• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.901-916
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• 2017

This study was conducted to evaluate natural plant extracts for methane gas reduction in ruminants. Rumen fluid was collected from cannulated Hanwoo cow ($450{\pm}30kg$) consuming 400 g/kg concentrate and 600 g/kg timothy. The 15 ml of mixture comparing McDougall's buffer and rumen fluid in the ratio 2 to 1, was dispensed anaerobically into 50 ml serum bottles. Rumen fluid contents were collected and in vitro fermentation prepared control (timothy, 300 mg), ginseng, balloon flower, yucca plant, camellia, tea plant and ogapi extracts were added at the level of 5% against 300 mg of timothy as a substrate (v/w) and incubated for 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h. In vitro pH values range 6.55~7.41, this range include rumen titration. The dry matter digestibility was not differ between all treatments and control. Total gas emission was significantly higher (p<0.05) in ginseng and balloon flower treatments on 24 h than in control. Carbon dioxide emission was not differ all treatments on 9 h than in control and significantly higher (p<0.05) yucca plant, camellia and tea plant treatments on 12 h than control. Methane emission was not differ all treatments on 6 h than in control. The rumen microbial growth rate was significantly higher (p<0.05) in ginseng, balloon flower on 12 h and significantly higher (p<0.05) in ginseng, yucca plant, tea plant and ogapi treatments on 24 h than in control. Total VFA was significantly higher (p<0.05) in tea plant and ogapi treatments on 12 h than in control and significantly higher (p<0.05) in ginseng, balloon flower treatments on 48 h than in control. Acetic acid was significantly lower (p<0.05) in ginseng and balloon flower treatments on 24 h than in control. Propionic acid was significantly higher (p<0.05) in ginseng and balloon flower treatments on 48 h than in control. As a results, sixth natural plant extracts had no significant effect dry matter digestibility and negative on rumen fermentation, but not effect methane reduction.

• 한국약용작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.199-200
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• 2009

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1988.08a
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• pp.141-146
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• 1988

Dwarf ginseng (Panax trifolius L.) is a member of the ginseng family (Araliaceae). which is indigenous to North America and is distributed from Southern Canada to the Northern United States. In total. nine compounds were isolated from the leaves of Dwarf gineng. Of these. four were identified as flavonoids and five were found to be ginsenosides. Two of the flavonoids were identified to be kaempferol-3. 7-dirhamnoside and kaempferol-3-gluco-7-rhamnoside. Four of the ginsenosides were identified as notoginsenoside-Fe. ginsenoside-Rd. ginsenoside-Rc and $ginsenoside-Rb_1$ The common aglycone of these ginsenosides was shown to be (20S)-protopanaxadiol. The identification of flavonoids and ginsenosides from the root. stem. leaf. flower and fruit of Dwarf ginseng was detected by Two-Dimensional Thin-Layer Chromatography (2D-TLC) and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The quantitation of flavonoids and ginsenosides from the root. stem. leaf. flower and fruit of Dwarf ginseng and related species such as Korean gineng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) and American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.) was analyzed by HPLC only. Three flavonoids (Kaempferol derivatives) labelled compound 1 $(10.8\%)$, compound 3 ($2.8\%$), and compound 4 ($8.4\%)$ were found in the root of Dwarf ginseng but not found in the roots of Korean ginseng and American ginseng. This is the first time that flavonoids have been found and identified in roots of the ginseng family (Araliaceae).

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 2004.12a
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• pp.48-49
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• 2004

A peroxidase[E.C.1.11.1.7] is very important enzymes,e.g., as preventive antioxidants. The function is connected with growth and specialization of plant. It makes from the peroxidase and other product to save itself When a plant have been under stress of environment. A class III peroxidase cDNA was isolated from the flower bud of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer and named PgPrx3. The PgPrx3 is an ORF(open reading frame) of 1,065 bp and a amino acid of 355 residue. Used BioEdit software to compare the PgPrx3 amino acid sequence with other plants which have already known a result of Identity was Spinacia oleracea(70%), vigna angularis(71%), Nicotiana tabacum(69%) and Linum usitatissimym(65%). The peroxidase of Vigna angularis has high homology relationship with ginseng. for that reason, the PgPx3 is a member of class III peroxidase.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.281-286
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• 1995

This experiment was conducted to obtain the basic information on new- and latent-bud formation, and stem vestige arrangement on the rhizome of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. Latent buds emerged from meristematic region between shoot and root of the embryo, and new buds for the next year were distributed both at the bottom portion of the stem and the rhizome. In the new buds, organs such as leaf, stem, and flower bud were already completely differentiated, while the latent bud had an undifferentiated meristematic tissue arranged linearly in a vertical line, indicating that each year new- and latent-buds are formed successively. This result suggests that the number of stem vestige may be used for the determination of ginseng age. Key words Rhizome, new-bud, latent-bud, histology, morphology, stem vestige, vestige arrangement.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.227-247
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• 2013

