• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 1998

In this study fashion illustrations published in American Vogue from 1960 to 1989 were investigated. Among the large number of illustrations published in American Vogue in this period a considerable number of illustrations was chosen: from 1960 to 1969 143 editorial illustrations and 333 advertisement illustrations; from 1970 to 1979 34 editorial illustrations and 168 advertisement illustrations; from 1980 to 1989 123 editorial illustrations and 81 advertisement illustrations. In studying those illustrations the main point was put in finding characteristics and the changing trend of fashion Illustrations. In the sixties editorial fashion illustrations were published mainly during early sixties. The Illustrations of Rene Bouch, Evelyn Marcil, Dagmar and Eunice Moore Sloane took the space of editorials. Among those Illustrators Bouch published most frequently. The companies such as Galey & Lord, Lord & Taylor, Bergdorf Goodman, Bonwit Teller etc. used fashion illustrations for the advertisement. The name Kenneth Paul Block, Babara Pearlman and Dorothy Hood can be found very frequently on the illustrations for those companies. Antonio Lopez too published in 1963 some advertisement illustrations. In the seventies the total number of editorial fashion illustrations diminished drastically compared to the number in the sixties. Antonio published in 1973 and 74 fifteen illustrations, Joe Eula published from 1976 to 79 thirteen illustrations, and beside them Mats Gustavson published in 1978 six illustrations. The number of advertisement illustrations decreased a little, but many companies used fashion illustrations for the advertisement. The illustrator who worked most actively were Block and Fred Greenhill. In the eighties editorial illustrations experienced a "Renaissance". New high-level illustrators appeared and new fashion illustration magazines were found. Antonio played a central role among illustrators published for editorials in Vogue. In addition to him 15 other illustrators including Mats and Eula with various styles worked for editorials. In contrast to the flourishment of editorial illustrations the number of advertisement illustrations decreased compared to seventies as a result of the domination of fashion photography in this area. Today only few fashion illustrations can be found in fashion magazines. The magazines are dominated by fashion photographs. However fashion illustrations will not totally perish from fashion magazines, because it still has some valuable functions in fashion advertisement. Those functions cannot be fulfilled by photography. Therefore fashion illustration will survive in fashion magazine but playa minor role compared to photography.

• Journal of Korean Elementary Science Education
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.305-315
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• 2016

The purpose of this paper was to analyze the role of illustrations in elementary textbooks (3~4 grade) of the 2009 revised curriculum of science education in Korea from point of view of aim of science by applying the criteria of 5E inquiry process model for reflecting core aim of the science education. The subjects of the paper was the 105 illustrations in the earth-science domain of elementary science textbooks (3~4 grade) of the 2009 revised curriculum of science education in Korea. The analysis criterion was of two categories, the function of illustration and the role of illustration. the function of illustration was divided into three subcategories such as Exclusiveness type, correspondence type and supplementary type. The role of illustration was divide into five subcategories such as Engagement, Exploration, Explanation, Elaboration and Evaluation. According to results of the illustration analysis are as follows: the result of the function of illustration are exclusiveness type 39, correspondence type 36 and supplementary type 30, the important of point to note is that there are a lot of exclusiveness type considerably. compared with other subjects, this fact indicate character of illustration of the only science textbook. The result of the role of illustration are Engagement 14, exploration 64, explanation 25, elaboration 2 and evaluation 0. This data indicate main role of illustrations in earth-science domain is to help the students to be able to observe and explore. Cross-analysis of the function and role was a significant difference. Role of illustration was evenly distributed within Exclusiveness type on the other hand, the role of illustrations was mainly exploration and explanation in correspondence and supplementary type. Especially, illustration of exploration was mainly correspondence type.

