• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.215-225
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• 2005

Objective : It has long been known about the osteogenic effect of CTF-HAS on bone tissues. However, it has not been determined the effect of CTF-HAS on cancer cells. The purpose of this study is to screen the CTF-HAS mediated differentially expressed genes in cancer cells such as HepG2 hepatoma cells lines. Oligonucleotide microarray approach were employed to screen the differential expression genes. Methods : CTF-HAS was prepared by boiling and stored at $-70^{\circ}C$ until use. Cells were treated with various concentrations of CTF-HAS(0.1, 0.5, 1.5, 10, $20mg/m{\ell}$) for 24 h. Cytotoxicity was tested by MTT assay. To screen the differentially expressed genes in cancer cells, cells were treated with $1.5mg/m{\ell}$ of CTF-HAS. For oligonucleotide microarray assay, total RNA was used for gene expression analysis using oligonucleotide genechip (Human genome U133 Plus 2.0., Affimatrix Co.). ResuIts : It has no cytotoxic effects on HepG2 cells in all concentrations (0.1, 0.5, 1.5, 10, $20mg/m{\ell}$). More than twofold up-regulated genes were 19 genes. The number of more than twofold down-regulated genes was 13. Discussion : This study showed the screening of CTF-HAS mediated differentially regulated genes using combined approaches of oligonucleotide microarray. The screened genes will be used for the better understanding in therapeutic effect of CTF-HAS on cancer field.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.271-278
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• 2012

Purpose: Recently implant surgical guides were used for accurate and atraumatic operation. In this study, the accuracy of two different types of surgical guides, positioning device fabricated and stereolithography fabricated surgical guides, were evaluated in four different types of tooth loss models. Materials and methods: Surgical guides were fabricated with stereolithography and positioning device respectively. Implants were placed on 40 models using the two different types of surgical guides. The fitness of the surgical guides was evaluated by measuring the gap between the surgical guide and the model. The accuracy of surgical guide was evaluated on a pre- and post-surgical CT image fusion. Results: The gap between the surgical guide and the model was $1.4{\pm}0.3mm$ and $0.4{\pm}0.3mm$ for the stereolithography and positioning device surgical guide, respectively. The stereolithography showed mesiodistal angular deviation of $3.9{\pm}1.6^{\circ}$, buccolingual angular deviation of $2.7{\pm}1.5^{\circ}$ and vertical deviation of $1.9{\pm}0.9mm$, whereas the positioning device showed mesiodistal angular deviation of $0.7{\pm}0.3^{\circ}$, buccolingual angular deviation of $0.3{\pm}0.2^{\circ}$ and vertical deviation of $0.4{\pm}0.2mm$. The differences were statistically significant between the two groups (P<.05). Conclusion: The laboratory fabricated surgical guides using a positioning device allow implant placement more accurately than the stereolithography surgical guides in dental clinic.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.15-22
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• 2010

Today's rapid shifts toward a new paradigm are combining city spaces with reality and technology, which is known as a ubiquitous environment. An ubiquitous environment means that 'whenever' and 'wherever' become connected. It is a great possibility that this will change our future lifestyle. Korea has the biggest advantage in the implementation of this new environment, such as having an excellent network infrastructure. Using these attributes of a ubiquitous environment, changes are being made toward ubiquitous cities within developing fields of construction, landscaping, streets, art, and the environment. This research is based on background of research that activated media pole in public city space has been done research about reality of digital skill, fusion, and sense of ubitizen, and Kang-Nam U-street applied by ubiquitous technique. While reflecting an environment that can be utilized in a modern digital society, the application of ubiquitous technology to media pole can be a space for the two-way communication of the current paradigm. It would also be meaningful to create a new cultural space through media pole. Through evaluation, citizens of the ubiquitous age are going to interact to raise the satisfaction that media pole in city space can prevent giving direction to develop and trial and error about service ability, identity, and publicity. Finally, the media pole can be used as a fundamental element to suggest directions for change when viewed as future development.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.157-185
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• 2017