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of recently discovered non-coding small RNA molecules, on average approximately 21 nucleotides in length, which underlie numerous important biological roles in gene regulation in various organisms. The miRNA database (release 18) has 18,226 miRNAs, which have been deposited from different species. Although miRNAs have been identified and validated in many plant species, no studies have been reported on discovering miRNAs in Panax ginseng Meyer, which is a traditionally known medicinal plant in oriental medicine, also known as Korean ginseng. It has triterpene ginseng saponins called ginsenosides, which are responsible for its various pharmacological activities. Predicting conserved miRNAs by homology-based analysis with available expressed sequence tag (EST) sequences can be powerful, if the species lacks whole genome sequence information. In this study by using the EST based computational approach, 69 conserved miRNAs belonging to 44 miRNA families were identified in Korean ginseng. The digital gene expression patterns of predicted conserved miRNAs were analyzed by deep sequencing using small RNA sequences of flower buds, leaves, and lateral roots. We have found that many of the identified miRNAs showed tissue specific expressions. Using the insilico method, 346 potential targets were identified for the predicted 69 conserved miRNAs by searching the ginseng EST database, and the predicted targets were mainly involved in secondary metabolic processes, responses to biotic and abiotic stress, and transcription regulator activities, as well as a variety of other metabolic processes.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Plant Biotechnology Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.164-164
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• 2003

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.212-218
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• 2009

Triterpenoid saponins were synthesized in Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer via the isoprenoid pathway by cyclization of 2,3-oxidosqualene to give primarily oleanane (beta-amyrin) or dammarane triterpenoid skeletons. The triterpenoids are backbone and undergoes various modifications (oxidation, substitution and glycosylation), mediated by cytochrome P450 (CYP)-dependent monooxygenases, glycosyltransferase and other enzymes. This is likely to be due in part to the complexity of the molecules and the lack of pathway intermediates for biochemical studies. A cDNA clone encoding a putative CYP gene was isolated from flower bud of ginseng and transformed into the plant(Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi) and confirmed by PCR analysis. The CYP gene (PgCYP) contained an open reading frame(ORF) encoding mature protein of 500 amino acids. The expression of PgCYP were investigated in transgenic tobacco by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.13-18
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• 2013

This study was conducted to monitor residual pesticides in ginseng and balloon flower roots and to assess their risk to human health. All of 112 samples consisted of ginseng and balloon roots were purchased from traditional domestic markets and supermarkets in nine provinces of Korea in 2012. Multi-residue analysis of 122 pesticides was conducted and the analysis was performed by gas chromatography-electron capture detector, gas chromatography- nitrogen/phosphorus detector, and high-performance liquid chromatography. Seven pesticides were detected in 12 root samples and the detection rate was 10.7%. The detected twelve root samples were 10 ginseng root samples and 2 balloon root samples. Pesticides detected in root samples were procymidone, kresoxim-methyl, endosulfan, cypermethrin, tralomethrin, tetraconazole and chlorfluazuron. Among them, two pesticides as tetraconazole in a balloon flower root and cypermethrin in a ginseng root exceeded the recommended maximum residue limit set by Korea Food and Drug Administration. Five pesticides detected from 10 root samples were identified as unregistered pesticides in Korea. In order to do risk assessment with Korean medicinal plant consumption, estimated daily intake of residual pesticides were determined and compared to acceptable daily intake, referring to %ADI values. The range of %ADI values was from 0.006% to 0.333%. Taken together, it demonstrates the pesticides found in the two root samples were below the safety margin, indicating no effect on human health.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.24-30
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• 1977

The patterns of ginseng saponins in the commercial ginseng tea samples and each parts of ginseng plant were investigated by quantitative thin-layer chromatography. The quality of those sample teas were also evaluated. (1) White ginseng contained about $2.6{\sim}6.6$ times of Ra(o) than did other parts of ginseng. (2) Lateral roots, peelings and buds of ginseng were rich in $Rb_1$, $b_2$, c, which constituted about 50% of total saponin. (3) The ratio of Rb.c to Rg(f) in the leaves and stems of ginseng plant was 0.64 : 1. (White ginseng, 2 : 1 ; buds, 3 : 1 ; flower, 3.2 : 1 ; peelings, 5.8 : 1 ; lateral ginseng, 7 : 1) The relative content of Rg(f) in the white ginseng was about 3 times as much as the lateral ginseng. (4) The ratios of panaxadiol to panaxatriol in 13 kinds of commercial ginseng teas were in the range of $0.8{\sim}8\;:\;1$.