• Korean Journal of Mathematics
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.177-182
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• 2005

If a semigroup S has no nontrivial congruences then S is either simple or 0-simple.([2]) By contrast with ring theory, not every congruence on a semigroup is associated with an ideal, hence some simple(or 0-simple) semigroup may have a nontrivial congruence. Thus it is a short note for the characterization of a simple(or 0-simple) semigroup that is congruence-free. A semigroup that has no nontrivial congruences is said to be congruence-free.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.723-728
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• 2008

Purpose: During guided bone regeneration procedures for the augmentation of deficient alveolar ridge, primary closure of flap is necessary. For primary flap closure, flap is repositioned coronally and the zone of attached keratinized mucosa may decreased. The need for attached keratinized mucosa around dental implants is still controversial, but sufficient peri-implant attached keratinized mucosa would be beneficial for functional and esthetic aspects. This case report presents three cases that demonstrated free gingival graft for increasing the zone of peri-implant attached keratinized mucosa which was decreased after guided bone regeneration. Materials and Methods: In first case, maxillary incisors were extracted and guided bone regeneration was performed simultaneously. Because the membrane was exposed at 3 weeks after operation, the membrane was removed and free gingival graft was performed for primary flap closure. Free gingival graft was performed again at implant placement for the increase of attached keratinized mucosa. In second case, guided bone regeneration was performed on lower right first molar area, and implant was placed with free gingival graft. In third case, lower right molar area showed insufficient attached keratinized mucosa after implant placement with guided bone regeneration. When abutments were connected, free gingival graft with apically positioned flap was performed. Result: In these three cases, the zone of attached keratinized mucosa around dental implants was decreased after guided bone regeneration. And the increase of peri-implant attached keratinized mucosa could be obtained effectively by free gingival graft. Conclusion: Free gingival graft could be a effective treatment method increasing the zone of attached keratinized mucosa which was decreased after guided bone regeneration procedures.

• The Journal of Korea CHUNA Manual Medicine
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.83-90
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• 2000

Oryeong-San, Pangpungtongseong-San, Rangkyeoksanwha-Tang, Sipeemikwanjoong -Tang and Taeumjoui-Tang are not only examined using the code which are related to overweight in the QRIS but are also investigated the level of Free Radical using the Free Radical Measurement after steeping those 5 prescriptions in water. The results are as follows: 1. We indicated in the study of QRIS that 5 kinds of medicines which used most frequently In the treatment of the obesity appeared to affect the Immune system, spleen, kidneys, pancreas, the fatigue toxicity, TSH, and the metabolic disability but did not influence high on the contents of overweight and those of fatty cell, as well. in addition, there were no significant differences between the prescriptions as regards testosterone and progesterone. 2. In the Free Radical Measurement, Rangkyeoksanwha-Tang evaluated significantly high level of Free Radical, whereas others appear to have the similar level of Free Radical. These findings suggest that the treatment of the obesity affects particular body parts with respect to the control of overweight, although those medicines are not related directly to the areas(such as fatty cell Code), it is possible that they influence on the cure for the obesity. Furthermore, they indicate that with soaking prescription, Free Radical is not produced as much as we expected.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.264-273
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• 2023

The medial sural artery perforator (MSAP) flap is a versatile fasciocutaneous flap, and yet is less commonly utilized than other free flaps in microvascular reconstructions of the head and neck. The aim is to conduct a high-quality Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA)- and Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews 2 (AMSTAR 2)-compliant systematic review comparing the use of the MSAP flap to other microvascular free flaps in the head and neck. Medline, Embase, and Web of Science databases were searched to identify all original comparative studies comparing patients undergoing head and neck reconstruction with an MSAP flap to the radial forearm free flap (RFFF) or anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap from inception to February 2021. Outcome studied were the recipient-site and donor-site morbidities as well as speech and swallow function. A total of 473 articles were identified from title and abstract review. Four studies met the inclusion criteria. Compared with the RFFF and the ALT flaps, the MSAP flap had more recipient-site complications (6.0 vs 10.4%) but less donor-site complications (20.2 vs 7.8%). The MSAP flap demonstrated better overall donor-site appearance and function than the RFFF and ALT flaps (p = 0.0006) but no statistical difference in speech and swallowing function following reconstruction (p = 0.28). Although higher quality studies reviewing the use of the MSAP flap to other free flaps are needed, the MSAP flap provides a viable and effective reconstructive option and should be strongly considered for reconstruction of head and neck defects.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.87-98
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• 2014

The purpose of this research was to investigate perception, necessity, and satisfaction of a free foodservice in male middle school students. This study was conducted at male middle schools with paid foodservice (PFS group, 250 students) and with free foodservice (FFS group, 250 students) in Chungnam. Average age of students in the PFS group was 13.1 while that of FFS students was 12.8 years. Exactly 88% of PFS students and 94% of FFS students responded that school foodservice is necessary, which was a significant difference (P<0.05). As the reason for participating in foodservice, about 32% of the PFS students answered the school's request while 33.6% of FFS students answered nutrition, showing a significant difference (P<0.001). Exactly 72.8% of PFS and 96.4% of FFS knew about FFS (P<0.001). More PFS students (86.4%) than FFS students (66%) answered they would not participate in foodservice if the FFS would be introduced and the quality of meal service would deteriorate. After initiation to FFS, there were significant differences in assessment of foodservice: 77.6% of PFS students answered expected that the quality of foodservice would degrade, whereas 74.4% of FFS students answered that quality would not degrade (P<0.001). Satisfaction of foodservice was 2.3 points for FFS students, which was significantly lower than the 2.5 points for PFS students (P<0.001). To sum up assessment of foodservice was positive, whereas satisfaction was not significantly different between PFS and FFS. Based on this research, households, schools, and governments should promote FFS in order to diminish financial pressure for students.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.575-586
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• 2005

