• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.517-526
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• 2019

Background: The root of Panax ginseng, a member of Araliaceae family, has been used as herbal medicine and functional food in Asia for thousands of years. According to Traditional Chinese medicine, ginseng is the most widely used "Qi-invigorating" herbs, which provides tonic and preventive effects by resisting oxidative stress, influencing energy metabolism, and improving mitochondrial function. Very few reports have systematically measured cell mitochondrial bioenergetics after ginseng treatment. Methods: Here, H9C2 cell line, a rat cardiomyoblast, was treated with ginseng extracts having extracted using solvents of different polarity, i.e., water, 50% ethanol, and 90% ethanol, and subsequently, the oxygen consumption rate in healthy and tert-butyl hydroperoxideetreated live cultures was determined by Seahorse extracellular flux analyzer. Results: The 90% ethanol extracts of ginseng possessed the strongest antioxidative and tonic activities to mitochondrial respiration and therefore provided the best protective effects to H9C2 cardiomyocytes. By increasing the spare respiratory capacity of stressed H9C2 cells up to three-folds of that of healthy cells, the 90% ethanol extracts of ginseng greatly improved the tolerance of myocardial cells to oxidative damage. Conclusion: These results demonstrated that the low polarity extracts of ginseng could be the best extract, as compared with others, in regulating the oxygen consumption rate of cultured cardiomyocytes during mitochondrial respiration.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.281-286
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• 2000

Non-chemical or low-chemical control measures against key insect pests and rats in the ginseng field were studied from 1993 through 1999. Broadcasting chemicals beside the ginseng field in the oviposition period showed the same control effect on the adults of the Korean black chafer, Holotrichia diomphalia, as broadcasting at the ginseng ridge. Ginseng damage by adults of African mole cricket, Gryl1ota1pa africana, were reduced considerably by broadcasting chemicals beside the ginseng field. The larvae of wheat wireworm, Ectinus sericeus, were attracted effectively to potatoes in the ginseng field. Spreads of the mealybug, Pseudococcus comstocki, were very slow in the ginseng field, indicating that it is possible to eradicate the early colonies of Pseudococcus comstocki effectively. The rat repeller, Dekur $500S^{showed}$ a significant control effect of rats in the ginseng field.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.34 no.s02
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• pp.115-120
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• 1989

Universal characteristics of ginseng replanting problems appeared to be decrease in root yields due to root rot and inhibition of root growth. Incitants of ginseng replanting problems have not been clearly elucidated, however, it appeared to be a complex phenomenon with several pathogenic soil microorganisms and environmental changes in the soil due to decomposition of ginseng debris such as rootlets and shoots. Decomposition of ginseng debris may cause direct or indirect damage to the root. The effect of conventional fungicide on the control of the problems has not been recognized. However, it has been suggested that treatment with soil fumigants may solve the problems. Meanwhile paddy-rice and ginseng rotation system appeared to be the best way of solving the problems so far.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.168-203
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• 1982

Effects of soil moisture on growth of Panax ginseng, of various factors on soil moisture, and of moisture on nutrition, quality, physiological disorder, diseases and insect damage were reviewed. Optimum soil moisture was 32% of field capacity with sand during seed dehiscence, and 55-65% for plant growth in the fields. Optimum soil moisture content for growth was higher for aerial part than for root and higher for width than for length. Soil factors for high yield in ginseng fields appeared to be organic matter, silt, clay, agreggation, and porosity that contributed more to water holding capacity than rain fall did, and to drainage. Most practices for field preparation aimed to control soil moisture rather than nutrients and pathogens. Light intensity was a primary factor affecting soil moisture content through evaporation. Straw mulching was best for the increase of soil moisture especially in rear side of bed. Translocation to aerial part was inhibited by water stress in order of Mg, p, Ca, N an Mn while accelerated in order of Fe, Zn and K. Most physiological disorders(leaf yellowing, early leaf fall, papery leaf spot, root reddening, root scab, root cracking, root dormancy) and quality factors were mainly related to water stress. Most critical diseases were due to stress, excess and variation of soil water, and heavy rain fall. The role of water should be studied in multidiciplinary, especially in physiology and pathology.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.259-263
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• 1996

