI
30 Hoffmann F, Hoffmann-Tsay SS (1994) Growth regulator-free plant regeneration and habituated cell suspensions from carrot protoplasts. Differentiation 57:1-5   DOI   ScienceOn
31 Kushiro T, Ohno Y, Shibuya M, Ebizuka Y (1997) In vitro conversion of 2,3-oxidosqualene into dammarenediol by Panax ginseng microsome. Biol Pharm Bull 20:292-294   DOI   ScienceOn
32 Yu KW, Gao W, Son SH, Paek KY (2000) Improvement of ginsenoside productivity by jasmonic acid and some other elictors in hairy root culture of ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer). In Vitro Cell Dev Biol-Plant 36:424-428   DOI   ScienceOn
33 Jeong GT, Park DH, Ryu HW, Hwang B, Woo JC, Doman KF, Kim SW (2005) Production of antioxidant compounds by culture of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer hairy roots I. Enhanced production of secondary metabolite in hairy root cultures by elicitation. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 121:1147-115   DOI   ScienceOn
34 Kwon WS, Lee MK, Choi KT (2000) Breeding process and characteristics of Yunpoong, a new variety of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. J Ginseng Res 24:1226-8453   과학기술학회마을
35 Kiefer D, Pantuso T (2003) Panax ginseng. Am Fam Physician 68:1539-1542
36 Kim YS, Hahn EJ, Paek KY (2005) Effects of aeration and sparger type on growth and ginsenoside accumulation in bioreactor cultures of ginseng adventitious root (Panax ginseng). Kor J Plant Biotech 32:111-116   과학기술학회마을   DOI   ScienceOn
37 Kuzuyama T (2002) Mevalonate and nonmevalonate pathways for the biosynthesis of isoprene units. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 66:1619-1627   DOI   ScienceOn
38 Kushiro T, Shibuya M, Ebizuka Y (1998) $\beta$-Amyrin synthase: cloning of oxidosqualene cyclase that catalyzes the formation of the most popular triterpene among higher plants. Eur J Biochem 256:238-244   DOI   ScienceOn
39 Shanks JV, Morgan J (1999) Plant 'hairy root' culture. Curr Opin Biotechnol 10:151-155   DOI   ScienceOn
40 Shibata S (2001) Chemistry and cancer preventing activities of ginseng saponins and some related triterpenoid compounds. J Kor Med Sci 16[Suppl]:S28-S37   DOI
41 Matsumoto T, Akihisa T, Soma S, Takido M, Takahashi S (1986) Composition of unsaponifiable lipid from seed oils of Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolium. J Am Oil Chem Soc 63:544-546   DOI
42 Lee MH, Jeong JH, Seo JW, Shin CG, Kim YS, In JG, Yang DC, Yi JS, Choi YE (2004) Enhanced triterpene and phytosterol biosynthesis in Panax ginseng overexpressing squalene synthase gene. Plant Cell Physiol 45:976-984   DOI   ScienceOn
43 Lee JS, Ko KM, Ahn JC, Bai DG, Park KY, Ko SR, Hwang B (1994) High yield saponin production by mass cultures of ginseng transformed tissue Ι. Induction, culture of transformed tissue and selection of high-saponin-producing clones in ginseng. Korean J Biotechnol Bioeng 9:157-164   과학기술학회마을
44 Lin W, Anuratha CS, Datta K, Potrykus I, Muthukrishnan S, Datta SK (1995) Genetic engineering of rice for resistance to sheath blight. Bio/Technology 13:686-691   DOI
45 Nam MH, Kim SI, Liu JR, Yang DC, Lim YP, Kwon KH, Yoo JS, Park YM (2005) Proteomic analysis of Korean ginseng(Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer). J Chromatogra B 815:147-155   DOI   ScienceOn
46 Park CK, Jeon BS, Yang JW (2003) The chemical components of Korean ginseng. Food industry and Nutrition 8:10-24   과학기술학회마을
47 Ramsay G, Kumar A (1990) Transformation of Vicia faba cotyledon and stem tissues by Agrobacterium rhizogenes: Infectivity and cytological studies. J Exp Bot 41:841-847   DOI
48 Woo SS, Song JS, Lee JY, In DS, Chung HJ, Liu JR, Choi DW (2004) Selection of high ginsenoside producing ginseng hairy root lines using targeted metabolic analysis. Phytochem 65:2751-2761   DOI   ScienceOn
49 Shibuya M, Hoshino M, Katsube Y, Hayashi H, Kushiro T, Ebizuka Y (2006) Identification of β-Amyrin and sophoradiol 24-hydroxylase by expressed sequence tag mining and functional expression assay. FEBS J 273:948-959   DOI   ScienceOn
50 Vogler BK, Pittler MH, Ernst E (1999) The efficacy of ginseng. A systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 55:567-575   DOI   ScienceOn
51 Yoshikawa T, Furuya T (1987) Saponin production by cultures of Panax ginseng transformed with Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Plant Cell Rep 6:449-453   DOI   ScienceOn