This study was carried out with the attention that the concept of entrepreneurial orientation has been applied at various levels of CEO, employee, management, and organization as a whole. The differences between these concepts were examined by discriminant validity and convergence validity, and the causal relationship between these concepts and performance was analyzed. A total of 96 questionnaires were collected and analyzed. The results show that CEO's entrepreneurial orientation, employee's entrepreneurial orientation, manager's entrepreneurial orientation and organizational entrepreneurial orientation have convergent validity and discriminant validity, and that these variables have different effects on the firm 's innovation performance and financial performance. In the analysis of the mediating effect, when the variables of all levels were put into a single variable, the innovation performance mediates between the entrepreneurial orientation and the financial performance in all variables. However, when all variables are applied simultaneously, innovation performance has mediating effect only on the relationship between organizational entrepreneurship orientation and financial performance. This shows that there is a conceptual difference according to applied level. As a result of the analysis of the causal relationship by the application level of entrepreneurial orientation, it is found that causality is formed among the entrepreneurial orientation variables. In particular, CEO's entrepreneurial orientation influences employee's entrepreneurial orientation, manager's entrepreneurial orientation, and organization's entrepreneurial orientation, and again, employee's entrepreneurial orientation and managerial entrepreneurial orientation form a causal relationship that influences organization's entrepreneurial orientation. In the relationship between innovation performance and financial performance, CEO's entrepreneurial orientation, organization's entrepreneurial orientation, and manager's entrepreneurial orientation are influencing innovation performance, and the only variables influencing financial performance are organization's entrepreneurial orientation. In conclusion, the limitations of the study and its future direction are presented.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.53-65
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• 2013

In Korea recently the consumption of coffee has been drastically increased and majority of people who are more than $20^{th}$ are drinking more than a cup of coffee every day. Nowadays coffee a kind of essential items in modern urban society. As the popularity of the coffee is increasing, As the coffee consumption is growing, the studies on coffee also have been increased. Many of the studies on coffee were focused on the consumer attitudes, coffee shops and franchise coffee shops, and coffee components or ingredients. As the products of the coffee are becoming diverse, the consumers of coffee also becoming diverse. There was a study showing that coffee has variety of types, and that motivations and attitudes for coffee consumption are different depend on demographic statistics such as age and life styles. On this study main focus was life style and consumer's motivation on coffee consumption. For this study the survey was conducted on the people living in Seoul City and Kyengkido from March 1, 2013 to March 31, 2013. 600 questionnaires were distributed and 480 were collected and 470 were used for analysis of this study. The statistics program used in this study was SPSS. The method used in the analysis wee factors analysis test, reliability test, validity test, t-testy, One-Way ANOVA, and regression analysis. In this study according to the factor analysis, the life styles were classified the following six categories ; wellbeing pursuit, taste pursuit, atmosphere pursuit, dine-out pursuit, instant pursuit, and economic value pursuit. The factors of coffee consumption motivation were 6; wellbeing consumption motivation, changing mood consumption motivation, social consumption motivation, habitual consumption motivation, and emotional consumption motivation. The demographic factors used in this study were age, marital status, occupation, educational background, residence, income, and eating-out expenses. The hypothesis used in this study were two. The first hypo-thesis was whether the coffee consumption was affected by the life styles. The second hypo-thesis was whether there was any statistical differences on the motivation of coffee consumption according to the characteristics of life style. The outcome of this study demonstrated that life styles had partial impact on coffee consumption motivations. According to the characteristics of the life style, except for the habitual consumption motivation, all the other factors showed statistical differences on coffee consumption motivations according the characteristics of life styles.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.159-167
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• 2015