• Journal of Korean Elementary Science Education
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.618-629
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• 2023

Although society has become increasingly diverse, on a few studies analyzed elementary science textbooks in terms of race or disability. Therefore, this study analyzed character illustrations presented in elementary science textbooks in terms of multiculturalism and disability. It identified 14 approved elementary science textbooks for the 2015 revised curriculum, which are used during the first and second semesters in the third grade. First, analysis of the race of character illustrations in elementary science textbooks indicated that 8.2% of them are multicultural, which is higher than the actual proportion of foreigners living in Korea. In addition, most of them were white illustrations, whereas Asian foreign illustrations made up the least, which suggests a different distribution in the Korean context. The study observed significant differences in distribution according to publishers. Second, the gender distribution of multicultural character illustrations differed by 59.0% and 41.0% for men and women, respectively, and the gender variation between publishers was relatively large in which a few publishers accounted for 80% of male multicultural figures. The third pertained to the function of illustrations, that is, the distribution of illustrations of Koreans and multicultural figures was similar in terms of the order of illustrations with explanatory functions followed by exemplary, decorative, and supplementary functions. Finally, from the perspective of diversity in disability, the proportion of illustrations with disability was 2.0%, which was less than the actual proportion in Korea. The study discussed the need to consider the situation and diversity of Korea in terms of race and d isability.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.14 no.9
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• pp.622-633
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• 2014

This study delineates the process of analyzing the illustrations in high school English I textbook. The goal of this study is to shed light on the issues related to producing better English textbooks. The methods include analysis of the illustrations in the textbook developed under the 2009 Revised National Curriculum and surveys of teachers and students' awareness about them. This study classified common features in the illustrations to devise four analysis criteria: cultural aspects, expression styles, expression techniques, and linguistic functions of the illustrations. The questionnaire was made for both teachers and students. The questions in the survey of teachers were about the relevance to the contents, the layout and formation, learners' interest, cognitive aspects, easiness of teaching and learning, and connectivity with language functions. In the survey of students, familiarity, interest level, learnability, favored expression technique and expression material were considered. The result of the surveys showed that the teachability and learnability are key factors in developing illustrations for English textbooks, and they should look familiar to the students.

• Journal of TMJ Balancing Medicine
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.13-16
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• 2012

Objectives: The quadrant theorem is a theorem proposed by C. M. Guzay in the field of functional, holistic dentistry. There are not much of scientific literature on the quadrant theorem. This study briefly reviewed basic concepts of quadrant theorem. Methods: A publication by Guzay and research articles were searched and reviewed. The quadrant theorem is depicted as a series of illustrations and accompanied explanations. Results: The primary concept of the quadrant theorem was presented in 1952. Based on geometric biophysics of the occlusion and related anatomical functions, physiological pivotal axis of the mandible is analyzed to occurs at the dens (the sub-atlas area). Composite muscular activity links the mandibular posture with C1-C2, which is then linked with the spinal posture. Twenty illustrations are progressively presented on the physiognomy, occlusion, and analysis of anatomical functions. The balanced distribution of the forces gives the durability of the functions in life. Conclusions: The quadrant theorem provides a functional linkage between the mandibular posture and the upper cervical vertebrae.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.22 no.8
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• pp.978-989
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• 1998

The purpose of this study is enrich the expressivity in fashion illustrations by looking into the expression of humor which is seen in the fashion illustration. In addition, this study is expected to provide a theoretical basis to the people whose works are concern with Fashion design. It is the fashion illustration that expresses the specific concept that accords with the purpose of drawing. And we need to create our own techniques freely and to develop them into higher ones. In this view, we can say that the humor in the fashion illustrations shows us the new world of expression. And we can also say that it fills the roles of social functions to purify human emotions with helping the communication between people in our highly developed society. Finally, the expression of humor in fashion illustrations can be described as followings. First, they are relate with the superiority, disparity, psychic release in the theory of humor's origin. Second, the image of humor can be induced by changing the figure of human body. Third, it can be encouraged by contrasting the different fashion images. Forth, we can use well-known icons that cause the humor does not only give us laugh but also reflect the era, society enlarge the range of expression in fashion illustrations.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.340-347
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• 2008

