• Journal of Life Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.101-107
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• 2006

We have recently discovered that mycelium of Phellinus linteus, popular medical mushrooms in Korea, possess alcohol dehydrogenase and produce alcohol. In the present study, it was examined that the effect of fermented rice wine made by using mycelium of P. linteus (FLMP) on the expression of in-flammation-related proteins in both $HepG_2$ cells and rats. To examine the effect of FLMP on the morphology and expression of inflammatory proteins in $HepG_2$ cells, the cells were incubated with ethanol, and FLMP for 24 hours, and then analyzed by microscopic observation and Western blot and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). While ethanol induced the morphological change accompanied with cell debris formation and scattering on $HepG_2$ cells, FLMP had no effect. The results of Western blot and RT-PCR analyses showed that the level of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 was induced by ethanol, however, FLMP inhibited the expression of these proteins and its mRNAs. In the animal model, the value of flutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and glutamate pyruvate transaminase was significantly increased by administration with ethanol. But the group administrated with FLMP showed lower levels on the changes of these markers compared with ethanol-administrated group. Besides, the results of Western blot and RT-PCR analyses showed that the expression of inflammatory proteins such as iNOS, COX-1 and COX-2 was not affected by FLMP administration in rat liver. About histopathological and immunohistochemical observations, inflammatory loci were markedly decreased in the FLMP-administrated rat compared to ethanol-administrated rats and showed weaker COX-2 and iNOS jmmunoreactions. These results suggested that FLMP showed slight changes on the inflammatory proteins expression compared to ethanol and FLMP may be used as a functional alcoholic beverage.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.386-391
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• 2009

To verify the possibility of manufacturing a germinated rough rice tea, germinated rough rice was roasted at 200, 220, and $250^{\circ}C$ for 10, 20, and 30 min. The treated rice powder was then put into tea bags and leached for 1, 3, and 5 min, after which their antioxidant, physicochemical, and sensory characteristics were compared. The total polyphenol content and 2,2'-Azino-bis-(3-ethyl benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activities of the germinated rough rice tea increased as the roasting temperature increased as well as in response to increased roasting and leaching times. Furthermore, the greater the roasting temperature, roasting time, and leaching time, the greater the increase in total soluble solid contents. Moreover, the turbidity and browning index of the germinated rice tea rose as the roasting temperature, roasting time, and leaching time increased. Additionally, the pH tended to decrease as the roasting temperature, roasting time, and leaching time increased. Evaluation of the sensory characteristics of the germinated rice tea revealed that the formation of a Maillard reaction product in the course of heating the rice added a unique flavor, which led to increase preference for the color, flavor, and taste, and therefore, the overall preference.

• 대한공업교육학회지
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.1-22
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• 2014

The purpose of this research are to investigate and analyze requests of middle school students, parents and people in charge of human resources of industrial institutions and to suggest implications which are necessary to establish vocational high schools in Asan area. To achieve them, demands, for the establishment of vocational high schools, requests of desirable department, area, etc. which are recognized by middle school students, parents and people in charge of human resources of industrial institutions in Asan-si were surveyed and analyzed. The subjects of the survey were students and parents who were selected from one third grade class out of each of all the middle schools of Ansan-si. Also, for the people in charge of human resources of industrial institutions, industrial institutions including more than 10 employees were firstly sampled and selected. The number of students analyzed is 484, parents 458, industrial institutions 81, the results are as follows. First, among the third graders, there were 18.5% students who wanted to enter vocational high schools and 72.6% students that replied saying they may enter if vocational schools are established in Asan-si. Among them, 8.8% students replied that they will definitely enter. Second, among the parents, 30.8% wanted their children to enter vocational high schools and 76.9% replied that they may enter if vocational high schools are established in Asan-si. Among them, 8.4% replied that their children will enter certainly. Third, people in charge of human resources of industrial institutions replied that they may recruit 98.8 percent of graduates of vocational high schools in Asan area. Among them, they replied that 17.3% will be recruited certainly. For the replies of recruitment time, there were 49.4% of 'within 1 year', 30.9% of 'within 1~5 years' and for working, there were 60.8% of 'mechanical operators and assembly workers' and 31.6% of 'technicians and functional workers'. Fourth, for the most preferred departments when establishing vocational high schools in Asan-si, middle school students wanted hospitality management, parents were for electricity and electronics, industrial institutions replied with vehicle mechanics. By affiliation, more than the half of respondents wanted industrial affiliation. Fifth, for the most preferred departments when establishing vocational high schools in Asan-si, middle school students and parents preferred Onyang-dong, industrial institutions preferred Dunpo-myeon. Results showed that the most desirable areas were in the vicinity of one's own residential area.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.73-94
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• 2010