RI-Biomics is a promising radiation convergence technology that combines radiation with bio science as new growth power technology. Many developed countries are focusing active support and constant exertion to dominate the RI-Biomics market in advance. In order to achieve global leadership in the RI-Biomics field, we need more highly advanced technologies and professional manpower. In fact, we have less manpower compared to technology we currently hold. In this study, we established a basic infrastructure to train professional manpower in the RI-Biomics field by developing/operating optimum training program through expert interviews and survey. The developed program has four organized sections to understand overall procedure of RI-Biomics. To evaluate our training program, we performed test operations with eight students who have a major related to RI-Biomics for three weeks in KARA (Seoul) and KAERI (Jung-eup). In detail, radioisotope usage and safety management were conducted for one week as basic course, RI-Biomics application technology was conducted for two weeks as professional course. To verify performance results of training program, we conducted to journal research, daily reports, and survey on participants. The results show a high level of satisfaction with training programs and continuous intention of involvement in our program. We also need to develop an intensive course to train high-quality human resources and to operate training program continuously. This training program will be used as basic materials for the development of RI-Biomics curriculum for university. Hence, we will expect that our training program contributes in training a professional manpower and develop RI-Biomics technology.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.311-318
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• 1997

Bypassing acrosome reaction and fusion process in intracytoplasmic sperm injection(ICSI), most of injected spermatozoa still contain intact acrosome contents and plasma membrane. It Is not known yet what acrosome contents and plasma membrane of spermatozoa have effect on the development of embryo. For further understanding of fertilization process after ICSI, we studied the time of pronucleus formation, disappearance and first cleavage in human zygote, and pregnancy rate in relation to acrosome reaction rate of spermatozoa after ICSI. Seventy cycles undergoing ICSI program were randomly selected. Sperm suspension from 38 cycles were treated 50% human follicular fluid(hFF) for 3 hours in order to induce acrosome reaction, others were not treated as control. Acrosome reaction in hFF treated and non-treated group was assessed by fluorescein isothiocyanate(FITC)-conjugated Arachis hypogea(PNA) and Pisum sativum agglutinin(PSA). Oocytes were classified into 'good' and 'poor' according to their morphology. After ICSI, fertilization of oocytes were assessed by detection of two pronuclei at 16 hours. The pronuclei disappearance and first cleavage of zygotes were observed at 24 hours, and then embryos were transferred to uterus after culture for 72 hours. The rate of acrosome reaction of spermatozoa in hFF treated group was significantly higher than that in control(p<0.01). Fertilization rates of good oocytes were not different both control and hFF treated group(81.3%(174/206) vs. 72.1%(102/130)). But, in poor oocytes, the fertilization rates in hFF treated group(72.1%(149/183)) were increased compared than those of control group (63.6%(98/140), p<0.01). In either good or poor oocytes, the rates of pronuclei disappearance in hFF treated-spermatozoa injected oocytes were higher than control (59.1%(103/174), 56.4%(84/149) vs. 32.4%(33/102), 37.8%(37/98), p<0.01). Also, the rates of thirst cleavage were increased in hFF treated group (31%(54/174), 24.1%(36/149)) compared than those of control group (10.8%(11/102), 13.2%(13/98), p<0.01). The pregnancy rates of hFF treated group (42.1%(16/38)) were slightly higher than control group (28.1%(9/32), p>0.05). But, the pregnancy rate of group which possessed more than one cleavaged zygote at 24 hours was higher than group which did not (45.2%(19/42) vs. 21.4%(6/28), p<0.05). From these results, the development of zygotes were faster in higher acrosome reacted sperm group than lower acrosome reacted sperm group after ICSI. Our results may be explained that acrosomal membrane and plasma membrane are easily detached from spermatozoa in acrosome reacted spermatozoa compared with acrosome intact sperm in the cytoplasm of oocyte during pronuclear formation. We conclude that the injection of acrosome reacted spermatozoa will increase the pregnancy rate as they can induce fast embryonic development in ICSI.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.632-639
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• 2006

