• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.169-187
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• 2015

Ports as central factors of the logistics industry and principal bases in industrial activities play a significant role in the development of the social economy. This paper takes the throughput data from 2000 to 2014 of 10 container ports located in China as the research object with the Gini coefficient and employs the shift-share analysis. It aims to analyze the changes in port concentration and movement of container throughputs and propose a stage of development port system in China. The results are as follows. First, the system of container ports clearly moves northward. According to the above shift-share analysis, the throughput moves from the Pearl River Delta to the other two regions. This indicates that the center of Chinese container port system moves northward. Second, container port diversification development takes a representative position in the change of container throughput space structure. According to the calculation results of Gini coefficient, diversified development gradually predominates the change of container throughput space structure.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.20-44
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• 2004

The National Health Insurance Expenditure has been increased rapidly since the introduction of the separation of prescription and dispensing in 2000, and this trend of rapid growth in overall spendings rate has been observed predominantly among medical practitioners. This study was conducted to investigate the growth rate and distributional changes in private medical practitioners' expenses from 1999 to 2002 and its determinants using the National Health Insurance claims data. The total increasing rate of all medical practitioners' expenditure paid by the National Health Insurance between 1999 and 2002 was $41.71\%$, which exceeding that of general hospitals by $20\%$p. But the income distribution among each practitioner was improved as the changes in Gini coefficient(from 0.40 to 0.38) and decile distribution ratio(from 0.25 to 0.29) during the same period showed. However, this improvement in distributional patterns is not enough since even in 2002 it turned out that the highest $10\%$ income group earned 33times more than the lowest $10\%$ income group did. Also, higher Gini coefficient was observed in larger cities and some department like plastic surgery, obstetrics and gynecology. The major causes of this differentials in medical practitioners' expenses were factors related to medical demand like proportion of old population, residential economic status in a given area. In addition, providers' economic incentives also played an important role in determining their income distribution. The large income differentials among physicians may imply a skewed distribution of patients and thus long waiting time, inefficient utilization of resources and potential inadequate quality of care. In this sense, unreasonable distributional gaps should be reduced, so effective measures as well as ongoing monitoring would be necessary to correct current distributional problems.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.64-73
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to classify urban green space, to assess an imbalance by an administrative district (Dong), and to establish the management zone of urban green spaces for the construction of an environmental city in Changwon. The spatial data of 1:5,000 digital maps, park data in Changwon, land cover by the Ministry of Environment, and IKONOS satellite images from 2003 were used for this analysis. The assessment of the imbalance of urban green spaces was analyzed with the Lorenz curve and Gini's coefficient. The establishment of the management zone was performed by network analysis of GIS. The results of this study are as follows: the urban green spaces were classified as a park green space, a natural green space, and a riparian green space. According to the results of assessment of the imbalance of green spaces, Gini's coefficient was analyzed at higher than 0.4. Thus, the spatial imbalance of urban green spaces in Changwon was evident. The management zones to solve the imbalance were established: "rich zone", "fair zone", "poor zone" and "broken zone". Therefore, the rich and fair zones which have rich green spaces must maintain the good conditions through analysis of the green network and a survey of civic attitudes. The poor and broken zones which have poor green spaces must improve quality and quantity through creation of additional green spaces, construction of an eco-industrial park, and utilization of children's parks and pocket parks.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.34-41
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• 2018

This paper studied balanced regional development focused on employment in Korea, by analyzing regional disparity between regional and industrial employment. A Gini-coefficient decomposition method and Panel Granger causality test were conducted, using raw data of the Census on Establishments reported by the Statistics Korea. The regional and industrial disparity of employment, based on the Gini-coefficient decomposition method, have increased by year. However, the growth rates of disparity are on the decrease. Most of employment disparity occurred from regional disparity between SMA (Seoul Metropolitan Area) and Non-SMA. Industrial disparity are occurred mainly by the service industry. The amount of contribution to the whole disparity of inter/intra regional employment was differed by each industrial sector. Also the causal relationship between employment growth of manufacture and that of service industry was analyzed by Panel Granger causality test. In national level, the employment growth in manufacture industry has conduced that in service industry. On the other hand, in the Non-SMA, only the employment growth in manufacture industry has augmented that in service industry. In conclusion, to reduce employment disparity, the strategy for balanced regional development should be emphasized. Different strategies are needed across regions and industries. Basically creating new job in the Non-SMA is inevitable. In view of stable employment, manufacture industry is more desirable rather than service industry.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.21 no.8
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• pp.478-488
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• 2021

This study analyzes the change in the contribution of the elderly to income inequality by using the Gini coefficient and the decile distribution ratio from the data of the Korea Welfare Panel Survey from 2007 to 2018 on economic inequality in old age. According to the study, the Gini coefficient of total income gradually decreased from 0.430 in 2007 to 0.383 in 2018. As a result, inequality decreased. Also, the higher the income quintile, the higher the income growth rate. Market income inequality has increased and inequality between public and private transfer income has decreased. Analysis of the contribution of income inequality to total income confirmed that public transfer income has replaced the role of private transfer income in reducing inequality over time. The expansion of public transfer income for the maintenance of basic living of the elderly is an important source of income for the elderly despite the crowding-out effect of private transfer income, market income, public and private transfer income, which are components of the income structure of the elderly, mutually complement total income. Therefore, it is important to identify income sources that contribute to alleviating income inequality among the elderly and reflect them in policy-making process.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.45-59
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• 2018