The attending system is a medical system that allows doctors in clinics to use the extra equipment in hospitals-beds, laboratory, operating room, etc-for their patient's care under a contract between the doctors and hospitals. Therefore, the system is very beneficial in terms of the efficiency of the usage of medical resources. However, it is necessary to develop a strong support system to strengthen its weaknesses and supplement its merits. If doctors use hospital beds under the attending system of hospitals, they would be able to check a patient's condition often and provide them with nursing care services. However, the current attending system lacks delivery and assistance support. Thus, for the successful performance of the attending system, a networking system should be developed to facilitate communication between the doctors and nurses. In particular, the nursing records in the attending system could help doctors monitor the patient's condition and provision of nursing care services. A nursing record is the formal documentation associated with nursing care. It is merely a data repository that helps nurses to track their activities; nursing records thus represent a resource of primary information that can be reused. In order to maximize their usefulness, nursing records have been introduced as part of computerized patient records. However, nursing records are internal data that are not disclosed by hospitals. Moreover, the lack of standardization of the record list makes it difficult to share nursing records. Under the attending system, nurses would want to minimize the amount of effort they have to put in for the maintenance of additional records. Hence, they would try to maintain the current level of nursing records in the form of record lists and record attributes, while doctors would require more detailed and real-time information about their patients in order to monitor their condition. Therefore, this study developed a system for assisting in the maintenance and sharing of the nursing records under the attending system. In contrast to previous research on the functionality of computer-based nursing records, we have emphasized the practical usefulness of nursing records from the viewpoint of the actual implementation of the attending system. We suggested that nurses could design a nursing record dictionary for their convenience, and that doctors and nurses could confirm the definitions that they looked up in the dictionary through negotiations with intelligent agents. Such an agent-based system could facilitate networking among medical institutes. Multi-agent systems are a widely accepted paradigm for the distribution and sharing of computation workloads in the scientific community. Agent-based systems have been developed with differences in functional cooperation, coordination, and negotiation. To increase such communication, a framework for a multi-agent based system is proposed in this study. The agent-based approach is useful for developing a system that promotes trade-offs between transactions involving multiple attributes. A brief summary of our contributions follows. First, we propose an efficient and accurate utility representation and acquisition mechanism based on a preference scale while minimizing user interactions with the agent. Trade-offs between various transaction attributes can also be easily computed. Second, by providing a multi-attribute negotiation framework based on the attribute utility evaluation mechanism, we allow both the doctors in charge and nurses to negotiate over various transaction attributes in the nursing record lists that are defined by the latter. Third, we have designed the architecture of the nursing record management server and a system of agents that provides support to the doctors and nurses with regard to the framework and mechanisms proposed above. A formal protocol has also been developed to create and control the communication required for negotiations. We verified the realization of the system by developing a web-based prototype. The system was implemented using ASP and IIS5.1.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.88-99
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• 2018

After UNESCO appointed Royal Tombs of the Joseon Dynasty to be World Cultural Heritages(2009), Cultural Heritage Administration in Korea established Management Office of Royal Tombs of the Joseon Dynasty(2012) and conducted Mid to Long-Term Plan on Conservation, Management, Utilization of World Heritage 'Royal Tombs of the Joseon Dynasty(2015)'. The report, as an implementation plan, provides detailed contents of the maintenance planning of Royal Tombs of the Joseon Dynasty. From this background, with a view to comprehending the characteristics of the maintenance planning of trees in historical landscape forests, this study extracted the contents related to the historical landscape forests of the 40 Royal Tombs of the Joseon Dynasty from the "Mid to Long-term Plan" and conducted literature research. The results of the study are as follows. First, from 2016, the short-term plans have provided detailed contents on logging, transplanting and planting trees in the plans divided by stages. On the other hand, the long-term plans, instead of presenting abstract contents repeatedly for each royal tomb, should seek vegetation landscape that each royal tomb should aim for. Second, since the areas that are in charge of the various functions of the royal tombs have been subjects to the maintenance planning, it is effective to establish a maintenance planning by separating functional areas instead of the comprehensive concept as historical landscape forests. Third, the maintenance planning of trees in historical landscape forest of the Royal Tombs of Joseon Dynasty is based on daily management such as density control and maintaining the shape of trees, which is necessary to sustain the forest. Also, due to the goal of preserving the pine forest, which is recognized as a prototype vegetation landscape, foreign species and other trees have been more cut down. With a few limited types of tall tree but few shrubs and flowers, it is characterized that the orientation toward aesthetic landscapes is insufficient in large green spaces. Fourth, according to the function of the tomb, it is divided into entrance area, ceremonial area, burial area and outer forest, and the contents of the maintenance planning are analyzed by basic conditions of tree management: prototype, ecology, functionality, and aesthetics. After studying the tree management characteristics of each area, four suggestions are made: understanding the diversity of trees that form prototype landscape as a management plan, sustainability of various forests adapted to ecological environment, convenience required in addition to ceremony and safety characterizing the Royal Tombs of Joseon Dynasty, and the necessity of access to aesthetic landscape on the tombs.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.11-21
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• 2007