Here we examined the expression patterns and regulation of seven photosynthesis (PS) genes (puf, puc, puhA, bchC, bchE, bchF, and bchI) in the anoxygenic photosynthetic bacterium, Rhodobacter sphaeroides, based on lacZ reporter gene assay. Expression of the tested PS genes, except puhA and bchI, were strongly induced in R. sphaeroides grown under anaerobic conditions relative to that under aerobic conditions. The puhA and bchI genes appear to form the operons together with bchFNBHLM-RSP0290 and crtA, respectively. Expression of the puf, puc, and bchCXYZ operons in R. sphaeroides grown photosynthetically was proportional to the incident light intensity, whereas that of bchFNBHLM(RSP0290-puhA) was inversely related to light intensity. Expression of bchEJG was lowest under medium-light photosynthetic conditions $(10\;W/m^2)$ and highest under high light conditions $(100\;W/m^2)$. The regulation of PS genes by the three major regulatory systems involved in oxygen- and light-sensing in R. sphaeroides is as following: puf and bchC are regulated by both the PpsR repressor and the PrrBA two-component system. The puc operon is under control of PpsR, FnrL, and PrrBA system. Expression of bchE is controlled by FnrL and PrrBA two-component system, whereas bchF is regulated exclusively by PpsR. It was demonstrated that the PpsR repressor is responsible for high-light repression of bchF and that FnrL might be involved in perceiving the cellular redox state in addition to sensing $O_2$ itself.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.16 no.7 s.80
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• pp.1133-1140
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• 2006

Human HtrA1 (High temperature requirement protein A1) is a homologue of the E. coli periplasmic serine protease HtrA. A recent study has demonstrated that HtrA1 is a serine protease involved in processing of insulin like growth factor binding protein (ICFBP), indicating that it serves as an important regulator of IGF activity. Additionally, several lines of evidence suggest a striking correlation between proteolytic activity of HtrA1 serine protease and the pathogenesis of several diseases; however, physiological roles of HtrA1 remain to be elucidated. We used the pGEX bacterial expression system to develop a simple and rapid method for purifying HtrA1, and the recombinant HtrA1 protein was utilized to investigate the optimal conditions in executing its proteolytic activity. The proteolytically active HtrA1 was purified to approximately 85% purity, although the yield of the recombinant HtrA1 protein was slightly low $460{\mu}g$ for 1 liter E. coli culture). Using in vitro endoproteolytic cleavage assay, we identified that the HtrA1 serine protease activity was dependent on the enzyme concentration and the incubation time and that the best reaction temperature was $42^{\circ}C$ instead of $37^{\circ}C$. We arbitrary defined one unit of proteolytic activity of the HtrA1 serine protease as 200nM of HtrA1 that cleaves half of $5{\mu}M\;of\;{\beta}-casein$ during 3 hr incubation at $37^{\circ}C$. Our study provides a method for generating useful reagents to investigate the molecular mechanisms by which HtrA1 serine protease activity contributes in regulating its physiological function and to identify natural substrates of HtrA1.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.42-47
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• 2006

L-Ascorbic acid (AsA) is an essential nutrient for prevention of scurvy in humans, primates and guinea pigs that lack $L-gulono-\gamma-lactone$ oxidase which is required for the final step of AsA biosynthesis. AsA participates in various hydroxylation reactions involved in the biosynthesis of collagen. The purpose of this study is to clarify the role of AsA on collagen synthesis in 3T6 fibroblasts and primary cultured cells of chondrocytes. Cells were cultured in medium supplemented with catalase and AsA at various concentration. Supplement of AsA induced collagen synthesis in 3T6 fibroblasts and primary cultured cells of chondrocytes. The most remarkable induction of collagen synthesis by AsA was found in primary cultured chondrocytes. The content of collagen representing the amounts of extracellular matrix significantly increased in the cells of which growth was stimulated by AsA, while it decreased with increasing passage numbers of subculture in cells. It showed that the content of collagen decreased in the medium which contained AsA at the concentration higher than 5.0 mM. However, the contents of collagen to DNA were not different among various AsA concentrations. Supplementing with AsA resulted in enhancement of collagen formation and extracellular matrix. Therefore, there might be a Positive correlation between the activity of catalase and the AsA concentration. Moreover, it can be assumed that AsA stimulates the collagen synthesis by optimizing the cell-culture environment.