FC(free choresterol) plays an important role in normal and pathophysiological cells including that of messenger molecule or dilator of blood vessels in such illnesses as artheriosclerosis, hypertension and myocardial infarction. Smooth muscle and endothelial cell functions in the arteria wall are unified by complex intercellular signalling processes. In arteria comprised of one layer of smooth muscle cells surrounding the endothelium, the close apposition of the two cell types enables a signal derived from one cell to rapidly diffuse to neighboring cells. Experimentation was conducted to investigate the potential contribution of Sohaphyangwon(SHHW) on levels of FC generated by goaded microphages, and mechanisms of protection against ACAT inhibitor. It was found that J774 macrophages, which normally do not express FC were expressed by oxLDL and ACAT inhibitor. SHHW protected cells were found to be resistant to oxLDL and delayed death following the FC. Inhibition of FC formation abolished the protective effect against ACAT inhibitor exposure. Cadiovascular diseases include abnormalities of blood vessels dysfunction of the renin-angiotension system. What relation herbal medicine may have with vessel endothelium necrosis was here studied. In Oriental Medicine, SHHW water extract used for diseases in relation to cardiovascular systems. The resistence to cardiovascular disease of ACAT inhibitor induced J774 macrophage cells were studied through analysis of cell morphological patterns and immunochemistry of SHHW. The results of this study suggest that SHHW has protective effects on the cardiovascular system, and that it is effective in both prevention and treatment of diseases of the cardiovascular system, particularity against necrosis of blood.

• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.60-63
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• 2011

Capillary malformation is common vascular malformation. In case of facial capillary malformation, patients' cosmetic and functional deficits are quite significant. The standard treatment which has been applied so far for capillary malformation is pulsed dye laser with 585nm. But in case of advanced capillary malformation, surgical interventions are inevitable. The problem of large size facial capillary malformation is how to cover the remnant defect, which occurs after resection. In this case, authors have experienced surgical treatment of large size facial capillary malformation and covered the large facial defect with free thoracodorsal artery perforator flap. The flap was thick, so facial asymmetry remained after the first surgery. But with the secondary procedure, authors have made more symmetric figures. The patient was satisfied with the result. Using free flap to replace the defect after resection due to capillary malformation is useful for these kinds of cases.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.788-791
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• 2009

Purpose: Reconstruction of full - thickness defects of the nasal ala has always been a challenge. Local flaps can be used easily, and good result can be achieved when it is indicated. But local flaps often result in facial scars and bulky ala that require secondary revisions. Composite auricular chondrocutaneous graft may matches nasal alae well in terms of contour, color and texture, however, the size of composite graft is limited. We performed free vascularized helical root flaps for reconstruction of nasal ala. Methods: Bilateral ala were excised and the defects were reconstructed with a chondrocutaneous free helical root flap. Each side of ala was reconstructed in 3 months interval. Superficial temporal vessels of vascularized helical root flap were anastomosed to facial vessels. Great saphenous vein was used for interpositional vascular graft. Results: Flaps were survived successfully. The contour, texture and color match were satisfactory. Functional problem of nasal obstruction caused by scar stenosis of nostrils was also resolved. Conclusion: The free vascularized helical root flap is a reliable method in reconstruction of nasal alar defects. The donor deformity was minimal.

• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.63-67
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• 2004

Because traumatic tissue damage on hands and feet often lead to loss of function, permanent deformity, prompt and adequate reconstruction is essential. For children, future growth, as well as function and esthetics, must be taken into account. Several techniques have been employed to reconstruct hand and foot dorsum defects of children. However, skin graft and muscle free flap with skin graft cannot prevent contracture and will interfere with normal growth. Fasciocutaneous free flap reduces contracture and enables early physical therapy, decreasing the need for additional surgical intervention. Parascapular flap is particularly suitable because it has reliable pedicle and is relatively thin. There is little functional loss in the donor site, and also simultaneous extensor tendon reconstruction of hand and foot is possible. The disadvantage of this technique is that postoperative defatting is needed to adjust volume. Our department has achieved satisfactory results using this approach, and would like to report 13 cases of hand and foot reconstruction using parascapular flap in patients under the age of 15 (from March, 1998 to May, 2003).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Earth Science Education
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.116-125
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to make a Result analysis on the Free Inquiry Method of Elementary school student. Also, this study investigates how free inquiry activities effect the science creative problem solving ability and science process skills of Elementary school student. For this study 150, third year, elementary School students from Busan City were selected. The Inquiry examined the effectiveness of each of the following free inquiry methods: the Program Based Learning method, the Project method, the Independent Investigation Method, the Small Group Inquiry Method, and the Science Notebooks Method. The students were divided into groups in which they incorporated the respective methods into their practice. Test showed the following results: First, the Science Notebooks Method activities proved to be much more effective than the Program Based Learning method, the Project method, the Independent Investigation Method, the Small Group Inquiry Method, and the Science Notebooks Method in terms of developing on science creative problem solving ability. Second, the Project method activities proved to be much more effective than the Program Based Learning method, the Independent Investigation Method, the Small Group Inquiry Method, the Science Notebooks Method in terms of developing on science process skills.