Saengshik which is food not to apply heat is expected to have good effect on the body because metabolic enzymes are preserved in it. In fact, despite of enlargement of saengshik market, the researches on the effect of saengshik are insufficient. So, the aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of saengshik against $CCl_4-inducing$ hepatotoxicity in ICR mice. As the result of serum biochemical parameters, AST (SGOT) and ALT (SGPT) were significantly decreased at the experimental group treated with saengshik and $CCl_4$ as compared with experimental group 1 treated with $CCl_4$ only (p<0.01). ALP was significantly higher at experimental group 2 compared with control and experimental group 1 (p<0.01). In histological study, experimental group 1 treated with $CCl_4$ only showed severe necrosis all over the liver at the gross observation, and showed severe perivenular necrosis and individual hepatocytic degeneration. However experimental group 2 was not nearly different from control group in appearance and showed mild perivenular necrosis and dominant sever neutrophil infiltration surrounding central veins. The result of this study showed the protective effect against $CCl_4-inducing$ hepatotoxicity and suggest the possibility of the functional health food. However, further studies about the effect of saengshik may be needed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.47-55
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• 2011

The solvent extracts of Aruncus dioicus var. kamtschaticus Hara, which were extracted by using several solvents with different polarities, were performed to investigate the antioxidant activities, whitening effect and antimicrobial activity. The content of total polyphenol of fractions from Aruncus dioicus var. kamtschaticus Hara extract showed the highest value ($335.88{\pm}2.26$ mg/g GAE) on ethyl acetate fraction. The ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions were 0.06 mg/mL and 0.25 mg/mL as $IC_{50}$ values on DPPH radical scavenging, and $99.16{\pm}0.09%$ and $89.29{\pm}0.64%$ on ABTS radical scavenging activity, respectively. Also, reducing power and FRAP value were significantly higher on ethyl acetate fraction. The SOD like activity showed $80.76{\pm}0.61%$ on ethyl acetate and $72.34{\pm}0.79%$ on n-butanol. Tyrosinase inhibition activities (at 5 mg/mL) were $59.08{\pm}0.98%$ on ethyl acetate fraction. The chloroform fraction showed the strongest antimicrobial activities against B. cereus (14 mm), B. subtilis (12.5 mm), S. aureus (10.8 mm), E. coli (20.7 mm) at 0.1 mg/disc and the inhibition zone diameter of ethyl acetate fraction was 17.2 mm against E. coli at 0.5 mg/disc. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of chloroform fraction against B. cereus and E. coli were 50 and $25{\mu}g$/mL, respectively. From these results, it is suggested that ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions of Aruncus dioicus var. kamtschaticus Hara could be used as functional material for food additive ingredient and chloroform fraction could be suitable for the development of a food preservative.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.12
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• pp.1740-1746
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• 2012