The preventive effects of ginseng and aloe extract on cigarette smoke-induced hepatotoxicity to Spague-Dawley rats were investigated. The experimental rats were exposed smoke by inhalation for 5 weeks, 3 times per day, and 15 minutes each time. Also ginseng and aloe extract (Group G+A), aloe (Group A) or ginseng (Group G) were administered to each group, but the positive control rats (Group C) were exposed smoke without any other special treatments. Group C showed decreased food intake and increased water consumption. Also the reduction of body weight and the increase in serumAST, ALT, triglyceride and alkaline phosphatase were observed. The relative liver weights of group C were increased and the hepatic parenchyma revealed light brownish red grossly. On histopathologic observation, the hepatocytes of group C animals exhibited diffuse swelling which narrowed the, sinusoidal lumen and disarrayed the hepatic cord-like arrangement. Diffuse necrosis of the hepatocytes was also observed. However, degeneration and necrosis of the hepatocytes were milder in group G+A. In the case of group A, the damage was moderate, while the group G showed marginal improvement from group C. Electronmicroscopically, peroxisome increased and mitochodria decreased in group C. Various hepatic damages related to smoking in group C revealed recovering tendency in group G+A. This study indicated that daily administration of ginseng and aloe could decrease and even prevent cigarette smokeinduced hepatotoxicity.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.606-617
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• 2019

Background: The Panax ginseng berry extract (GBE) is well known to have an antidiabetic effect. The aim of this study is to evaluate and investigate the protective effect of ultrasonication-processed P. ginseng berry extract (UGBE) compared with GBE on liver fibrosis induced by mild bile duct ligation (MBDL) model in rats. After ultrasonication process, the composition ratio of ginsenoside in GBE was changed. The component ratio of ginsenosides Rh1, Rh4, Rg2, Rg3, Rk1, Rk3, and F4 in the extract was elevated. Methods: In this study, the protective effect of the newly developed UGBE was evaluated on hepatotoxicity and neuronal damage in MBDL model. Silymarin (150 mg/kg) was used for positive control. UGBE (100 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg), GBE (250 mg/kg), and silymarin (150 mg/kg) were orally administered for 6 weeks after MBDL surgery. Results: The MBDL surgery induced severe hepatotoxicity that leads to liver inflammation in rats. Also, the serum ammonia level was increased by MBDL surgery. However, the liver dysfunction of MBDL surgery-operated rats was attenuated by UGBE treatment via myeloid differentiation factor 88-dependent Toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathways. Conclusion: UGBE has a protective effect on liver fibrosis induced by MBDL in rats through inhibition of the TLR4 signaling pathway in liver.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.211-217
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• 2021

The treatments of nervous system diseases (NSDs) have long been difficult issues for researchers because of their complexity of pathogenesis. With the advent of aging society, searching for effective treatments of NSDs has become a hot topic. Ginseng polysaccharides (GP), as the main biologically active substance in ginseng, has various biological properties in immune-regulation, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammation and etc. Considering the association between the effects of GP and the pathogenesis of neurological disorders, many related experiments have been conducted in recent years. In this paper, we reviewed previous studies about the effects and mechanisms of GP on diseases related to nervous system. We found GP play an ameliorative role on NSDs through the regulation of immune system, inflammatory response, oxidative damage and signaling pathway. Structure-activity relationship was also discussed and summarized. In addition, we provided new insights into GP as promising neuroprotective agent for its further development and utilization.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.243-249
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• 2009

Melamine, which is used to produce melamine resin for various industrial applications, has a high nitrogen content by mass. For this reason, it has been illegally added to foods to increase their apparent protein content. In the present investigation, melamine-induced oxidative damage of human lymphocyte DNA was evaluated by Comet assay. The in vitro oxidative DNA damage caused by melamine increased in a dose-dependent manner. This DNA damage was significantly inhibited by treatment with ascorbate. Moreover, the traditional Korean medicinal herb, named Acanthopanax, red ginseng and green tea markedly reduced the DNA damage. Various edible plant extracts also inhibited melamine-induced oxidative DNA damage in vitro. Melamine enhanced intracellular ROS generation, and this effect was suppressed by treatment with various antioxidants.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.225-228
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• 2018

Our results suggested that thermal stress can lead to activation of hippocampal cell damage and reduction of memory-associated molecules in HT22 cells. These findings also provide a part of molecular rationale for the role of ginsenoside Rg5 as a potent cognitive impairment preventive compound in blocking the initiation of hippocampal damage.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.246-252
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• 1985

Ginseng proteins were isolated and partially purified to obtain two fractions, namely GI and GII. Radioprotective effects of these fractions were examined on $\gamma$-ray irradiated ICR mice by observing 30-day survival rates after irradiation. Also investigated were the effects of GI fraction on the recovery of radiation damage. As the results, the GI fraction showed strong protection against radiation indicated by the increment of 30-day survival rates, while the GII fraction did not. The GI fraction enhanced the recovery of body and splenic weights and increased the amount of DNA in liver significantly. It also helped to recover the damage done on erythrocytes by increasing the number to normal in short period, however, it had no effect on the recovery of leukocyte counts.