A prototype of 3D clothing design system with a direct pattern development function was suggested, reflecting intuitive design functions and design modifications while considering the fit of clothing patterns with the 3D human body in the virtual 3D space. The research method was as follows. Clothing models were created using a 3D design tool, 3ds max on the surface of 3D human body model made by scanning an actual human body. 3D illustrations were completed by revising the fit and sizing of the human body and clothing models. 2D T-shirt pattern was produced 3D illustrations using from a 3D scanning data modeling solution RapidForm 2004, a 2D conversion program for 3D data called 2C-AN, and Yuka CAD. As a result, the following conclusions were made. The fit of the clothing and human body can be adjusted by reflecting individual body figure characteristics and 3D illustrations over the actual 3D body model. Furthermore, intuitive design support functions were intensified overcoming the weak point of existing 3D clothing design system by developing the direct clothing design in the virtual 3D space. 3D illustration design modifications can be directly reflected on clothing patterns from 3D illustrations by 3D clothing design system developed in this study.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.111-126
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• 2011

Cultural collage phenomena came to the fore where various differing elements combined to make a reality in the post-modern culture. Collage, a technique with which to express a unique sense of texture has been used since a long time ago by fashion illustrators, finds itself expressed in much more diverse forms and characteristics, and its meanings changed, too. The purpose of this study is to analyze the formative characteristics of collage as expressed in fashion illustrations since 2000s and look into its aesthetic meanings, and in doing so, examine effects of changes along the times that have sought plural diversity on fashion illustrations. This study selected and examined from various collage techniques three collage expression techniques including papier colle, photo montage and assemblage frequently used as techniques of fashion illustrations. Papier colle technique expressed in fashion illustration simplify forms, thereby stressing linear elements, and express lines and planes At the same time, such works provide depth to planar spaces by overlapping objects and putting together differing elements, In fashion illustrations utilizing photo montage more than one images taken from photos are cut up and reconstructed, where illusory and sometimes shocking images are conveyed through particular forms or unrealistic compositions created by casual combination of unrelated images. Unique and eccentric images are conveyed by means of assemblage through the combination of various kinds of heterogeneous materials in fashion illustrations. This not only conveys fashion images sensitively but presents each fragment as objets regardless of its original functions, and attempts at new concepts.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.1025-1036
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• 2003

Variable selection algorithm for principal component analysis using penalty function is proposed. We use the fact that usual principal component problem can be expressed as a maximization problem with appropriate constraints and we will add penalty function to this maximization problem. Simulated annealing algorithm is used in searching for optimal solutions with penalty functions. Comparisons between several well-known penalty functions through simulation reveals that the HARD penalty function should be suggested as the best one in several aspects. Illustrations with real and simulated examples are provided.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.28 no.7
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• pp.811-824
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• 2007

Photographs and illustrations are integral parts of current science textbooks' inscriptions. This study analysed and compared the function and structure of photographs and illustrations used in high school earth science textbooks of the 6th and 7th national curriculum. The findings of the function analysis showed that 'illustrative' function was far superior to other functions in terms of frequency and ratio. The illustrative function varied more in the 7th curriculum textbooks, especially in earth science I. 'Explanatory' and 'complementary' functions, which were relatively ignored in the 6th curriculum, significantly increased in the 7th curriculum textbooks. 'Decorative' function increased on the whole. The results of the structure analysis revealed that indexical reference remarkably decreased in the 7th curriculum textbooks, which means the retrogression of co-deployment with main text. 'Multiple' organized photographs and illustrations significantly increased in the 7th curriculum textbooks, while 'pair' and 'series' organization did not show an increase at all. It was suggested in this study that 'inquisitive' function and 'complementary' organization should be supplemented in terms of both function and structure. Moreover, the functional and structural aspects of scientific inscriptions including photographs and illustrations should be utilized by the certification criteria of science textbooks.