Sparassis (S.) crispa is an edible mushroom abundant in dietary fiber and ${\beta}$-glucan. The aim of this study was to prepare extracts and residues of the fruit bodies of S. crispa fermented with Lactobacillus (L.) brevis and Monascus (M.) pilosus and to measure the remaining dietary fiber and ${\beta}$-glucan. Dried powder of S. crispa containing 64.4 g/100 g total dietary fiber (2.6 g/100 g soluble and 61.8 g/100 g insoluble dietary fibers) and 24.0 g/100 g ${\beta}$-glucan was used as the starting material for the extraction. Raw and fermented S. crispa were extracted with hot water and three kinds of aqueous ethanol (50, 70, and 90%, v/v), respectively. A hot water extract from S. crispa fermented with M. pilosus had greater soluble dietary fiber content (19.3 g/100 g) than that from raw S. crispa with 14.6 g/100 g soluble dietary fiber or that from L. brevis-fermented S. crispa with 8.2 g/100 g soluble dietary fiber. The yield of the extract was 16.6% of intial weight of dried S. crispa. After hot water extraction of S. crispa fermented with M. pilosus, residues containing 90.5 g/100 g total dietary fiber (1.3 g/100 g soluble and 89.2 g/100 g insoluble dietary fibers) were obtained, and the yield was 69.6% of intial weight of dried S. crispa. The residue (31.0 g/100 g) contained more ${\beta}$-glucan than raw S. crispa or M. pilosus-fermented S. crispa (24.4 g/100 g). The resulting hot water extract and residue from S. crispa fermented with M. pilosus would be suitable for use in preparing liquid and powdered health functional foods, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.10
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• pp.1363-1370
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• 2012

In this study, methanol extract and its organic solvent fractions were prepared from Prunus davidiana (Carriere) Franch. fruit. Antioxidative activities, polyphenolic and flavonoid contents, and tyrosinase inhibitory activities were evaluated. Among the fractions, ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest antioxidative activity with $IC_{50}$ values of 5.8 ${\mu}g/mL$ and 88.1 ${\mu}g/mL$ for DPPH radical and nitrite scavenging, respectively, which were comparable to those of ascorbic acid. Further, total flavonoid and polyphenolic contents were highest in the ethyl acetate fraction with $IC_{50}$ values of 244.5 mg/g and 210.2 mg/g, respectively. $IC_{50}$ values for tyrosinase inhibitory activity were 0.310 mg/mL and 0.329 mg/mL for the ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions, respectively. Based on these results, it is suggested that the ethyl acetate fraction of Prunus davidiana (Carriere) Franch. fruit could be used as a functional material in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.115-134
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• 1997

We now live in the new era of globalization which implies the functional integration or increase of inter-dependency between internationally dispersed economic activities. As globalization impacts our various activities and daily lives, social sciences, including, geography, attempt to approach social phenomena from a global perspective. From this point of view. new regional geography, which has been articulated in recent social theory since the 1980s, also must adjust to these new world realities. This paper aims to search for a suitable methodology or approach to area study or regional geography in the era of globalization and to suggest the field of area study that Korean geographers should be concerned with in the future. This paper has reviewed the existing various methodologies of regional geography such as the ecological approach, the landscape approach. the areal differentiation approach, the system approach, the structuration theory, the spatial division of labour, and the world-system, which have deviced in the traditional and new regional geography. Peter Taylor's regional geography of world systems among them has an appropriate rationale of area study in the globalization era, because world-systems theory explains well globalization. However the regional geography of world-systems must be revised to become more suitable to the area-study approach in the globalization era. Firstly, the regional geography of world-systems explains that regions(historical regions) are made by general mechanisms of the capitalist world-economy that operate through social, economic, and political agents within regions such as individuals, households, social classes, economic enterprises, states, political movements, and many other organizations. But these mechanisms can also act through other regional agents of geographical location, natural conditions, and cultural characteristics. Therefore, the generating process of regions needs to be explained by locational, natural, and cultural elements in addition to social, economic, and political elements within regions. Secondly, Taylor's world-systems approach does not express composite characteristics of regions, because it focuses on the economic characteristics or position of regions within the world-economy. Regions incorporated into world-economy systems are not only changed economically, but also changed spatially, socially, culturally, and politically. Hence the world-systems approach must try to analyze these composite characteristics and their change of regions. Thirdly, The world-system approach proposed that the geography of regions within world-systems could be divided and analyzed as three regional types at the geographical scale such as international regions, state regions, and intra-state regions. However such a regionalization is usually not identified distinctly, because the geographical range of regions in world-systems shaped by economic boundaries of the general mechanisms of the world-economy is fluid and also occasionally overlaps with other political regions. Hence I propose that the world-systems approach should choose political boundaries of states and local autonomies in addition to economic boundaries for objective regionalization and systematic areal study. The revised regional geography of world-systems that I have suggested in this paper can be more effectively and properly applied to regional geography or area study in the globalization era. Globalization intensifies competition between states and also between local autonomies in the world. Therefore we must make efforts to study such areas or regions through the revised regional geography of world-system.