52 Yang DC, Choi YE (2000) Production of transgenic plants via Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation of Panax ginseng. Plant Cell Rep 10:491-496   DOI
53 Yun TK (2001) Panax ginseng - an non-organ-specific cancer preventive? Lancet Oncol 2:49-55   DOI   ScienceOn
54 Yue CJ, Zhong JJ (2005) Purification and characterization fo UDPG:ginsenoside Rd glucosyltransferase from suspended cells of Panax notoginseng. Process Biochem 40:3742-3748   DOI   ScienceOn
55 Yue CJ, Zhou X, Zhong JJ (2008) Protopanaxadiol 6-hydroxylase and its role in regulating the ginsenoside heterogeneity in Panax notoginseng cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 100:933-940   DOI   ScienceOn
56 Zheng Z, Wu M (2004) Cadmium treatment enhances the production of alkaloid secondary metabolites in Catharanthus roseus. Plant Science(Limerick) 166:507-514   DOI   ScienceOn
57 Chen WP, Punja ZK (2002) Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of American ginseng with a rice chitnase gene. Plant Cell Rep 20:1039-1045   DOI   ScienceOn
58 Choi SM, Son SH, Kwon OW, Seon JH, Paek KY (2000) Pilot-scale culture of adventitious roots of ginseng in a bioreactor system. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 62:187-193   DOI   ScienceOn
59 Ko KS, Heo IO, Ko JS, Lee WJ (1990) Ginsenoside production by hairy root cultures of Panax ginseng transformed with Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Kor J Biotechnol Bioeng 5:263-268   과학기술학회마을
60 Yu KW, Gao W, Hahn E J, Paek KY (2002) Jasmonic acid improves ginsenoside accumulation in adventitious root culture of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. Biochem Eng J 11:211-215   DOI   ScienceOn
61 Choi M, Shin GJ, Choi GP, Do JH, Kim JD (2003) Synergistic effects of extracts from Korean red ginseng, saururus chinensis (Lour.) Baill and Rubus coreanus Miq on antioxidative activites in rats. Korean J Medical Crop Sci 14:27-30   과학기술학회마을
62 Han JY, Choi YE (2009) Rapid induction of Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transgenic roots directly from adventitious roots in Panax ginseng. Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult 96:143-149   DOI   ScienceOn
63 Hwang WI, Oh S K (1996) Effects of petroleum extract of ginseng root on some enzyme activity in human colon cancer cell. Korean J Ginseng Res 10:27-35   과학기술학회마을
64 Kevers C, Jacques P, Thonart P, Gaspar T (1999) In vitro root cultures of Panax ginseng and P. quinquefolium. Plant Growth Regul 27:173-178   DOI   ScienceOn
65 Kim YS, Hahn EJ, Murthy HN, Paek KY (2004) Adventitious root growth and ginsenoside accumulation in Panax ginseng cultures as affected by methyl jasmonate. Biotechnol Lett 26:1619-1622   DOI   ScienceOn
66 Agostini E, de Forchetti SM, Tigier HA (1997) Production of peroxidases by hairy roots of Brassica napus. Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult 47:177-182   DOI   ScienceOn
67 Choi YE, Yang DC, Yoon ES, Choi KT (1999a) High efficiency plant production via direct somatic single embryogenesis from pre-plasmolysed cotyledons of Panax ginseng and possible dormancy of somatic embryos. Plant Cell Rep 18: 493-499   DOI   ScienceOn
68 Ellis JM, Reddy P (2002) Effects of Panax ginseng on quality of life. Ann Pharmacother 36:375-379   DOI   ScienceOn
69 Arya S, Liu JR, Eriksson T (1991) Plant regeneration from protoplasts of Panax ginseng (C.A. Meyer) through somatic embryogenesis. Plant Cell Rep 10:277-281   DOI   ScienceOn
70 Lee HS, Kim SW, Lee KW, Eriksson T, Liu JR (1995) Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of ginseng (Panax ginseng) and mitotic stability of the inserted $\beta$-glucuronidase gene in regenerants from isolated protoplasts. Plant Cell Rep 14:545-549   DOI   ScienceOn
71 Wang W, Zhong JJ (2002) Manipulation of ginsenoside heterogeneity in cell cutlures of Panax notoginseng by addition of jasmonates. J Biosci Bioeng 93:48-53   DOI   ScienceOn
72 Lim S, Bae KH, Shin CG, Kim YY, Kim YS (2005) Increasement of secondary metabolites and antioxidative activity in Panax ginseng adventitious root by methyl jasmonate. Kor J Plant Biotech 32:225-231   과학기술학회마을   DOI   ScienceOn
73 Shoyama Y, Kamura K, Nishioka I (1988) Somatic embryogenesis and clonal multiplication of Panax ginseng. Planta Med 54:155-156   DOI   ScienceOn
74 Tansakul P, Shibuya M, Kushiro T, Ebizuka Y (2006) Dammarenediol-II synthase, the first dedicated enzyme for ginsenoside biosynthesis, in Panax ginseng. FEBS Letters 580:5143-5149   DOI   ScienceOn