Purpose - This paper aims to analyze the distinct pattern of clustering of imported automobile distributors and provide evidence for the phenomenon using Korean data. Research design, data, and methodology - In this paper, we use data from Korea Automobile Importers & Distributors Association of 23 foreign automobile brands to evaluate the degree of concentration of showrooms using locational Gini index. We identify possible causes for the high level of clustering from two perspectives; 1) on the distributors' side and 2) on the customers' side. Results - We find a very strong locational concentration of imported automobile showrooms within close vicinity in the major cities and districts in Korea. Locational Gini coefficients are 0.1024 at the national level, 0.1836~0.3763 at city level, and 0.3941~0.4311 at district level on a [0,0.5] scale. Conclusions - Luxury foreign automobile customers tend to shop extensively around multiple brands prior to their ideal model selection. Accordingly, the imported automobile distributors cluster together close to their direct competitors in order to give a good comparison opportunity for the potential customers. This will maximize the probability of the visits of potential customers and lead to successful sales performance.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.1.1-15
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• 1997

The purposes of this study were to identify the household's financial status by life cycle stage and no analyze contributing factors to financial planning for retirement preparation among Korean marred couples. For these purpose, 2074 married couples those being under 55 and having either single earner or dual earners were selected, and total sample was divided into three stages; young-aged(＜35), middle-aged(35-44) & old-aged(45-54). Statistics were frequencies, means, percentile, and logistic analysis. The results were as follows. First, old-aged had higher level of total income, total expenditure and total assets than either young-aged or middle-aged. In addition, households those holding private pensions were likely to have higher total income, total expenditure and total assets than those owning no private pension. while middle-aged had a highest total debts. Second, gini coefficients of total income and total expenditure between three aged groups were similar, but old-aged had the highest gini coefficient of total assets and total debts. In particular, gini coefficients of total assets and total debts of households those having no private pension were greater than those holding private pensions. third, contributing factors to private pension ownership of young-aged were family & household-related factor and financial factor, middle-aged's factors were household head's characteristics and financial factor. Also, old-aged's factors were household head's characteristics, family & household-related factor and financial factor.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.98-114
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• 1995

Since 1962 the Korean society has undergone a rapid transformation under government policies to achieve maximum economic growth. Urbanization via massive rural to urban migration has been observed to be connected with a rapid economic development. Based on the data from the government publications such as Population and Housing Census Reports and Korean Urban Yearbooks, this study measures inequalities in terms of the distribution of urban population. In a historical context, the pace of urbanization during the period 1966-1970 was characterized as the most rapid and the urban-rural growth difference(URGD), which is a valuable measure of the pace of urbanization, was the highest. In terms of regional pattern, Seoul dominated the urbanization picture of Korea during the period 1966-1970. Its annual growth rate was the fastest among those shown during the period 1960 to 1990 and also highest. However, Seoul's primacy was pulled down since 1970. The Gini coefficient, which is the most common general measure of inequalities in distribution, was the highest in 1980. Since 1980 it has continued to fall. As a result, it was lower in 1990 than in 1970. Despite lowering Gini coefficient, inequalities are still large. A concentration index also showed the same trends as those of Gini coefficent.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.379-388
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• 2022

Objectives: Throughout history, societies have been impacted by inequality. Many studies have been conducted on the topic more broadly, but only a few have investigated inequalities in out-of-pocket health payments (OHP). This study measures OHP inequality trends among the Iranian households. Methods: This study used data from the Iranian Statistics Center on Iranian household income and expenditures. The analysis included a total of 995 300 households during the 36 years from 1984 to 2019. The Gini coefficient, Atkinson index, and Theil index were calculated for Iranian OHP. Results: Average Iranian household OHP increased from 33 US dollar (USD) in 1984 to 47 USD in 2019. During this 36-year span, the average±standard deviation Gini coefficient for OHP was 0.73±0.04, and the Atkinson and Theil indexes were 0.68±0.05 and 1.14±0.29, respectively. The Gini coefficients for the subcategories of OHP of outpatient diagnostic services, medical assistant accessories, hospital inpatient services, and addiction cessation were 0.70, 0.61, 0.84, and 0.64, respectively. Conclusions: In this study, we scrutinized trends of inequality in the OHP of Iranian households. Inequality in OHP decreased slightly over the past four decades. An analysis of trends among different subgroups revealed that affluent households, such as households with insurance coverage and households in higher income deciles, experienced higher inequality. Therefore, lower inequality in health care expenditures may be related to restricted access to health care services in Iran.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.229-241
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• 2023

This study aims to examine the farm household income and consumption structure change as well as farm income inequality. Data from the Agricultural Household Survey for the years 2016, 2021, and 2022 were hired to analyze farm income inequality by the Gini coefficient decomposition method. Results show that from 2016 to 2021, all income quintiles exhibited an increasing trend, but in 2022, income decreased across all quintiles. As a result of analyzing farm household consumption expenditure, consumption expenditure increased in all income quintiles in 2021 and 2022 compared to 2016, but consumption of optional goods decreased in the fifth quintile. In addition, it was found that farmers in the first quartile had higher consumption expenditures and expenditures on options than those in the second quartile. The analysis of farm income by region show that public subsidies increased significantly for general rural farmers than for farmers in special and metropolitan areas in all income quintiles during the period. In the case of the first quintile, farm household income in rural areas in special and metropolitan cities increased compared to general rural areas. In the fifth quartile, agricultural income and sideline income in general rural areas increased compared to rural areas in special and metropolitan cities, while rural areas in special and metropolitan cities increased non-business income compared to rural areas. Results of farming income inequality by income type show a steady decline in inequality from 2016 to 2022, indicating that the decreasing gini coefficinet of public subsidies is contributing to the decline in farm income inequality. Private subsidies and side income are shown to increase inequality.